دانلود کتاب Biogas Technology in Southeast Asia

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Authors
Nomenclature
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction to Biogas
1.1 Biogas Definition
1.2 Biogas History
1.3 Global Biogas Trends
1.4 Environmental Benefits of Biogas
1.5 Biogas Production in Southeast Asia
1.5.1 Substrates
1.5.2 Cassava
1.5.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
1.5.4 Livestock Waste
1.5.5 History of Biogas in Thailand
1.6 Case Study
References
2 Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wastewater Analysis
2.2.1 Solids in Wastewater
2.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
2.2.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
2.3 Anaerobic Digestion Process
2.3.1 Hydrolysis
2.3.2 Acidogenesis
2.3.3 Acetogenesis
2.3.4 Methanogenesis
2.4 Biogas Yield
2.5 Important Factors in Anaerobic Digestion
2.5.1 Inoculum
2.5.2 Substrates
2.5.3 Nutrients
2.5.4 Toxic Substances
2.5.5 Oxygen
2.5.6 Temperature
2.5.7 pH and Alkalinity
References
3 Biogas Reactors
3.1 Pretreatment Units
3.2 Biogas Reactors
3.3 Suspended Growth Reactors
3.3.1 Fixed Dome Reactor
3.3.2 Plug Flow Reactors
3.3.3 Covered Lagoon
3.3.4 Channel Digesters
3.3.5 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
3.3.6 Anaerobic Sequence Batch Reactor (ASBR)
3.3.7 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
3.3.8 Anaerobic Migrating Blanket Reactor (AMBR)
3.3.9 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
3.3.10 Expanded Granular Sludge Blanket (EGSB)
3.4 Attached Growth Reactors
3.4.1 Anaerobic Filter (AF)
3.4.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor
3.5 Reactor Design
3.5.1 Design Principles
3.5.2 Designing a Suspended Growth Reactor
3.5.3 Designing an Attached Growth Reactor
3.6 Palm Oil Biogas Case Study
References
4 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Pretreatment for Biogas Production
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Crop Ensiling and Storage
4.3 Feedstock Pretreatment
4.4 Physical Pretreatment
4.4.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
4.4.2 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment or Hydrothermal Pretreatment
4.4.3 Steam Explosion
4.4.4 Ozonolysis (Ozone Reaction)
4.4.5 Wet Oxidation
4.4.6 Microwave Pretreatment
4.4.7 Ultrasonic Pretreatment
4.5 Chemical Pretreatment
4.5.1 Acid Pretreatment
4.5.2 Alkaline Pretreatment
4.5.3 Oganosolv Pretreatment
4.6 Physicochemical Pretreatment
4.6.1 Ammonia Fiber Explosion, AFEX
4.6.2 CO2 Explosion
4.7 Biological Pretreatment
4.8 Pretreatment Summary
References
5 Biogas System Operation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant Commissioning
5.2.1 Mechanical and Electrical Completion (MEC)
5.2.2 Biological Start-Up
5.2.3 Biocommissioning Procedure
5.2.4 Performance Test
5.2.5 Early Treatment Issues
5.3 Digester Operation and Control
5.3.1 Operational Problems
References
6 Processing Biogas Effluent
6.1 Biogas Effluent Treatment
6.2 Stabilization Pond
6.2.1 Anaerobic Pond
6.2.2 Facultative Pond
6.2.3 Aerobic and Maturation Pond
6.3 Constructed Wetland
6.3.1 Free Water Surface (FWS)
6.3.2 Subsurface Flow (SF)
6.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal
6.4.1 Phosphorus
6.5 Sludge Treatment
6.5.1 Sludge Drying Bed
6.5.2 Sludge Lagoon
6.6 Sludge Utilization
6.7 POME Biogas Post-treatment Case Study
References
7 Biogas Utilization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biogas Composition
7.3 Biogas Cleaning
7.3.1 Bioscrubber
7.3.2 Moisture Removal
7.4 Storage and Transportation of Biogas
7.4.1 Biogas Storage
7.4.2 Biogas Piping System
7.5 Biogas Applications
7.5.1 Biogas Flaring
7.5.2 Thermal Energy
7.6 Electric Power Generation
7.6.1 Internal Combustion Engine
7.6.2 Gas Turbine
7.7 Upgrading to Biomethane
7.7.1 Transportation Fuel
7.7.2 Injection into a Gas Pipeline System
7.7.3 Other Possible Biogas Applications
References
8 Designing a Biogas Plant—Case Study
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plant Design
8.2.1 Annual GHG Mitigation
8.2.2 Plant Operation
8.3 Plant Economics
8.4 Conclusions
Index