دانلود کتاب Biological influences on criminal behavior

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Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Author......Page 22
Introduction......Page 24
Is writing learned environmentally or controlled genetically?......Page 25
Resistance to biological explanations......Page 26
1. Phenylketonuria......Page 27
3. Serotonin......Page 28
Menstruation......Page 29
The history of biology and crime......Page 30
Lombroso and atavisms, nineteenth century......Page 31
Francis Galton and the start of eugenics......Page 32
Eugenics in the latter part of the twentieth century......Page 33
Endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs......Page 34
Racism and sexism......Page 35
Mental illness and medicalization of crime......Page 36
Predisposition......Page 37
What is crime?......Page 38
Cautions for all criminological research......Page 39
3. Underreporting of crimes......Page 40
The future of biosocial criminology......Page 41
References......Page 42
Natural selection......Page 46
Behavioral adaptations......Page 48
3. Fitness consequences......Page 49
2. Natural selection can only work on existing traits......Page 51
Behavior in humans and other animals......Page 52
When and where do innate behaviors occur?......Page 54
Visual......Page 55
Learned behaviors......Page 56
Classical conditioning......Page 57
Insight learning......Page 58
Natural selection and behavior......Page 59
Aggression......Page 60
1. Theft and robbery......Page 61
Infanticide......Page 62
3. Sexual assault and rape......Page 63
4. Child abuse......Page 65
5. Domestic violence......Page 67
Cheater theory......Page 68
Alternate adaptation theory......Page 69
Conclusion......Page 70
References......Page 71
Introduction to genetics......Page 74
Meiosis......Page 76
Mendel’s experiments......Page 77
Linked genes......Page 80
Sex-linked traits......Page 81
Polygenic inheritance......Page 82
Mutations......Page 83
Recessive alleles and disease......Page 84
Why aren’t we perfect?......Page 85
Gene expression......Page 86
Questions for further study and discussion......Page 87
References......Page 88
Animal cloning......Page 90
Human cloning......Page 91
XYY man: Truth and fallacy......Page 93
Scientific method......Page 95
Isolating a single variable......Page 96
Replication......Page 97
Studying humans......Page 98
Dizygotic twins......Page 99
Explanations for twin coincidences......Page 100
Using twins to study genetic and environmental influences on behavior......Page 102
Conclusion......Page 103
References......Page 104
Twin studies......Page 106
Early twin studies......Page 107
Modern twin studies......Page 108
Identical twins reared apart......Page 110
Generalizability......Page 111
Overuse of data sets......Page 112
Mednick’s Danish adoption studies......Page 113
Bohman’s Stockholm adoption studies, 1996......Page 115
Modern adoption studies......Page 116
Substance abuse......Page 117
Late separation......Page 119
Genetics and behavior overall......Page 120
Protective factors......Page 121
Family and social bonding......Page 122
Resilience......Page 123
Education and school experiences......Page 125
Enrichment programs......Page 126
Other protective factors......Page 127
Conclusion......Page 128
References......Page 129
Candidate genes......Page 134
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder......Page 135
Schizophrenia......Page 136
3. Active gene–environment correlations......Page 137
An example of G × E interactions......Page 138
3. Differential susceptibility......Page 139
Interventions considering G × E interactions......Page 140
Epigenetics......Page 141
Impact of the environment on the epigenome......Page 142
Early-life adversity......Page 143
Treatment potential......Page 145
Cautions with epigenetics......Page 146
Questions for further study and discussion......Page 147
References......Page 148
The functions of hormones......Page 152
Testosterone......Page 153
Testosterone exposure......Page 154
Prenatal testosterone and behavior......Page 155
Prenatal testosterone and criminal behavior......Page 156
Prenatal testosterone and risk-taking behavior......Page 157
Postpubertal testosterone and criminal behavior......Page 158
1. Natural testosterone levels in aggressive or criminal individuals......Page 159
2. Increasing testosterone levels......Page 160
3. Decreasing testosterone levels......Page 162
Postpubertal testosterone and risk-taking behavior......Page 167
Theoretical background......Page 168
Competition studies......Page 169
Serotonin and testosterone......Page 171
Cortisol......Page 172
Cortisol, stress, and abuse......Page 173
Cortisol and antisocial behavior......Page 174
The dual-hormone hypothesis......Page 175
Cortisol and psychopathy......Page 177
Thyroid hormones......Page 178
Menstruation......Page 179
Conclusion......Page 180
References......Page 181
Birth complications......Page 188
Fetal development, nutrition, and pollutants......Page 190
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder......Page 192
FASD and the criminal justice system......Page 193
Intervention......Page 194
Direct health risks......Page 195
Gene × environment interactions......Page 196
Maternal age......Page 197
Maternal stress......Page 198
Fetal maldevelopment and minor physical anomalies......Page 199
Twin births......Page 201
Maternal rejection......Page 202
Criminalization of pregnant women in the United States......Page 203
Some case examples......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 205
References......Page 206
Introduction to neurotransmitters......Page 212
The mechanism of action......Page 213
Serotonin and suicidal behavior......Page 215
Serotonin, suicide, and stress......Page 217
Serotonin and aggression......Page 218
Serotonin and psychopathy......Page 219
Serotonin and impulsivity......Page 220
The serotonin precursor, tryptophan......Page 221
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors......Page 222
Norepinephrine......Page 223
The dopamine transporter, DAT-1......Page 224
Dopamine receptor D4, DRD4......Page 225
Protective factors......Page 226
Monoamine oxidase and aggression......Page 227
MAOA and a gene × environment interaction......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 231
References......Page 232
Head injury......Page 236
Frontal lobe injuries......Page 238
Case examples of frontal lobe injury......Page 239
Traumatic brain injuries in youth......Page 241
Prevalence of young offenders with traumatic brain injury......Page 243
Gender differences in youth with traumatic brain injury......Page 244
Traumatic brain injuries and schizophrenia......Page 245
Impact of traumatic brain injury on youth during criminal justice proceedings......Page 246
Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated populations......Page 247
Was the traumatic brain injury causal?......Page 248
Brain disorders......Page 250
Case examples of organic brain disorders......Page 251
Computer tomography......Page 252
Positron emission tomography......Page 253
Brain-imaging studies of offenders......Page 254
Treatment options......Page 256
Questions for further study and discussion......Page 259
References......Page 260
Pollution and toxins in our environment......Page 264
Lead......Page 267
Effects of lead on the body......Page 268
Effects of lead on antisocial behavior in children......Page 269
Effects of childhood lead exposure on criminal behavior in adults......Page 271
Effects of low socioeconomic status and lead......Page 272
Effects of banning lead in gasoline......Page 274
Effects of intervention......Page 275
Manganese exposure......Page 276
Effect of manganese on children......Page 277
Cadmium......Page 280
Coexposure to pollutants......Page 281
Pollution overall......Page 282
Diet......Page 283
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)......Page 285
Dietary tryptophan and serotonin......Page 288
Vitamins and minerals......Page 289
Fatty acids......Page 291
Combination of fatty acids and other supplements......Page 293
Mechanisms of fatty acid supplementation......Page 294
Food additives and food allergies......Page 295
Questions for further study and discussion......Page 297
References......Page 298
Introduction......Page 306
Role of genetics......Page 307
Judicial perceptions of genetic predispositions for criminal behavior......Page 308
Public perceptions of genetic predispositions for criminal behavior......Page 309
Role of neurotransmitters......Page 310
Use of MAOA-L during the sentencing phase of a trial......Page 311
Use of MAOA-L during the appeal phase of a trial......Page 312
Judicial perceptions of MAOA in the courts......Page 313
Public perceptions of MAOA in the courts......Page 314
Use of serotonin levels in court......Page 315
Use of traumatic brain injury or brain trauma in court......Page 316
Public perceptions of neuroimaging evidence......Page 321
Concerns with the use of neuroimaging in court......Page 322
Role of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder......Page 324
Role of biological factors overall......Page 326
Conclusion......Page 327
General conclusions......Page 328
References......Page 329
Epilogue......Page 334
Index......Page 336