دانلود کتاب Biopsychology, Global Edition

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Cover Title Page Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface To the Student About the Authors Part One: What Is Biopsychology? Chapter 1. Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time Four Major Themes of This Text Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology Clinical Implications The Evolutionary Perspective Neuroplasticity Emerging Themes of This Text Thinking about Epigenetics Consciousness What Is Biopsychology? Defining Biopsychology What Are the Origins of Biopsychology? How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience? What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach? Human and Nonhuman Subjects Experiments and Nonexperiments Experiments Quasiexperimental Studies Case Studies Pure and Applied Research What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology? Physiological Psychology Psychopharmacology Neuropsychology The Case of Mr. R., the Student with a Brain Injury Who Switched to Architecture Psychophysiology Cognitive Neuroscience Comparative Psychology How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work? Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together? Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain? Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims Evaluating Biopsychological Claims Case 1: José and the Bull Case 2: Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy Themes Revisited Key Terms Part Two: Foundations of Biopsychology Chapter 2. Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking Is it Physiological, or is it Psychological? Is it Inherited, or is it Learned? Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking Runs into Difficulty The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed The Case of the Chimps with Mirrors Nature-or-Nurture Thinking Runs into Difficulty The Case of the Thinking Student A Model of the Biology of Behavior Human Evolution Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evolution and Behavior Social Dominance Courtship Display Course of Human Evolution Evolution of Vertebrates Evolution of Amphibians Evolution of Reptiles Evolution of Mammals Emergence of Humankind Thinking about Human Evolution Evolution of the Human Brain Fundamental Genetics Mendelian Genetics Chromosomes Reproduction and Recombination Structure and Replication Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits Genetic Code and Gene Expression Human Genome Project Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder Genetics of Human Psychological Differences Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies Twin Studies of Epigenetic Effects Twin Studies of the Effects of Experience on Heritability Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System General Layout of the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Meninges Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Blood–Brain Barrier Cells of the Nervous System Anatomy of Neurons Neuron Cell Membrane Classes of Neurons Neurons and Neuroanatomical Structure Glia: The Forgotten Cells Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions Neuroanatomical Techniques Golgi Stain Nissl Stain Electron Microscopy Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Five Major Divisions of the Brain Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon Cerebral Cortex Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 4. Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals The Lizard: A Case of Parkinson’s Disease Resting Membrane Potential Recording the Membrane Potential Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials Conduction of Action Potentials Ionic Basis of Action Potentials Refractory Periods Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials Conduction in Myelinated Axons The Velocity of Axonal Conduction Conduction in Neurons without Axons The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective Synaptic Transmission: From Electrical Signals to Chemical Signals Structure of Synapses Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Monoamine Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Unconventional Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research Wrinkles and Darts: Discovery of Receptor Subtypes Pleasure and Pain: Discovery of Endogenous Opioids Tremors and Mental Illness: Discovery of Antipsychotic Drugs Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 5. The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do The Ironic Case of Professor P. Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain X-Ray-Based Techniques Contrast X-Rays Computed Tomography Radioactivity-Based Techniques Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diffusion Tensor MRI Functional MRI Ultrasound-Based Techniques Transcranial Stimulation Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity Scalp Electroencephalography Magnetoencephalography Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous System Activity Muscle Tension Eye Movement Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic Nervous System Activity Skin Conductance Cardiovascular Activity Invasive Physiological Research Methods Stereotaxic Surgery Lesion Methods Aspiration Lesions Radio-Frequency Lesions Knife Cuts Reversible Lesions Interpreting Lesion Effects Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions Electrical Stimulation Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods Intracellular Unit Recording Extracellular Unit Recording Multiple-Unit Recording Invasive Eeg Recording Pharmacological Research Methods Routes of Drug Administration Selective Chemical Lesions Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain 2-Deoxyglucose Technique Cerebral Dialysis Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain Immunocytochemistry In Situ Hybridization Genetic Methods Gene Knockout Techniques Gene Knockin Techniques Gene Editing Techniques Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology Neuropsychological Testing Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing The Single-Test Approach The Standardized-Test-Battery Approach The Customized-Test-Battery Approach Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery Intelligence Memory Language Language Lateralization Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function Memory Language Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience The Case of the Vegetative Patient Paired-Image Subtraction Technique Default Mode Network Mean Difference Images Functional Connectivity Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors Open-Field Test Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior Tests of Sexual Behavior Traditional Conditioning Paradigms Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms Conditioned Taste Aversion Radial Arm Maze Morris Water Maze Conditioned Defensive Burying Thinking Creatively About Biopsychological Research Themes Revisited Key Terms Part Three: Sensory and Motor Systems Chapter 6. The Visual System: How We See The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina Pupil and Lens Eye Position and Binocular Disparity The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals Structure of the Retina Cone and Rod Vision Spectral Sensitivity Eye Movement Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex Retina-Geniculate-Striate System Retinotopic Organization The M and P Channels Seeing Edges Contrast Enhancement Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel Receptive Fields of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System: Hubel & Wiesel Receptive Fields of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel Simple Striate Cells Complex Striate Cells Binocular Complex Striate Cells Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: Hubel & Wiesel’s Findings The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited Changing Concept of the Characteristics of Visual Receptive Fields Retinal Ganglion Cells Lateral Geniculate Cells Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual Processing Seeing Color Component and Opponent Processing Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion The Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex Dorsal and Ventral Streams D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw Prosopagnosia Is Prosopagnosia Specific to Faces? R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic What Brain Pathology is Associated with Prosopagnosia? Can Prosopagnosics Perceive Faces in the Absence of Conscious Awareness? Akinetopsia Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 7. Sensory Systems, Perception, and Attention: How You Know the World The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time Principles of Sensory System Organization Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex Features of Sensory System Organization Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat Functional Segregation Parallel Processing Summary Model of Sensory System Organization Auditory System Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound The Ear From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex Auditory Cortex Organization of Primate Auditory Cortex What Sounds Should be used to Study auditory Cortex? What Analyses does the Auditory Cortex Perform? Two Streams of Auditory Cortex Auditory–Visual Interactions Where does the Perception of Pitch Occur? Effects of Damage to the Auditory System Auditory Cortex Damage Deafness in Humans Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain Cutaneous Receptors Two Major Somatosensory Pathways Cortical Areas of Somatosensation Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Somatosensory System and Association Cortex The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand Somatosensory Agnosias The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body Rubber-Hand Illusion Perception of Pain Pain is Adaptive The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain Pain has no Clear Cortical Representation Pain is Modulated by Cognition and Emotion Neuropathic Pain Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses Olfactory System Gustatory System Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses Perception Role of Prior Experience in Perception Perceptual Decision Making The Binding Problem Selective Attention Characteristics of Selective Attention Change Blindness Neural Mechanisms of Attention Simultanagnosia Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 8. The Sensorimotor System: How You Move The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control General Model of Sensorimotor System Function Sensorimotor Association Cortex Posterior Parietal Association Cortex The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex Secondary Motor Cortex Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex Mirror Neurons Primary Motor Cortex Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind Effects of Primary Motor Cortex Lesions Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Descending Motor Pathways The Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits Muscles Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles Stretch Reflex Withdrawal Reflex Reciprocal Innervation Recurrent Collateral Inhibition Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs Central Sensorimotor Programs are Capable of Motor Equivalence Sensory Information that Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs is not Necessarily Conscious Central Sensorimotor Programs can Develop without Practice Practice can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning Neuroplasticity Associated with Sensorimotor Learning The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited Themes Revisited Key Terms Part Four: Brain Plasticity Chapter 9. Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You The Case of Genie Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment Stem Cells and Neurodevelopment Induction of the Neural Plate Neural Proliferation Migration and Aggregation Migration Aggregation Axon Growth and Synapse Formation Axon Growth Synapse Formation Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement Synapse Rearrangement Early Cerebral Development in Humans Prenatal Growth of the Human Brain Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain Development of the Prefrontal Cortex Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits Critical Periods vs. Sensitive Periods Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment Experience and Neurodevelopment Ocular Dominance Columns Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps Neuroplasticity in Adults Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals Effects of Experience on Adult Neurogenesis Functions of Newly Born Neurons in the Adult Brain Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex Atypical Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD is a Heterogeneous Disorder The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? The Case of S.D.: The Self-Advocate ASD Savants Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities Genetic Mechanisms of ASD Neural Mechanisms of ASD Williams Syndrome The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities Epilogue Themes Revisited Key Terms Part Five: Biopsychology of Motivation Chapter 10. Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage? The Ironic Case of Professor P. Causes of Brain Damage Brain Tumors Strokes Cerebral Hemorrhage Cerebral Ischemia Traumatic Brain Injuries The Case of Junior Seau Infections of the Brain Bacterial Infections Viral Infections Neurotoxins Genetic Factors Programmed Cell Death Neurological Diseases Epilepsy Focal Seizures The Subtlety of Complex Seizures: Two Cases Generalized Seizures Parkinson’s Disease Huntington’s Disease Multiple Sclerosis Alzheimer’s Disease Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases Kindling Model of Epilepsy MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease The Case of the Frozen Drug Users Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery Neural Degeneration Neural Regeneration Neural Reorganization Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Laboratory Animals Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Humans Mechanisms of Neural Reorganization Recovery of Function after CNS Damage Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant Modern Research on Neurotransplantation Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training Treating Strokes Treating Spinal Injury Benefits of Cognitive and Physical Exercise Treating Phantom Limbs Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 11. Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories Digit-Span + 1 Test Block-Tapping Test Mirror-Drawing Test Incomplete-Pictures Test Pavlovian Conditioning Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia Semantic and Episodic Memories The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation Amnesias of Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A. Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease Amnesia after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence for Consolidation Posttraumatic Amnesia Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation Hippocampus and Consolidation Reconsolidation Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test Monkey Version of the Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test Rat Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Morris Water Maze Test Radial Arm Maze Test Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells Engram Cells Where Are Memories Stored? Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory Inferotemporal Cortex Amygdala Prefrontal Cortex The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t Cerebellum and Striatum Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: Long-Term Potentiation Induction of LTP: Learning Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall Variability of LTP Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You Infantile Amnesia Smart Drugs: Do They Work? Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M. Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 12. Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much? The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body Digestion Energy Storage in the Body Three Phases of Energy Metabolism Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives Set-Point Assumption Glucostatic Theory Lipostatic Theory Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating Positive-Incentive Perspective Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat Factors That Influence What We Eat Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions Learning to Eat Vitamins and Minerals Factors That Influence When We Eat Premeal Hunger Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger Factors That Influence How Much We Eat Satiety Signals Sham Eating Appetizer Effect and Satiety Serving Size and Satiety Social Influences and Satiety Sensory-Specific Satiety Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety Evolution of Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety The Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers Modern Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety Hypothalamic Circuits, Peptides, and the Gut Serotonin and Satiety Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A. Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating Variability of Body Weight Set Points and Health Regulation of Body Weight by Changes in the Efficiency of Energy Utilization Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control Human Overeating: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments Overeating: Who Needs to Be Concerned? Overeating: Why Is There An Epidemic? Why Do Some People Gain Weight from Overeating While Others Do Not? Differences in Energy Expenditure Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition Genetic and Epigenetic Factors Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective? Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat The Discovery of Leptin Leptin, Insulin, and the Arcuate Melanocortin System Leptin as a Treatment for High Body-Fat Levels in Humans The Case of the Child with No Leptin Treatment of Overeating and High Body-Fat Levels Serotonergic Agonists Gastric Surgery Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia Anorexia and Positive Incentives Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis The Case of the Student with Anorexia Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 13. Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa? Men-are-Men-and-Women-are-Women Assumption Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones Neuroendocrine System Glands Gonads Hormones Sex Steroids The Pituitary Female Gonadal Hormone Levels are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels are Steady Control of the Pituitary Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones Regulation of Hormone Levels Regulation by Neural Signals Regulation by Hormonal Signals Regulation by Nonhormonal Chemicals Pulsatile Hormone Release Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body Sexual Differentiation Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs Internal Reproductive Ducts External Reproductive Organs Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior Sex Differences in the Brain First Discovery of a Sex Difference in Mammalian Brain Function Aromatization Hypothesis Sex Differences in the Brain: The Modern Perspective Development of Sex Differences in Behavior Development of Reproductive Behaviors in Laboratory Animals Development of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Humans Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development The Case of Anne S., the Woman with Testes The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule? Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults Male Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones Anabolic Steroid Abuse Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior Four Brain Structures Associated with Sexual Activity Cortex and Sexual Activity Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity Amygdala and Sexual Activity Ventral Striatum and Sexual Activity Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation and Genes Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction? What Differences in the Brain Can Account for Differences in Sexual Attraction? Gender Identity Independence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 14. Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep? The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep Stages of Sleep Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep Three Stages of Sleep EEG Dreaming Discovery of the Relationship between REM Sleep and Dreaming Testing Common Beliefs About Dreaming External Stimuli and Dreams Dream Duration People who don’t Dream Sexual Content in Dreams Sleeptalking and Sleepwalking Does REM Sleep = Dreaming? Lucid Dreaming The Case of the Levitating Teenager The Case of the Artistic Dreamer The Case of the Bored Lucid Dreamer Why Do We Dream What We Do? Why Do We Dream? Hobson’s Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Revonsuo’s Evolutionary Theory of Dreams Hobson’s Protoconsciousness Hypothesis The Dreaming Brain Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do? Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep Comparative Analysis of Sleep Effects of Sleep Deprivation Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem Predictions of Recuperation Theories about Sleep Deprivation Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students The Case of Randy Gardner Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals REM-Sleep Deprivation Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep Circadian Sleep Cycles Circadian Rhythms Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles Jet Lag and Shift Work A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment Genetics of Circadian Rhythms Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist Reticular Formation and Sleep Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei Drugs That Affect Sleep Hypnotic Drugs Antihypnotic Drugs Melatonin Sleep Disorders Insomnia Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia Hypersomnia REM-Sleep-Related Disorders The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction Differences between Short and Long Sleepers Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 15. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers Basic Principles of Drug Action Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration of the Central Nervous System Oral Ingestion Injection Inhalation Absorption through Mucous Membranes Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System Mechanisms of Drug Action Drug Metabolism and Elimination Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and Physical Dependence Drug Tolerance Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence Drug Addiction: What Is It? Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance Contingent Drug Tolerance Conditioned Drug Tolerance Thinking about Drug Conditioning Five Commonly Used Drugs Nicotine Tobacco Smoking Nicotine Vaping Addiction and Nicotine Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine and Other Stimulants The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly Used Drugs Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs Comparison of the Hazards of Nicotine, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction Initial Drug Taking Habitual Drug Taking Drug Craving and Relapse Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm Unnatural Housing and Testing Conditions Excessive Focus on Stimulants A Noteworthy Case of Addiction The Case of Sigmund Freud Themes Revisited Key Terms Part Six: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion Chapter 16. Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and Right Brain Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia Tests of Cerebral Lateralization Sodium Amytal Test Dichotic Listening Test Functional Brain Imaging Discovery of the Relation Between Speech Laterality and Handedness Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization The Split Brain Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry Commissurotomy in Humans with Epilepsy Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently Cross-Cuing Doing Two Things at Once Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function Superiority of the Left Hemisphere in Controlling Ipsilateral Movement Superiority of the Right Hemisphere in Spatial Ability Specialization of the Right Hemisphere for Emotion Superior Musical Ability of the Right Hemisphere Hemispheric Differences in Memory What Is Lateralized? Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes? Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization and Language Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization Analytic–Synthetic Theory Motor Theory Linguistic Theory The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve? Evolution of Human Language Vocal Communication in Nonhuman Primates Motor Theory of Speech Perception Gestural Language Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model The Wernicke-Geschwind Model Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities Evidence from Studies of the Effects of Cortical Damage Evidence from Structural Neuroimaging Studies Evidence from Studies of Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Three Premises That Define the Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language Bavelier’s Fmri Study of Reading Damasio’s Pet Study of Naming Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 17. Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotion James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories Sham Rage Limbic System and Emotion Klüver-Bucy Syndrome A Human Case of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Emotional Specificity of the Autonomic Nervous System Polygraphy Emotions and Facial Expression Universality of Facial Expression Primary Facial Expressions Facial Feedback Hypothesis Voluntary Control of Facial Expression Facial Expressions: Current Perspective Fear, Defense, and Aggression Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors Aggression and Testosterone Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning Amygdala and Fear Conditioning Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion Amygdala and Human Emotion The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion Lateralization of Emotion Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives Stress and Health The Stress Response Animal Models of Stress Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain Innate Immune System Adaptive Immune System What Effect does Stress have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial? How does Stress Influence Immune Function? Does Stress Affect Susceptibility to Infectious Disease? Early Experience of Stress Stress and the Hippocampus Conclusion The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper Themes Revisited Key Terms Chapter 18. Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena What Is Schizophrenia? Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs The Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: Beyond the Dopamine Theory Atypical Antipsychotics Renewed Interest in Hallucinogenic Drugs Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Schizophrenia Neural Bases of Schizophrenia Conclusion Depressive Disorders What Are Depressive Disorders? The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology Student Antidepressant Drugs Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Tricyclic Antidepressants Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors Atypical Antidepressants Nmda-Receptor Antagonists Effectiveness of Drugs in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders Brain Stimulation to Treat Depression Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation Theories of Depression Monoamine Theory of Depression Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression Neural Bases of Depression Conclusion Bipolar Disorder What Is Bipolar Disorder? The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Student with Bipolar Disorder Mood Stabilizers Theories of Bipolar Disorder Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder Neural Bases of Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorders The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out Four Anxiety Disorders Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders Benzodiazepines Antidepressant Drugs Pregabalin Conclusion Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Anxiety Disorders Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders Tourette’s Disorder The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog What Is Tourette’s Disorder? Pharmacological Treatment of Tourette’s Disorder Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tourette’s Disorder Neural Bases of Tourette’s Disorder The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette’s Disorder Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs Clinical Trials: The Three Phases Phase 1: Screening for Safety Phase 2: Establishing the Testing Protocol Phase 3: Final Testing Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials Requirement for Double-Blind Design and Placebo Controls The need for Active Placebos Length of Time Required Financial Issues Targets of Psychopharmacology Lack of Diversity Effectiveness of Clinical Trials Conclusion Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Student Who Took Control Themes Revisited Key Terms Epilogue Appendixes Appendix I. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Appendix II. Some Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons Appendix III. The Cranial Nerves Appendix IV. Functions of the Cranial Nerves Appendix V. Nuclei of the Thalamus Appendix VI. Nuclei of the Hypothalamus Glossary References Credits Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z