دانلود کتاب Bolzano’s Logical System

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Content: Cover
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 The Bolzanian Conceptual Universe
1.2 The Logic and the Language
1.3 General (Elementary) Principles of Ontology, Lectology, and Epistemology
1.4 Restricted Quantifiers
1.5 Variation
1.6 Ordered n-tuples
1.7 Relations (Relational Qualities)
2 Elementary Level (A): Ideas
2.1 Preamble
2.2 Properties of Ideas
2.3 Relations Between Two Ideas
2.4 Relations Among Several Ideas
2.5 The Idea of Something
2.6 Concretization
2.7 Concrete and Abstract Ideas
2.8 Intuitions
2.9 Sum of Quality Ideas 2.10 Another Lectological Operation on Quality Ideas2.11 Negation
3 Elementary Level (B): Propositions
3.1 Atomic Propositions
3.2 Aristotelian Universal Propositions with Existential Import
3.3 Material Proprieties and Relations of Propositions
3.4 Complex Propositions
3.5 Variation
3.6 Formal Properties and Relations of Ideas
3.7 Validity of Propositions
3.8 Analytic and Synthetic Truth and Falsity
3.9 Formal Relations Among Propositions
3.10 Formal Connectives
3.11 Probability
3.12 Probability of Events
4 Symbolic Level 4.1 Preliminary Remark: Properties of Things and Quality of Objects4.2 Bolzano\'s Conjecture
4.3 Restricted Symbolic Level-Ideas of Ideas
4.4 The Traditional Categorical Propositions
4.5 Extended Symbolic Level: Ideas of Propositions
4.6 Material Connectives
4.7 Formal Properties and Relations
4.8 Formal Properties of Collections of Propositions
4.9 Formal Relations Among Propositions
4.10 Generalization to a Finite Set of Ideas
4.11 Formal Connectives Among Finite Sets of Propositions
4.12 \'Arbitrary Sets\' of Ideas and Propositions 4.13 Generalization of Properties and Material Relations among Ideas4.14 Two Operations on Ideas of Object Ideas
4.15 New Formulation of the Material Relations among Ideas of Ideas
4.16 Bolzano\'s Thesis for Material Relations Among Sets of Ideas
4.17 Material Conjunctions and Disjunctions
4.18 Formal Properties of \'Arbitrary Sets\' of Propositions
4.19 Formal Relations among \'Arbitrary Sets\' of Propositions
4.20 Formal Connectives among \'Arbitrary Sets\' of Propositions
5 Inferences
5.1 Preliminaries
5.2 Rules to Obtain Inferences from Inferences 5.3 Inferences with One or More Universal Premises5.4 Inferences with at Least One Negated Universal Premise
5.5 Inferences with One or More Existential or Inexistential Premises
5.6 Syllogistic Inferences
5.7 Inferences from Premises Containing Width Determinations
5.8 Inferences from Premises Enunciating Relations among Ideas
5.9 Inferences from Premises Enunciating Relations among Propositions
6 Higher Level
6.1 Preamble
6.2 The Problem of Vacuous Qualities
6.3 Truth as Enunciation of a Situation
6.4 Qualities of Qualities
7 Etiology
7.1 Consecutivity
7.2 Dependence