دانلود کتاب Biology for AP® Courses

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Preface 1. About OpenStax 2. About OpenStax resources 3. About Biology for AP® Courses 4. Additional resources 5. About the authors 6. Curriculum Framework for AP® Biology Chapter 1. The Study of Life 1.1. The Science of Biology* 1.2. Themes and Concepts of Biology* Glossary Chapter 2. The Chemical Foundation of Life 2.1. Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks* 2.2. Water* 2.3. Carbon* Glossary Chapter 3. Biological Macromolecules 3.1. Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules* 3.2. Carbohydrates* 3.3. Lipids* 3.4. Proteins* 3.5. Nucleic Acids* Glossary Chapter 4. Cell Structure 4.1. Studying Cells* 4.2. Prokaryotic Cells* 4.3. Eukaryotic Cells* 4.4. The Endomembrane System and Proteins* 4.5. Cytoskeleton* 4.6. Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities* Glossary Chapter 5. Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes 5.1. Components and Structure* 5.2. Passive Transport* 5.3. Active Transport* 5.4. Bulk Transport* Glossary Chapter 6. Metabolism 6.1. Energy and Metabolism* 6.2. Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy* 6.3. The Laws of Thermodynamics* 6.4. ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate* 6.5. Enzymes* Glossary Chapter 7. Cellular Respiration 7.1. Energy in Living Systems* 7.2. Glycolysis* 7.3. Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle* 7.4. Oxidative Phosphorylation* 7.5. Metabolism without Oxygen* 7.6. Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways* 7.7. Regulation of Cellular Respiration* Glossary Chapter 8. Photosynthesis 8.1. Overview of Photosynthesis* 8.2. The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis* 8.3. Using Light to Make Organic Molecules* Glossary Chapter 9. Cell Communication 9.1. Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors* 9.2. Propagation of the Signal* 9.3. Response to the Signal* 9.4. Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms* Glossary Chapter 10. Cell Reproduction 10.1. Cell Division* 10.2. The Cell Cycle* 10.3. Control of the Cell Cycle* 10.4. Cancer and the Cell Cycle* 10.5. Prokaryotic Cell Division* Glossary Chapter 11. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction 11.1. The Process of Meiosis* 11.2. Sexual Reproduction* Glossary Chapter 12. Mendel's Experiments and Heredity 12.1. Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability* 12.2. Characteristics and Traits* 12.3. Laws of Inheritance* Glossary Chapter 13. Modern Understandings of Inheritance 13.1. Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages* 13.2. Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders* Glossary Chapter 14. DNA Structure and Function 14.1. Historical Basis of Modern Understanding* 14.2. DNA Structure and Sequencing* 14.3. Basics of DNA Replication* 14.4. DNA Replication in Prokaryotes* 14.5. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes* 14.6. DNA Repair* Glossary Chapter 15. Genes and Proteins 15.1. The Genetic Code* 15.2. Prokaryotic Transcription* 15.3. Eukaryotic Transcription* 15.4. RNA Processing in Eukaryotes* 15.5. Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis* Glossary Chapter 16. Gene Regulation 16.1. Regulation of Gene Expression* 16.2. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation* 16.3. Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation* 16.4. Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation* 16.5. Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation* 16.6. Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation* 16.7. Cancer and Gene Regulation* Glossary Chapter 17. Biotechnology and Genomics 17.1. Biotechnology* 17.2. Mapping Genomes* 17.3. Whole-Genome Sequencing* 17.4. Applying Genomics* 17.5. Genomics and Proteomics* Glossary Chapter 18. Evolution and Origin of Species 18.1. Understanding Evolution* 18.2. Formation of New Species* 18.3. Reconnection and Rates of Speciation* Glossary Chapter 19. The Evolution of Populations 19.1. Population Evolution* 19.2. Population Genetics* 19.3. Adaptive Evolution* Glossary Chapter 20. Phylogenies and the History of Life 20.1. Organizing Life on Earth* 20.2. Determining Evolutionary Relationships* 20.3. Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree* Glossary Chapter 21. Viruses 21.1. Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification* 21.2. Virus Infection and Hosts* 21.3. Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections* 21.4. Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids* Glossary Chapter 22. Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea 22.1. Prokaryotic Diversity* 22.2. Structure of Prokaryotes* 22.3. Prokaryotic Metabolism* 22.4. Bacterial Diseases in Humans* 22.5. Beneficial Prokaryotes* Glossary Chapter 23. Plant Form and Physiology 23.1. The Plant Body* 23.2. Stems* 23.3. Roots* 23.4. Leaves* 23.5. Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants* 23.6. Plant Sensory Systems and Responses* Glossary Chapter 24. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function 24.1. Animal Form and Function* 24.2. Animal Primary Tissues* 24.3. Homeostasis* Glossary Chapter 25. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System 25.1. Digestive Systems* 25.2. Nutrition and Energy Production* 25.3. Digestive System Processes* 25.4. Digestive System Regulation* Glossary Chapter 26. The Nervous System 26.1. Neurons and Glial Cells* 26.2. How Neurons Communicate* 26.3. The Central Nervous System* 26.4. The Peripheral Nervous System* 26.5. Nervous System Disorders* Glossary Chapter 27. Sensory Systems 27.1. Sensory Processes* 27.2. Somatosensation* 27.3. Taste and Smell* 27.4. Hearing and Vestibular Sensation* 27.5. Vision* Glossary Chapter 28. The Endocrine System 28.1. Types of Hormones* 28.2. How Hormones Work* 28.3. Regulation of Body Processes* 28.4. Regulation of Hormone Production* 28.5. Endocrine Glands* Glossary Chapter 29. The Musculoskeletal System 29.1. Types of Skeletal Systems* 29.2. Bone* 29.3. Joints and Skeletal Movement* 29.4. Muscle Contraction and Locomotion* Glossary Chapter 30. The Respiratory System 30.1. Systems of Gas Exchange* 30.2. Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces* 30.3. Breathing* 30.4. Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids* Glossary Chapter 31. The Circulatory System 31.1. Overview of the Circulatory System* 31.2. Components of the Blood* 31.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels* 31.4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation* Glossary Chapter 32. Osmotic Regulation and Excretion 32.1. Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance* 32.2. The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs* 32.3. Excretion Systems* 32.4. Nitrogenous Wastes* 32.5. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions* Glossary Chapter 33. The Immune System 33.1. Innate Immune Response* 33.2. Adaptive Immune Response* 33.3. Antibodies* 33.4. Disruptions in the Immune System* Glossary Chapter 34. Animal Reproduction and Development 34.1. Reproduction Methods* 34.2. Fertilization* 34.3. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis* 34.4. Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction* 34.5. Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development* 34.6. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation* 34.7. Human Pregnancy and Birth* Glossary Chapter 35. Ecology and the Biosphere 35.1. The Scope of Ecology* 35.2. Biogeography* 35.3. Terrestrial Biomes* 35.4. Aquatic Biomes* 35.5. Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change* Glossary Chapter 36. Population and Community Ecology 36.1. Population Demography* 36.2. Life Histories and Natural Selection* 36.3. Environmental Limits to Population Growth* 36.4. Population Dynamics and Regulation* 36.5. Human Population Growth* 36.6. Community Ecology* 36.7. Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior* Glossary Chapter 37. Ecosystems 37.1. Ecology for Ecosystems* 37.2. Energy Flow through Ecosystems* 37.3. Biogeochemical Cycles* Glossary Chapter 38. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity 38.1. The Biodiversity Crisis* 38.2. The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life* 38.3. Threats to Biodiversity* 38.4. Preserving Biodiversity* Glossary Appendix A. The Periodic Table of Elements* Appendix B. Geological Time* Appendix C. Measurements and the Metric System* Index