دانلود کتاب Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants

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Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
The Editors......Page 13
List of Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 17
About the Companion Website......Page 18
PART I COMPARTMENTS......Page 19
1.1 Common properties and inheritance of cell membranes......Page 20
1.2 The fluid-mosaic membrane model......Page 22
1.3 Plasma membrane......Page 28
1.4 Endoplasmic reticulum......Page 31
1.5 Golgi apparatus......Page 36
1.6 Exocytosis and endocytosis......Page 41
1.7 Vacuoles......Page 45
1.8 The nucleus......Page 46
1.9 Peroxisomes......Page 49
1.10 Plastids......Page 50
1.11 Mitochondria......Page 57
Summary......Page 62
2.1 Sugars are building blocks of the cell wall......Page 63
2.2 Macromolecules of the cell wall......Page 69
2.3 Cell wall architecture......Page 91
2.4 Cell wall biosynthesis and assembly......Page 98
2.5 Growth and cell walls......Page 108
2.6 Cell differentiation......Page 117
2.7 Cell walls as sources of food, feed, fiber, and fuel, and their genetic improvement......Page 126
Summary......Page 128
3.1 Overview of plant membrane transport systems......Page 129
3.2 Pumps......Page 138
3.3 Ion channels......Page 146
3.4 Cotransporters......Page 160
3.5 Water transport through aquaporins......Page 164
Summary......Page 166
4.1 The cellular machinery of protein sorting......Page 169
4.2 Targeting proteins to the plastids......Page 171
4.3 Targeting proteins to mitochondria......Page 175
4.4 Targeting proteins to peroxisomes......Page 177
4.5 Transport in and out of the nucleus......Page 178
4.6 ER is the secretory pathway port of entry and a protein nursery......Page 179
4.7 Protein traffic and sorting in the secretory pathway: the ER......Page 193
4.8 Protein traffic and sorting in the secretory pathway: the Golgi apparatus and beyond......Page 200
4.9 Endocytosis and endosomal compartments......Page 206
Summary......Page 207
5.1 Introduction to the cytoskeleton......Page 209
5.2 Actin and tubulin gene families......Page 212
5.3 Characteristics of actin filaments and microtubules......Page 214
5.4 Cytoskeletal accessory proteins......Page 220
5.5 Observing the cytoskeleton: Statics and dynamics......Page 225
5.6 Role of actin filaments in directed intracellular movement......Page 228
5.7 Cortical microtubules and expansion......Page 234
5.8 The cytoskeleton and signal transduction......Page 237
5.9 Mitosis and cytokinesis......Page 240
Summary......Page 256
PART II CELL REPRODUCTION......Page 257
6.1 Composition of nucleic acids and synthesis of nucleotides......Page 258
6.2 Replication of nuclear DNA......Page 263
6.3 DNA repair......Page 268
6.4 DNA recombination......Page 273
6.5 Organellar DNA......Page 278
6.6 DNA transcription......Page 286
6.7 Characteristics and functions of RNA......Page 288
6.8 RNA processing......Page 296
Summary......Page 306
7.1 Amino acid biosynthesis in plants: research and prospects......Page 307
7.2 Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen into N-transport amino acids......Page 310
7.3 Aromatic amino acids......Page 320
7.4 Aspartate-derived amino acids......Page 336
7.5 Branched-chain amino acids......Page 344
7.6 Glutamate-derived amino acids......Page 348
7.7 Histidine......Page 351
Summary......Page 354
8.1 Structure and function of lipids......Page 355
8.2 Fatty acid biosynthesis......Page 362
8.3 Acetyl-CoA carboxylase......Page 366
8.4 Fatty acid synthase......Page 368
8.5 Desaturation and elongation of C16 and C18 fatty acids......Page 370
8.6 Synthesis of unusual fatty acids......Page 378
8.7 Synthesis of membrane lipids......Page 383
8.8 Function of membrane lipids......Page 391
8.9 Synthesis and function of extracellular lipids......Page 400
8.10 Synthesis and catabolism of storage lipids......Page 407
8.11 Genetic engineering of lipids......Page 413
Summary......Page 418
9.1 Genome structure: a 21st-century perspective......Page 419
9.2 Genome organization......Page 422
9.3 Transposable elements......Page 434
9.4 Gene expression......Page 440
9.5 Chromatin and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression......Page 448
Summary......Page 454
10.1 Organellar compartmentalization of protein synthesis......Page 456
10.2 From RNA to protein......Page 457
10.3 Mechanisms of plant viral translation......Page 465
10.4 Protein synthesis in plastids......Page 468
10.5 Post-translational modification of proteins......Page 475
10.6 Protein degradation......Page 481
Summary......Page 493
11.1 Animal and plant cell cycles......Page 494
11.2 Historical perspective on cell cycle research......Page 495
11.3 Mechanisms of cell cycle control......Page 500
11.4 The cell cycle in action......Page 506
11.5 Cell cycle control during development......Page 515
Summary......Page 524
PART III ENERGY FLOW......Page 525
12.1 Overview of photosynthesis......Page 526
12.2 Light absorption and energy conversion......Page 529
12.3 Photosystem structure and function......Page 537
12.4 Electron transport pathways in chloroplast membranes......Page 547
12.5 ATP synthesis in chloroplasts......Page 555
12.6 Organization and regulation of photosynthetic complexes......Page 558
12.7 Carbon reactions: the Calvin–Benson cycle......Page 560
12.8 Rubisco......Page 566
12.9 Regulation of the Calvin–Benson cycle by light......Page 569
12.10 Variations in mechanisms of CO2 fixation......Page 575
Summary......Page 583
Introduction......Page 585
13.1 The concept of metabolite pools......Page 588
13.2 The hexose phosphate pool: a major crossroads in plant metabolism......Page 589
13.3 Sucrose biosynthesis......Page 591
13.4 Sucrose metabolism......Page 595
13.5 Starch biosynthesis......Page 598
13.6 Partitioning of photoassimilates between sucrose and starch......Page 605
13.7 Starch degradation......Page 611
13.8 The pentose phosphate/triose phosphate pool......Page 615
13.9 Energy and reducing power for biosynthesis......Page 619
13.10 Sugar-regulated gene expression......Page 624
Summary......Page 626
14.1 Overview of respiration......Page 628
14.2 Citric acid cycle......Page 631
14.3 Plant mitochondrial electron transport......Page 638
14.4 Plant mitochondrial ATP synthesis......Page 650
14.5 Regulation of the citric acid cycle and the cytochrome pathway......Page 652
14.6 Integration of the cytochrome pathway and nonphosphorylating pathways......Page 653
14.7 Interactions between mitochondria and other cellular compartments......Page 657
14.8 Biochemical basis of photorespiration......Page 664
14.9 The photorespiratory pathway......Page 666
14.10 Role of photorespiration in plants......Page 670
Summary......Page 673
PART IV METABOLIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL INTEGRATION......Page 675
15.1 Selection pressures and long‐distance transport systems......Page 676
15.2 Cell biology of transport modules......Page 682
15.3 Short-distance transport events between xylem and nonvascular cells......Page 686
15.4 Short-distance transport events between phloem and nonvascular cells......Page 691
15.5 Whole-plant organization of xylem transport......Page 709
15.6 Whole-plant organization of phloem transport......Page 714
15.7 Communication and regulation controlling phloem transport events......Page 723
Summary......Page 728
16.1 Overview of nitrogen in the biosphere and in plants......Page 729
16.3 Enzymology of nitrogen fixation......Page 733
16.4 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation......Page 736
16.6 Nitrate uptake and transport......Page 753
16.7 Nitrate reduction......Page 757
16.8 Nitrite reduction......Page 762
16.10 Interaction between nitrate assimilation and carbon metabolism......Page 763
16.11 Overview of sulfur in the biosphere and plants......Page 764
16.12 Sulfur chemistry and function......Page 765
16.13 Sulfate uptake and transport......Page 768
16.14 The reductive sulfate assimilation pathway......Page 770
16.15 Cysteine synthesis......Page 773
16.16 Synthesis and function of glutathione and its derivatives......Page 776
16.17 Sulfated compounds......Page 781
16.18 Regulation of sulfate assimilation and interaction with nitrogen and carbon metabolism......Page 782
Summary......Page 785
17.1 Gibberellins......Page 787
17.2 Abscisic acid......Page 795
17.3 Cytokinins......Page 803
17.4 Auxins......Page 813
17.5 Ethylene......Page 824
17.6 Brassinosteroids......Page 828
17.7 Polyamines......Page 836
17.8 Jasmonic acid......Page 839
17.9 Salicylic acid......Page 844
17.10 Strigolactones......Page 848
Summary......Page 851
18.1 Characteristics of signal perception, transduction, and integration in plants......Page 852
18.2 Overview of signal perception at the plasma membrane......Page 856
18.3 Intracellular signal transduction, amplification, and integration via second messengers and MAPK cascades......Page 861
18.4 Ethylene signal transduction......Page 865
18.5 Cytokinin signal transduction......Page 868
18.6 Integration of auxin signaling and transport......Page 870
18.7 Signal transduction from phytochromes......Page 875
18.8 Gibberellin signal transduction and its integration with phytochrome signaling during seedling development......Page 879
18.9 Integration of light, ABA, and CO2 signals in the regulation of stomatal aperture......Page 884
Summary......Page 888
19.1 The transition from vegetative to reproductive development......Page 890
19.2 The molecular basis of flower development......Page 899
19.3 The formation of male gametes......Page 907
19.4 The formation of female gametes......Page 915
19.5 Pollination and fertilization......Page 920
19.6 The molecular basis of self-incompatibility......Page 926
19.7 Seed development......Page 931
Summary......Page 941
20.1 Types of cell death......Page 943
20.2 PCD during seed development and germination......Page 948
20.3 Cell death during the development of secretory bodies, defensive structures and organ shapes......Page 950
20.4 PCD during reproductive development......Page 955
20.5 Senescence and PCD in the terminal development of leaves and other lateral organs......Page 958
20.6 Pigment metabolism in senescence......Page 966
20.7 Macromolecule breakdown and salvage of nutrients in senescence......Page 969
20.8 Energy and oxidative metabolism during senescence......Page 975
20.9 Environmental influences on senescence and cell death I: Abiotic interactions......Page 979
20.10 Environmental influences on senescence and cell death II: PCD responses to pathogen attack......Page 982
20.11 Plant hormones in senescence and defense-related PCD......Page 992
Summary......Page 1000
PART V PLANT ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURE......Page 1001
21.1 Pathogens, pests, and disease......Page 1002
21.2 An overview of immunity and defense......Page 1003
21.3 How pathogens and pests cause disease......Page 1007
21.4 Preformed defenses......Page 1027
21.5 Induced defense......Page 1030
21.6 Effector-triggered immunity, a second level of induced defense......Page 1040
21.7 Other sources of genetic variation for resistance......Page 1050
21.8 Local and systemic defense signaling......Page 1051
21.9 Plant gene silencing confers virus resistance, tolerance, and attenuation......Page 1060
21.10 Control of plant pathogens by genetic engineering......Page 1062
Summary......Page 1068
22.1 Plant responses to abiotic stress......Page 1069
22.2 Physiological and cellular responses to water deficit......Page 1072
22.3 Gene expression and signal transduction in response to dehydration......Page 1079
22.4 Freezing and chilling stress......Page 1086
22.5 Flooding and oxygen deficit......Page 1094
22.6 Oxidative stress......Page 1103
22.7 Heat stress......Page 1112
22.8 Crosstalk in stress responses......Page 1115
Summary......Page 1117
Introduction......Page 1119
23.1 Overview of essential mineral elements......Page 1120
23.2 Mechanisms and regulation of plant K+ transport......Page 1121
23.3 Phosphorus nutrition and transport......Page 1131
23.4 The molecular physiology of micronutrient acquisition......Page 1136
23.5 Plant responses to mineral toxicity......Page 1145
Summary......Page 1149
Introduction......Page 1150
24.1 Terpenoids......Page 1151
24.2 Biosynthesis of the basic five-carbon unit......Page 1153
24.3 Repetitive additions of C5 units......Page 1156
24.4 Formation of parent carbon skeletons......Page 1159
24.5 Modification of terpenoid skeletons......Page 1161
24.6 Metabolic engineering of terpenoid production......Page 1163
24.7 Cyanogenic glycosides......Page 1164
24.8 Cyanogenic glycoside biosynthesis......Page 1170
24.9 Functions of cyanogenic glycosides......Page 1175
24.10 Glucosinolates......Page 1176
24.11 Alkaloids......Page 1177
24.12 Alkaloid biosynthesis......Page 1182
24.13 Biotechnological application of alkaloid biosynthesis research......Page 1189
24.14 Phenolic compounds......Page 1196
24.15 Phenolic biosynthesis......Page 1203
24.16 The phenylpropanoid-acetate pathway......Page 1206
24.17 The phenylpropanoid pathway......Page 1213
24.18 Universal features of phenolic biosynthesis......Page 1220
24.19 Evolution of secondary pathways......Page 1223
Summary......Page 1224
Chapter 2......Page 1225
Chapter 4......Page 1226
Chapter 6......Page 1227
Chapter 9......Page 1228
Chapter 10......Page 1229
Chapter 13......Page 1230
Chapter 14......Page 1231
Chapter 16......Page 1232
Chapter 19......Page 1234
Chapter 20......Page 1235
Chapter 22......Page 1236
Chapter 23......Page 1237
Chapter 24......Page 1238
Index......Page 1240
EULA......Page 1283