دانلود کتاب Breast Imaging: The Core Requisites

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Front Cover Breast Imaging Copyright Page Contributors Foreword Preface Contents 1 Introduction to Mammography: The Basics How Is a Mammogram Performed? Compression Standard Views Standardized Labeling What Is Acceptable Quality? Image Quality Appropriate Positioning Special Views and Additional Views Spot Compression View Magnification View Additional Views The Normal Mammogram Anatomy Radiologic Anatomy of the Breast Image Contrast Screening Versus Diagnostic Mammograms Suggested Readings 2 Why BI-RADS?: Overview of Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Introduction History of BI-RADS The BI-RADS Lexicon Special Considerations for Other Imaging Modalities BI-RADS Final Assessment Categories The Structured Breast Imaging Report BI-RADS FAQs Quality Assurance Tool BI-RADS and Beyond/Conclusion Implications for Research Beyond BI-RADS The Art of Breast Imaging Suggested Readings References 3 Mammographic Masses, Asymmetries, and Distortion Overview Breast Masses Breast Mass Descriptors Specific to Ultrasound Asymmetries Asymmetry Global Asymmetry Focal Asymmetry Developing Asymmetry Assessment of Asymmetry at Screening Mammography Assessment of Asymmetry at Diagnostic Mammography Architectural Distortion Assessment of Architectural Distortion on Diagnostic Mammography Workup References Suggested Readings 4 Mammographic Analysis of Breast Calcifications Pathogenesis Screening and Diagnostic Assessment Typically Benign Calcifications Skin Calcifications Vascular Coarse “Popcorn-Like” Large Rod-Like Rim Dystrophic Milk of Calcium Suture Round Probably Benign Calcifications (BI-RADS 3) and Their Management Suspicious Calcifications Distribution Diffuse Regional Grouped Linear Segmental Morphology Coarse Heterogeneous Amorphous Fine Pleomorphic Fine Linear/Linear Branching Management of Suspicious Calcifications Summary Suggested Reading 5 Breast Ultrasound Indications and Interpretation Indications Supplemental Screening in Addition to Mammography Technique Diagnostic Evaluation Ultrasound Evaluation of Mammographic Finding Targeted Ultrasound After MRI and Other Imaging Postsurgical Breast Neoadjuvant Treatment Breast Implants Interventional Procedures Technical Parameters Image Quality Artifacts Image Optimization Image Resolution Tissue Harmonics Compound Imaging Doppler Imaging Additional Ultrasound Techniques Strain Elastography Shear Wave Elastography Breast Anatomy Female Hormonal Phases Male Breast Ultrasound BI-RADS and Interpretation Tissue Composition Masses Shape Orientation Margin Echo Pattern Posterior Features Calcifications Associated Features Special Cases Cysts: Simple versus Complicated versus Complex Cystic and Solid Mass Benign versus Probably Benign Masses Round Mass Additional Features of Malignancy BI-RADS Final Assessment for Ultrasound Suggested Reading 6 Basics of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Acquisition of Images Methods of Acquiring DBT Images Dose of DBT Compared With DM Imaging With DBT in One View Only Synthetic Imaging Images Available for Interpretation DBT Terminology DBT Display Advantages of DBT Reasons for Increase in Cancer Detection Reasons for Decrease in Recall Vessel Turns Lymph Nodes Superimposed Tissue Decrease in Technical Recalls Grouped Skin Calcifications Incident Versus Prevalent Screening With DBT Special Considerations Suggested Readings 7 Mammographic and Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy Procedures Image-Guided Breast Biopsy Prebiopsy Patient Workup Breast Lesion Labeling Informed Consent and Procedural Risks Complications—Specific Scenarios Skin Sterilization, Local Anesthesia, and Skin Nicks Fine-Needle Aspiration and Core Biopsy Techniques Fine Needle Aspiration Automated Core Biopsy Vacuum-Assisted Core Biopsy Cyst Aspiration Palpation-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy Stereotactic and Tomosynthesis-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy Core Specimen Radiography Placement of Biopsy Site Markers Carbon Breast Tissue Marking and Tattoo Ink Marking of Axillary Lymph Nodes Patient Safety and Comfort after Biopsy Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation after Breast Biopsy Preoperative Needle Localization With Hookwire or Wireless Methods 2D Mammographic–Guided Needle/Hookwire or Wireless Localization Tomosynthesis-Guided Needle/Hookwire or Wireless Localization Stereotactic-Guided Needle/Hookwire or Wireless Localization Ultrasound-Guided Needle/Hookwire or Wireless Localization Types of Wireless Fiducial Devices Specimen Radiography References 8 Breast MRI Indications, Interpretation, and Interventions Indications Screening Diagnostic Imaging in Women With Known Breast Cancer Evaluation of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy Problem Solving: Evaluation of Suspicious Nipple Discharge Evaluation of Silicone Implant Integrity Technical Considerations and MRI Artifacts Technical Considerations Key Pulse Sequences Artifacts Breast MRI Interpretation and Reporting Approach to MRI Interpretation MRI BI-RADS Lexicon Amount of Fibroglandular Tissue Amount of Background Parenchymal Enhancement Lesion Type, Morphology, and Internal Enhancement Characteristics Contrast Kinetic Features Assigning BI-RADS Assessments on MRI Malignant MRI Findings Invasive Carcinoma Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Features Associated with Malignancy Benign MRI Findings MRI-Guided Breast Interventions Pulse Sequences for MRI-Guided Biopsy Approach Planning Basic Steps of MRI-Guided Biopsy Radiology-Pathology Concordance and Follow-Up Suggested Reading 9 Breast Pathology and Radiologic–Pathologic Correlation Overview of Normal Breast Anatomy Anatomy Breast Embryology and Development Menstrual Cycle and Menopause Radiologic–Pathologic Correlation and Recommendations Appearance and Management of Benign Lesions Benign Breast Masses Generally Not Requiring Additional Management Fibroadenoma Lipoma Hamartoma Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Intramammary Lymph Node Fat Necrosis Fibrocystic Change Benign Masses That May Warrant Surgical Consultation Phyllodes Tumor Stromal Fibrosis Granular Cell Tumor Granulomatous Mastitis Diabetic Mastopathy Desmoid Tumor Benign Calcifications Usual Ductal Hyperplasia Adenosis and Sclerosing Adenosis Columnar Cell Change and Columnar Cell Hyperplasia High-Risk Lesions Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia Lobular Neoplasia (Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia and Classic Lobular Carcinoma In Situ) Pleomorphic LCIS Flat Epithelial Atypia Complex Sclerosing Lesion/Radial Scar Papillary Lesions Mucocele-Like Lesion Breast Malignancies Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Not Otherwise Specified (IDC NOS) Tubular Carcinoma Medullary Carcinoma Mucinous/Colloid Carcinoma Invasive Papillary Carcinoma Invasive Lobular Carcinoma Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Metaplastic Carcinoma Other Malignancies Lymphoma Metastasis Sarcoma Suggested Readings 10 Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Definitions: Average Versus Higher-Than-Average Risk Population Subgroups at Higher Risk Genetic Mutation Carriers and Hereditary Syndromes Chest/Mantle Radiation Before Age 30 Family History of Breast Cancer Personal History of Breast Cancer Additional Risk Factors for Breast Cancer General Risk Factors Lobular Neoplasia and Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia Breast Density Background Parenchymal Enhancement Models for Risk Assessment Gail Model BRCAPRO IBIS (Tyrer-Cuzick) Claus BOADICEA Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Suggested Readings References 11 Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines and Supplemental Screening Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women ACR, SBI, ASBrS, NCCN, and NCBC American Cancer Society USPSTF, AAFP, and ACP Screening Guidelines for Higher-Than-Average-Risk Women Supplemental Screening Incremental Cancer Detection Rate Per Modality Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Breast Ultrasound Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Supplemental Breast MRI Screening in High-Risk Women Supplemental Breast MRI Screening in Average-Risk Women Molecular Breast Imaging Contrast-Enhanced Mammography References Suggested Readings 12 Organized Approach to Screening Mammography Why Perform Screening Mammography? (Screening Evidence) Historical Perspective Screening Mammography Reduces Breast Cancer Mortality Screening Guidelines Screening Controversies: Commonly Cited Screening “Harms” (Risks) Radiation Benign-Outcome Recalls and Biopsies (False Positives) Patient Anxiety Overdiagnosis Additional Benefits of Screening Mammography Risk-Based Screening Breast Cancer Incidence by Race How to Interpret Screening Mammography by Following a Systematic Approach General Approach Perform “Overview” and “Close-In” Visual Searches Look for a Second Lesion Annotate and Describe Location of Findings to Help the Next Radiologist Perception Aids for Screening Mammography Interpretation View Right and Left Images “Back-to-Back” as if They Were Mirror Images Concentrate on the Whitest Areas of the Image Search for One Calcification or Tiny Artifact Compare With Two Prior Examinations Interpret in Batches Without Distractions Suggested Readings 13 Organized Approach to Diagnostic Imaging Triangulation Describing the Location of Findings in the Breast Triangulation with Two-Dimensional Mammography Lesion Localization with Tomosynthesis Supplemental Mammographic Views Diagnostic Workup of Masses Workup of Asymmetries Asymmetry (One-View) Workup Shallow Obliques Rolled Views Tomosynthesis Focal Asymmetry workup Developing Asymmetry workup Suggested Reading 14 The Symptomatic Breast Palpable Breast Lump Palpable Lump ≥40 Years Old Palpable Lump in Women 30 to 39 Years Old Palpable Lump in Women <30 Years Old The Probably Benign Mass Palpable Lump: Special Scenarios Nipple Changes Nipple Discharge Other Nipple Symptoms Diffuse Breast Swelling and Edema Pain Suggested Readings 15 Breast Cancer Staging: What the Surgeon and Oncologist Want To Know Background Eighth Edition of AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Principles and Rules of Staging Clinical Versus Pathologic Staging (Table 15.2) Clinical Staging Pathology Staging Restaging Imaging Modalities Used to Stage Breast Cancer TNM Assessment of the T (Tumor) Parameter Assessment of the N (Lymph Node) Parameter Assessment of the M (Metastases) Parameter Multifocal and Multicentric Disease Putting It All Together Suggested Reading 16 After Breast Conservation Therapy Breast Conservation Therapy Definition and History Oncoplastic BCS Surgical Management of the Axilla Patient Selection for BCT Contraindications to BCT Preoperative Tumor Localization for BCT and Specimen Radiography Preoperative Tumor Localization Intraoperative Specimen Radiography Posttreatment Surveillance Mammography Breast Ultrasound and Breast MRI Imaging Features of Benign Posttreatment Findings Seroma Postradiation Skin and Trabecular Thickening Postsurgical Scar and Architectural Distortion Fat Necrosis Suture and Other Benign Calcifications Imaging Assessment of Residual Disease Imaging Features of Recurrent Disease Mammography Breast Ultrasound Breast MRI Suggested Readings 17 Lymph Node Evaluation in Breast Imaging Basic Anatomy Normal Versus Abnormal Appearance Diagnostic Approach Bilateral Axillary Lymphadenopathy Unilateral Axillary Lymphadenopathy Axillary Nodal Calcifications Axillary Lymph Node Management in Breast Cancer Patients Suggested Readings 18 The Augmented and Reconstructed Breast Breast Implants Implant Risks and Complications Early Implant Complications Late Implant Complications Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy Breast Reconstruction Risks and Complications Breast Cancer Recurrence After Mastectomy Reduction Mammoplasty Explantation References Suggested Readings 19 Special Populations in Breast Imaging Young Young: Differential Considerations Young: Imaging Management Young: Management of Breast Masses Young: Probably Benign Young: Management of the Pathologic Nipple Young: Special Considerations for Patients Under 18 Young: Summary Pregnant or Lactating Pregnant or Lactating: Imaging Safety and Expected Imaging Appearances Pregnant or Lactating: Benign Masses Pregnant or Lactating: Mastitis and Breast Abscesses Pregnancy-Associated Breast Cancer Percutaneous Procedures in Lactating Patients Pregnant or Lactating: Summary Male Male: Imaging Management Male: Gynecomastia Male: Male Breast Cancer Male: Summary Transgender Transgender: Expected Imaging Appearances Transgender: Breast Cancer Risk Transgender: Screening Considerations Transgender: Diagnostic Considerations Transgender: Summary Suggested Readings 20 Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) and American College of Radiology (ACR) Accreditation Programs Mammography Quality Standards Act Origins and Purpose Personnel Qualifications Equipment Requirements and Quality Assurance American College of Radiology (ACR) Accreditation Mammography Reporting and Medical Records Requirements Medical Audit Suggested Readings 21 Mammography Physics 101 Image Acquisition Target/Filter Combinations Imaging Receptors Scatter and Grid Heel Effect Focal Spot and Magnification Views MQSA Dose Requirements Radiation Dose Image Processing Image Quality Image Unsharpness Contrast Signal-to-Noise Artifacts Detector-Based Artifacts Machine-Based Artifacts Patient-Based Artifacts Suggested Reading Index