دانلود کتاب Biocultural Diversity in Europe

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Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 9
Abstract......Page 14
1.1 The UNESCO—SCBD Joint Programme......Page 15
1.2 The Florence Meeting and the Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach......Page 16
1.3 History, Biodiversity and Landscape......Page 21
1.4 History and Biology......Page 22
1.5 The Operational Level......Page 23
Annex: UNESCO-SCBD Florence Declaration on the Links Between Biological and Cultural Diversity......Page 25
References......Page 30
Part I Landscape Characters and Biocultural Diversity......Page 32
Abstract......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2 Origin and Historical Path of the Mediterranean Garden and Polycultural Landscape......Page 36
2.2.1 The Mediterranean Garden and Landscape Definition Requires Clarification......Page 40
2.3 The Mediterranean Garden and Polycultural Landscape as Cross-Reference Type in Current Landscape Inventories and Typologies......Page 42
2.4 Variability of the Complex Mediterranean Polycultural Land Mosaic Pattern Characterized by the Presence of Trees......Page 46
2.5.1 A First Description of the Complex Mediterranean Rural Landscape: The “Tavola Di Halaesa”......Page 47
2.5.2 Landscape Ecology, Multifunctionality and Cultural Heritage of the Complex Mediterranean Agro-Silvo-Pastoral Landscape......Page 52
2.6 Conclusions......Page 55
References......Page 56
3.1 Introduction......Page 61
3.2.1 The Area and Its Characteristic Features......Page 63
3.2.2 The Małopolski Vistula Gorge......Page 65
3.2.3 The Nałęczów Plateau......Page 67
3.3 Culture......Page 68
3.4 Landscape and People. Structure, Use and Values......Page 70
3.5.1 Habitat Pattern and Vegetation Cover......Page 72
3.5.2 Diversity of Fauna......Page 75
3.5.3 Biodiversity, Culture and Society......Page 77
3.6 Concluding Commentary......Page 80
References......Page 81
Abstract......Page 86
4.1 Introduction......Page 88
4.2 Definitions......Page 89
4.3 Agricultural Landscapes as Heritage......Page 90
4.4 Materials and Methods......Page 91
4.5.1.1 Estonia......Page 92
4.5.1.2 France......Page 93
4.5.1.3 Germany......Page 94
4.5.1.4 Hungary......Page 96
4.5.1.5 Italy......Page 97
4.5.1.6 Norway......Page 100
4.5.1.7 The Netherlands......Page 102
4.5.1.8 Slovakia......Page 103
4.5.1.9 Spain......Page 104
4.5.2 Types and Subtypes of Wooded Grasslands......Page 105
4.5.3 Common Cultural Values of Wooded Grasslands of Europe......Page 106
4.6 Discussion......Page 107
4.7 Added Values of Wooded Grasslands......Page 108
4.8 Conclusions......Page 109
References......Page 110
Abstract......Page 115
5.1 Introduction......Page 116
5.2 Convergences and Divergences......Page 118
5.2.1 Rock Art......Page 119
5.2.2 Transhumance, Between Agricultural Systems and Highland Pastures......Page 120
5.2.3 Architecture......Page 122
5.2.4 Spirituality of Euro-African Transhumant Systems......Page 126
5.3 Conclusions......Page 129
References......Page 130
Abstract......Page 133
6.1 Introduction......Page 134
6.2 Apiculture and Beekeeping Practices in the Ligurian Apennines......Page 136
6.3.2 Inventory and Interpolation......Page 138
6.4.1 Apicultural and Beekeeping Practices and Production in the Late-Eighteenth and Early-Nineteenth Centuries......Page 139
6.4.2 Apicultural and Beekeeping Landscapes in the Early-to-Mid-Nineteenth Century......Page 143
6.5 Conclusion......Page 147
References......Page 148
7.1 Introduction......Page 150
7.2 Wood Pastures in Italy: History and Management......Page 152
7.3.1 Even-Aged High Forests......Page 154
7.3.2 Uneven-Aged High Forests......Page 157
7.4 Conclusions......Page 161
References......Page 162
Abstract......Page 165
8.1 Introduction......Page 166
8.2 Andalusia and the Olive Expansion......Page 167
8.3 Historical Changes in Management and Productive Functionality, and the Driving Forces at Play......Page 172
8.4.1 Landscapes in the Preindustrial Era......Page 177
8.4.2 Intensification Under Organic Management......Page 179
8.4.3 Landscapes of the Industrial and Global Era......Page 181
8.5 By Way of Conclusion......Page 184
References......Page 185
9.1 Introduction......Page 188
9.2 The Environment and Orchard Inception......Page 190
9.2.1 Feudal Heritage......Page 192
9.2.2 Actual Status......Page 194
9.3 Discussion......Page 195
9.4 Conclusion......Page 197
References......Page 198
10.1 Biocultural Diversity......Page 199
10.2 The Great Divide: The “Othering” of Wilderness......Page 201
10.3.1 The Decline of Brown Bears in Europe......Page 203
10.3.2 Anthropogenic Rewilding of the Pyrenees......Page 204
10.3.3 Friction......Page 206
10.3.5 Predations......Page 208
10.3.6 Current Situation......Page 210
10.4 Conclusions......Page 212
References......Page 213
Abstract......Page 216
11.1 Traditional Agriculture in Modern and Postmodern Times......Page 217
11.2 Agroforestry......Page 218
11.2.1 Agroforestry in the Czech Republic......Page 219
11.2.1.1 Agroforestry in the Nineteenth Century Historical Records......Page 221
11.3 Aims......Page 222
11.4 Methods......Page 223
11.5 Results......Page 224
11.6.1 Character of traditional Bohemian agroforestry......Page 226
11.6.2 Voicing Traditional Knowledge in Franciscan Cadastre......Page 231
11.7 Conclusions......Page 232
References......Page 233
Abstract......Page 237
12.1 Introduction......Page 238
12.2 Plants and Toponyms in Tuscany......Page 239
12.3 Methodological Approach......Page 241
12.4 Results and Discussion......Page 245
12.5 Conclusions......Page 248
References......Page 250
Abstract......Page 252
13.1.1 Protection of Landscape Values And Risks of the Vanishing......Page 253
13.1.2 Genesis of the Specific Agricultural Landscape in the Podpolanie Region......Page 255
13.2.1 Land Cover Diversity Indicators......Page 257
13.2.3 Evaluation of Biotopes in Catchworks......Page 258
13.3.1 Land Cover Diversity......Page 259
13.3.2 Contribution of Historical Catchworks to Biodiversity......Page 262
13.3.3 Evaluation of Biotopes in the Transect......Page 263
13.4 Discussion......Page 266
References......Page 268
Abstract......Page 272
14.1 Traditional Agricultural Landscape as an Expression of Agrarian Culture......Page 273
14.2 Study Area and Methods......Page 274
14.3.1 Cultural-Historical Value......Page 276
14.3.2 Ecological Evaluation......Page 279
14.3.2.2 Extensively Used Grasslands with Mounds on Calcareous Substrate (LT2, LT3)......Page 280
14.3.2.6 Extensively Used Terraced Grasslands on Calcareous Substrate (LT7)......Page 281
14.4 Connecting Ecological and Cultural-Historical Diversity......Page 282
References......Page 283
Abstract......Page 285
15.2.1 Description of the Study Area......Page 286
15.2.2 The Study on the Sacred Natural Sites of Epirus......Page 289
15.3.1 The Sacred Commons......Page 290
15.3.2 The Names......Page 292
15.3.3 The Physical Characteristics of the Sacred Forests......Page 293
15.3.5 The Supernatural Guardians of the Sacred Forests......Page 294
15.3.6 Reasons of Protection and Maintenance of the Sacred Forests......Page 295
15.3.7 Conservation Practices—Accepted and not Accepted Uses......Page 296
15.4 Sacred Natural Forests in Modern Times......Page 301
Acknowledgments......Page 302
References......Page 303
Abstract......Page 305
16.1 Introduction......Page 306
16.2 Fire Cultivation in Estonia......Page 307
16.3 Biodiversity Connected with Slash and Burn Cultivation......Page 308
16.3.1 Materials and Methods......Page 309
16.3.2 The Characteristics of Former Slash and Burn Sites......Page 311
16.3.3 Discussion: Factors Shaping the Biodiversity of Former Slash and Burn Sites......Page 312
16.4 Conclusions......Page 317
References......Page 318
Part II Management and Conservation Approaches......Page 321
17.1.1 The Protection of Vegetal and Animal Agrarian Biodiversity......Page 322
17.1.2 Description of Garfagnana Area......Page 324
17.1.3 Sheep Breeding in Garfagnana......Page 327
17.1.3.1 Sheep Farming and Traditional Sheep Breeding......Page 328
17.1.3.2 The White Garfagnina Sheep Breed......Page 329
17.2 Ten Years of Projects Actions......Page 330
17.3.1 The Community......Page 335
17.3.2 The Local Economies......Page 336
17.3.4 The Landscape and Tourism......Page 337
17.4 Conclusions......Page 338
References......Page 339
Abstract......Page 340
18.1 Introduction......Page 341
18.2 Understanding Resilience in Agrarian Cultural Landscapes: The Role of the Coevolutionary Perspective......Page 342
18.3 Conserved or Lost? The Role of Communities in Landscape Resilience......Page 344
18.4 The Case Study: The Agricultural Cultural Landscape of Lavaux......Page 348
18.5 Final Remarks......Page 351
References......Page 352
Abstract......Page 353
19.1 Introduction......Page 354
19.2.1.2 Field Experiment Protocol and Water Relations Analysis......Page 355
19.2.2 Survey About Forest Perception......Page 356
19.3.1 Field Experiment......Page 357
19.3.2 Survey......Page 360
19.4 Conclusions......Page 365
References......Page 366
Abstract......Page 368
20.1 Introduction......Page 369
20.2.1 Aesthetic and Spiritual Experience......Page 370
20.2.2 Understanding Biocultural Heritage......Page 373
20.2.3 Listening to Community-Held Values......Page 377
20.3 Analysis and Discussion......Page 379
20.3.1 What Do We Mean by ‘Cultural Value’?......Page 380
20.3.2 What Might Be Done Instead?......Page 381
20.3.3 The Way Forward: An ‘Authentic’ Process......Page 383
20.4 Conclusion: Towards Biocultural Diversity?......Page 385
References......Page 386
Abstract......Page 388
21.1 Introduction......Page 389
21.2.1.1 Methods......Page 390
21.2.1.2 Overview of Main Findings......Page 392
21.2.2 From Regional to European Relevance......Page 396
21.3 Improving Management and Policy for European Sacred Natural Sites......Page 397
21.3.1 Assessing the IUCN–UNESCO Guidelines in the Context of European Sacred Natural Sites......Page 398
21.3.1.2 Results......Page 399
21.3.1.3 Discussion and Recommendations......Page 401
21.4 Conclusions......Page 405
Appendix: The Forty-Four Guidance Points of IUCN–UNESCO’s Sacred Natural Sites: Guidelines for Protected Area Managers......Page 407
References......Page 412
Abstract......Page 417
22.1 Location, Context......Page 418
22.2.1.1 Animal Husbandry (Fig. 22.4)......Page 420
Plants......Page 421
22.3 Ingenious Systems and Connected Cultures......Page 424
22.3.1.2 Water......Page 425
22.3.1.3 Habitat......Page 426
22.3.1.5 Medicinal Use......Page 427
22.3.1.7 Immaterial, Cultural Heritage......Page 428
22.3.2.1 Seed Storage and Management......Page 429
22.3.2.3 Management of Soil and Water......Page 430
22.3.2.4 Managing Animal Husbandry: Agdal......Page 431
22.4 Challenges, Threats and Opportunities......Page 432
22.4.1 Results and Outcomes......Page 433
References......Page 435
Abstract......Page 436
23.2 The General Changes in Land Use Policy in Rural Areas......Page 437
23.3 Transformation in Spatial Planning in Rural Areas......Page 440
23.4 The Current Fiscal Policies and Economic Pressures......Page 442
23.6 The Current Situation......Page 445
23.7 Conclusion......Page 446
References......Page 448
Acts and Other Legal Documents......Page 449
Abstract......Page 450
24.1 Introduction......Page 451
24.2 Traditional Mediterranean Farming Systems......Page 453
24.3 Holistic Assessment of Olive Under Climate Change......Page 457
References......Page 461
Abstract......Page 467
25.1 The Euro-Mediterranean Coastal Landscape: Features, Challenges and International Responses......Page 468
25.2.1 The Protected Landscape Category......Page 471
25.2.2.1 Processes......Page 472
25.2.2.2 Policies......Page 474
25.3 Which Role for Protected Areas in the Wider Territorial Context?......Page 478
References......Page 479
Abstract......Page 482
26.1 Introduction......Page 483
26.2.1 Model Areas......Page 486
26.2.2 Data Mining......Page 487
26.2.3 Cultural and Natural Heritage Evaluation......Page 490
26.3.1 Landscape Abandonment in Marginalized Areas in Small-Scale Analysis: Petrohrad Case Study......Page 492
26.3.2 Intensification in Core Areas in a Large-Scale Analysis: Žehušicko Case Study......Page 497
26.4 Discussion......Page 500
References......Page 502
27.1 Preliminary Assumptions: “Landscape and Biodiversity”, a Couple not to Be Taken for Granted......Page 506
27.2 The Analysis Framework......Page 508
27.3 Results and Discussion......Page 509
27.3.1 Landscape as Large-Scale for Biodiversity Conservation......Page 511
27.3.2 Rural Landscape......Page 512
27.3.3 Multifunctional Landscape......Page 513
27.4 Conclusions......Page 515
References......Page 516
National Biodiversity and Action Plans Cited in This Paper......Page 517
Abstract......Page 518
28.1 Introduction......Page 519
28.2 Background and Role of Traditional Practices and Knowledge......Page 520
28.3.1 Ljubljansko Barje Landscape Park......Page 523
28.3.2 Practices and Knowledge on Management of Land Use and Land Resources......Page 524
28.4 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 529
References......Page 531