دانلود کتاب Biology

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Readings
Contents
1 A View of Life
1.1 The Characteristics of Life
1.2 Evolution and the Classification of Life
1.3 The Process of Science
1.4 Challenges Facing Science
UNIT 1 The Cell
2 Basic Chemistry
2.1 Chemical Elements
2.2 Molecules and Compounds
2.3 Chemistry of Water
2.4 Acids and Bases
3 The Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.1 Organic Molecules
3.2 Carbohydrates
3.3 Lipids
3.4 Proteins
3.5 Nucleic Acids
4 Cell Structure and Function
4.1 Cellular Level of Organization
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
4.3 Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells
4.4 The Nucleus and Ribosomes
4.5 The Endomembrane System
4.6 Microbodies and Vacuoles
4.7 The Energy-Related Organelles
4.8 The Cytoskeleton
5 Membrane Structure and Function
5.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
5.2 Passive Transport Across a Membrane
5.3 Active Transport Across a Membrane
5.4 Modification of Cell Surfaces
6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy
6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism
7 Photosynthesis
7.1 Photosynthetic Organisms
7.2 The Process of Photosynthesis
7.3 Plants Convert Solar Energy
7.4 Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide
7.5 Other Types of Photosynthesis
8 Cellular Respiration
8.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration
8.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
8.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation
8.4 Inside the Mitochondria
8.5 Metabolism
UNIT 2 Genetic Basis of Life
9 The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
9.1 The Cell Cycle
9.2 The Eukaryotic Chromosome
9.3 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
9.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer
9.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
10 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
10.1 Overview of Meiosis
10.2 Genetic Variation
10.3 The Phases of Meiosis
10.4 Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
10.5 The Cycle of Life
10.6 Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure
11 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
11.1 Gregor Mendel
11.2 Mendel’s Laws
11.3 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance and Human Disease
11.4 Beyond Mendelian Inheritance
12 Molecular Biology of the Gene
12.1 The Genetic Material
12.2 Replication of DNA
12.3 Gene Expression: RNA and the Genetic Code
12.4 Gene Expression: Transcription
12.5 Gene Expression: Translation
13 Regulation of Gene Expression
13.1 Prokaryotic Regulation
13.2 Eukaryotic Regulation
13.3 Gene Mutations
14 Biotechnology and Genomics
14.1 DNA Technology
14.2 Biotechnology Products
14.3 Gene Therapy
14.4 Genomics
UNIT 3 Evolution
15 Darwin and Evolution
15.1 History of Evolutionary Thought
15.2 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
15.3 Evidence for Evolution
16 How Populations Evolve
16.1 Genes, Populations, and Evolution
16.2 Natural Selection
16.3 Maintenance of Diversity
17 Speciation and Macroevolution
17.1 How New Species Evolve
17.2 Modes of Speciation
17.3 Principles of Macroevolution
18 Origin and History of Life
18.1 Origin of Life
18.2 History of Life
18.3 Geological Factors That Influence Evolution
19 Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny
19.1 Systematic Biology
19.2 The Three-Domain System
19.3 Phylogeny
UNIT 4 Microbiology and Evolution
20 Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea
20.1 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
20.2 The Prokaryotes
20.3 The Bacteria
20.4 The Archaea
21 Protist Evolution and Diversity
21.1 General Biology of Protists
21.2 Supergroup Archaeplastida
21.3 Supergroup SAR
21.4 Supergroup Excavata
21.5 Supergroups Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta
22 Fungi Evolution and Diversity
22.1 Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi
22.2 Diversity of Fungi
22.3 Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
UNIT 5 Plant Evolution and Biology
23 Plant Evolution and Diversity
23.1 Ancestry and Features of Land Plants
23.2 Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land
23.3 Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue
23.4 Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls
23.5 Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land
24 Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization
24.1 Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants
24.2 Organs of Flowering Plants
24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
25 Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport
25.1 Plant Nutrition and Soil
25.2 Water and Mineral Uptake
25.3 Transport Mechanisms in Plants
26 Flowering Plants: Control of Growth Responses
26.1 Plant Hormones
26.2 Plant Growth and Movement Responses
26.3 Plant Responses to Phytochrome
27 Flowering Plants: Reproduction
27.1 Sexual Reproductive Strategies
27.2 Seed Development
27.3 Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
27.4 Asexual Reproductive Strategies
UNIT 6 Animal Evolution and Diversity
28 Invertebrate Evolution
28.1 Evolution of Animals
28.2 The Simplest Invertebrates
28.3 Diversity Among the Spiralians
28.4 Diversity of the Ecdysozoans
28.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes
29 Vertebrate Evolution
29.1 The Chordates
29.2 The Vertebrates
29.3 The Fishes
29.4 The Amphibians
29.5 The Reptiles
29.6 The Mammals
30 Human Evolution
30.1 Evolution of Primates
30.2 Evolution of Humanlike Hominins
30.3 Evolution of Early Genus Homo
30.4 Evolution of Later Genus Homo
UNIT 7 Comparative Animal Biology
31 Animal Organization and Homeostasis
31.1 Types of Tissues
31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities
31.3 The Integumentary System
31.4 Homeostasis
32 Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems
32.1 Transport in Invertebrates
32.2 Transport in Vertebrates
32.3 The Human Cardiovascular System
32.4 Blood
33 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
33.1 Evolution of Immune Systems
33.2 The Lymphatic System
33.3 Innate Immune Defenses
33.4 Adaptive Immune Defenses
33.5 Immune System Disorders and Hypersensitivity Reactions
34 Digestive Systems and Nutrition
34.1 Digestive Tracts
34.2 The Human Digestive System
34.3 Digestive Enzymes
34.4 Nutrition and Human Health
35 Respiratory Systems
35.1 Gas-Exchange Surfaces
35.2 Breathing and Transport of Gases
35.3 Respiration and Human Health
36 Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems
36.1 Animal Excretory Systems
36.2 The Human Urinary System
37 Neurons and Nervous Systems
37.1 Evolution of the Nervous System
37.2 Nervous Tissue
37.3 The Central Nervous System
37.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
38 Sense Organs
38.1 Sensory Receptors
38.2 Chemical Senses
38.3 Sense of Vision
38.4 Senses of Hearing and Equilibrium
38.5 Somatic Senses
39 Locomotion and Support Systems
39.1 Diversity of Skeletons
39.2 The Human Skeletal System
39.3 The Muscular System
40 Hormones and Endocrine Systems
40.1 Animal Hormones
40.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
40.3 Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones
41 Reproductive Systems
41.1 How Animals Reproduce
41.2 Human Male Reproductive System
41.3 Human Female Reproductive System
41.4 Control of Human Reproduction
41.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
42 Animal Development and Aging
42.1 Early Developmental Stages
42.2 Developmental Processes
42.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
42.4 The Aging Process
UNIT 8 Behavior and Ecology
43 Behavioral Ecology
43.1 Inheritance Influences Behavior
43.2 The Environment Influences Behavior
43.3 Animal Communication
43.4 Behaviors That Increase Fitness
44 Population Ecology
44.1 Scope of Ecology
44.2 Demographics of Populations
44.3 Population Growth Models
44.4 Regulation of Population Size
44.5 Life History Patterns
44.6 Human Population Growth
45 Community and Ecosystem Ecology
45.1 Ecology of Communities
45.2 Community Development
45.3 Dynamics of an Ecosystem
45.4 Ecological Consequences of Climate Change
46 Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere
46.1 Climate and the Biosphere
46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
47 Conservation of Biodiversity
47.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
47.2 Value of Biodiversity
47.3 Causes of Extinction
47.4 Conservation Techniques
Appendices
A Periodic Table of Elements & The Metric System
B Answer Key
Glossary
Index