دانلود کتاب Business Environment for B.Com

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Cover
Contents
Foreword
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1: Business Environment
Introduction
Meaning and Definition
Salient Features
Importance of the Study
Environmental Factors
Social Factors
Economic Factors
Cultural Factors
Geographical Factors
Technological Factors
Political Factors
Legal Factors
Ecological Factors
The Government Policies
Labour Factors
Competitive Market Condition
Locational Factors
Business Environment and Strategic Management
Risk Overview
Methods of Assessing Environment Risk
Managing Environment Risk
Market Opportunities
Distribution of Household by Income, 1990–2000
Recent Political Environment
Relations with China
Other Developments
Domestic Developments in Trade
Recent Economic and Financial Environment
India Food and Drink
Indian Automotives
Global Economic Environment
Multilateral Initiatives and Policies
Case
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 2: Planning in India
The Emergence of Planning
The Planning Commission
The National Development Council
Functions
Objectives of Planning in India
Economic Growth
Attaining Economic Equality and Social Justice
Achieving Full Employment
Attaining Economic Self-reliance
Modernisation of Various Sectors
Redressing Imbalances in the Economy
Five-Year Plans
First Five-Year Plan (1951–52 to 1952–56)
Second Five-Year Plan (1956–57 to 1960–61)
Third Five-Year Plan (1961–62 to 1965–66)
Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–70 to 1973–74)
Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–75 to 1978–79)
Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980–81 to 1984–85)
Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985–86 to 1989–90)
Annual Plans (1990–91 and 1991–92)
Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–93 to 1996–97)
Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997–98 to 2001–02)
Distribution of Public Sector Outlay of Each Plan
Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–07)
Introduction
Objectives
Targets
Growth, Equity, and Sustainability
Population
Quality and Productivity of Employment
Resources and Other Measures
Central Finances
State Financing
The External Sector
The Financial Sector
Sectoral Policy Issues
Conclusion
Five-Year Plans—Achievements and Failures
Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–12)
Objectives and Challenges
A Vision for the Eleventh Plan
The Strengths of Our Economy
Some Major Challenges
Disparities and Divides
Brief Policy Approaches of the Eleventh Plan
Liberalisation and Planning
Case
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 3: Industrial Licensing
Industrial Licensing in India
Objectives of Industrial Licensing
Industrial Licensing Act of 1951
The Industries (Development and Regulation [D&R]) Act of 1951
Provisions of Industries (D&R) Act of 1951
Letter of Intent
Exemptions from Licensing
Industrial Licensing: A Critical Approach
Industrial Licensing Policy
The Industries (D&R) Act of 1951
Main Provisions
Industrial Licensing Policy of 1951–60
Industrial Licensing Policy of 1960–70
Industrial Licensing Policies of 1970–80
Industrial Policy Statement of 1980–90
Liberalisation in Industrial Licensing—1991 and After
Policy Decisions
Industrial Licensing Policy
Foreign Investment
Foreign Technology Agreements
Public Sector
MRTP Act
Recent Industrial Licensing Policy
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Annexure I
Proposed List of Industries to be Reserved for the Public Sector
Annexure II
List of Industries in Respect of Which Industrial Licensing will be Compulsory
Annexure III
List of Industries for Automatic Approval of Foreign Technology Agreements and for 51 Per Cent Foreign Equity Approvals
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 4: India’s Monetary and Fiscal Policy
I. Monetary Policy of India
Concept and Meaning of Monetary Policy
Objectives of the Monetary Policy
Differences Between Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy
Meaning of CRR and SLR
Impact of the Monetary Policy
Measures to Regulate Money Supply
Meaning of Some Monetary Policy Terms
The Monetary Policy and IMF
RBI’s Monetary Policy Measures
RBI’s Monetary Policy, 2008–09
Policy Measures
II. Fiscal Policy of India
Concept and Meaning of Fiscal Policy
Objectives of the Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy and Economic Development
Techniques of Fiscal Policy
Merits or Advantages of Fiscal Policy of India
The Shortcomings of the Fiscal Policy of India
Suggestions for Necessary Reforms in Fiscal Policy
Fiscal Policy Reforms
Fiscal Policy Statement, 2008–09
Fiscal Policy Overview
Government’s Strategy to Pursue Fiscal Consolidation
Fiscal Policy—An Assessment
Conclusions
Case
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 5: Economic Trends
I. The Indian Financial Systems
Indian Money Market
Concept and Meaning of Money Market
The Composition of the Indian Financial System
The Composition of the Indian Banking System
Indian Capital Market
Call Money Market
Bill Market
Financial System
Structure of the Financial System
Functions of the Indian Financial System: Promotion of Capital Formation
Recent Trends in Money Market
II. The Price Policy
Price Movement Since Independence
Price Situation During 1951–71
Price Situation During the 1970s
Price Movement During Janata Rule (1977–79)
Price Movement During the 1980s
Price Situation During the 1990s
Objectives of Price Policy
Prices of Industrial Products
Control of Expenditure
International Prices of Select Commodities
Challenges and Outlook
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 6: Stock Exchanges in India
Concept and Meaning of Stock Exchange
List of Stock Exchanges in India
Types of Financial Markets
SEBI and Its Role in the Secondary Market
Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
Role of SEBI in Regulating Trading in the Secondary Market
Products Available in the Secondary Market
Regulatory Requirements Specified by SEBI for Corporate Debt Securities
Broker and Sub-broker in the Secondary Market
Broker
Sub-broker
Agreement with the Broker or Sub-broker
Risk Disclosure Document
Placing Orders with the Broker or Sub-broker
Brokerage that a Broker or Sub-broker Can Charge
Charges Levied on the Investor by a Stockbroker/Sub-broker
Securities Transaction Tax (STT)
Rolling Settlement
SEBI Risk Management System
Redressing Investor Grievances
Investor Protection Fund (IPF)/Customer Protection Fund (CPF) at Stock Exchanges
The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act of 1956
The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act of 1992
Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs)
Functions of Security Exchange Board of India
Powers of Security Exchange Board of India
Investigation
Cease and Desist Proceedings
Consolidate Market Regulation Under SEBI
Reduce Costs
Regulatory Overlaps
Growth of Stock Market in India
Stock Market in India and China Underperforms
India’s Premium over Other EMs Plunges
Where to Invest Now
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 7: National Income
Meaning and Definition of National Income
Concepts of National Income
Net National Product (NNP)
National Income or National Income at Factor Cost (NI)
Personal Income (PI)
Disposable Income (DI)
National Income Estimates in India
National Income After Independence
NIC and CSO Estimates
Methodology of National Income Estimation in India
Net-product Method
Net-income Method
State of the Economy
Per Capita Income and Consumption
Economic Growth
Sectoral Contribution
Aggregate Demand
Savings and Investments
Savings
Investments
Trends in National Income Growth and Structure
Sectoral Investment and ICOR
Consumption Basket
Inclusive Growth
Inflation
Causes for the Slow Growth of National Income in India
Suggestions to Raise the Level and Growth Rate of
National Income in India
Major Features of National Income in India
Difficulties or Limitations in the Estimation of National Income in India
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 8: Foreign Trade Policy and Balance of Payments
Foreign Trade Policy and Balance of Payments
Main Features of India’s Trade Policy
Phases of India’s Trade Policy
India’s Foreign Trade Policy, 1991
Rationale of Foreign Trade Policy
Major Trade Reforms
Assessment of the New Trade Policy
Balance of Payments (BoPs)
Current Account Deficit (CAD)
Capital Account Deficit
Other Non-debt Flows
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 9: Poverty in India
Concept, Meaning, and Definition of Poverty
People Living Under Poverty Line
Causes of Poverty in India
The Developmentalist View
The Neoliberal View
Historical Trends in Poverty Statistics
Poverty and Inclusive Growth
Consumption Patterns Below and Above PL
Trends in Consumption Growth (Rural–Urban Disparity)
Factors Responsible for Poverty
Measures to Reduce Poverty
Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Poverty Alleviation Through Micro-credit
Indian Experience
Suggestions
Outlook for Poverty Alleviation
Controversy over the Extent of Poverty Reduction
Case
ICT and Rural Poverty Alleviation
Case Questions
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 10: Unemployment in India
Concept, Meaning, and Types of Unemployment
Nature of Unemployment in India
Disguised Unemployment or Rural Unemployment
Industrial Unemployment or Urban Unemployment
Educated Unemployment or White-collar Unemployment
Magnitude of Unemployment
Unemployment Rates by Level of Education
NSS 62nd Round on Employment and Unemployment
Employment in Organised Sector
Employment in the Eleventh Plan
Factors Responsible for Unemployment
Steps to Reduce Unemployment
Government Policy Measures to Reduce Unemployment
Overview of Unemployment and Underemployment
Unemployment
Underemployment
Case
Literate State with the Highest Unemployment
Case Questions
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 11: Inflation
Meaning and Definition of Inflation
Features of Inflationary Economy
Measures of Inflation
Prices as Measures of Inflation
WPI—General Trends
Wholesale Prices—Primary Articles
Wholesale Prices—Fuel and Power
Wholesale Prices—Manufactured Products
WPI—Essential Commodities
Essential Commodities—Retail Prices
CPI and Other Price Indicators
Real Estate/Housing Price Index
Inflation and Developing Economies
Demand-pull vs Cost-push Inflation
Demand-pull Inflation
Causes of Demand-pull Inflation
Cost-push Inflation
Causes of Inflation
Effects of Inflation
Economic Effects of Inflation
Control of Inflation
Global Inflation and India
Food Price Index
Forces Behind the Rise
Policy Neglect
Financial Speculators
Implications for India
Ineffective Strategy
Case
Calculating Inflation in India
Case Questions
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 12: Problems of Growth
Parallel Economy
Review of the Various Estimates of Black Income
Impact of Black Income on the Economic and Social System
Corruption
Factors Responsible for the Generation of Black Money
A Survey of Measures Undertaken to Unearth Black Money
Regional Imbalances
Indicators of Regional Imbalance
Causes of Economic Backwardness and Regional Imbalances
Wanchoo Working Group
Conclusion
Social Injustice
Case
Case Question
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 13: Foreign Investment
Meaning
Need for Foreign Investment
Adverse Implications of Foreign Investment
Determinants of Foreign Investment
Government Policies
Pre-liberalisation Policies
Liberalisation Policies
Liberalisation Trends and Patterns in FDI Inflows
Liberalisation and Changing Sectoral Composition of FDI
Liberalisation and Changing Sources of FDI in India
Liberalisation and Mode of Entry: Greenfield vs M&As
FDI Inflows into India in a Comparative East Asian Perspective
Impact of FDI Inflows: Some Issues
Place of FDI in India: Shares in Sales, Capital Formation, and GDP
FDI, Growth, and Domestic Investment
Exports and BoPs
R&D, Local Technological Capability, and Diffusion
Firm Size, Profitability, and Efficiency
FDI and the Knowledge-based Economy in India: Software and Global R&D Hub
FDI and Global R&D Activity in India
Policy Lessons
New Policies
A Comparative Statistical Outline of FDI
Case
Case Question
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 14: Multinational Corporations
Origin
Meaning
Definition
Objectives
Reasons for the Growth of MNCs
Favourable Impact of MNCs
Harmful Effects of the Operations of MNCs on Indian Economy
Domination of MNCs over Indian Economy
Liberalisation and MNCs
Assessment
Future of MNCs
A Critique of MNCs
MNCs Deal a Blow to Domestic Companies
Case 1
Ranbaxy Sellout
Case Questions
Case 2
Case Questions
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 15: India’s Import–Export Policies
Historical Perspective
Liberalisation Policy of Exim
Annexure I
Products Eligible for Additional Exim Scrips Entitled to 10 Percentage Points
Annexure II
List of Import Items to be Decanalised
Annexure III
List of Export Items to be Decanalised
Exim Performance
Import Structure
Export Performance
Exim Policies
Five-year Exim Policy
Objectives of the Exim Policy
Exim Policy, 1997–02
Modified Exim Policy, April 1998
Exim Policy, 1999–2000
Exim Policy, 2000–01
Exim Policy, 2001–02
Exim Policy, 2002–07
India’s Exim Performance
Trade Scenario
Exports
Imports
Export Promotion Measures
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Impact of the SEZ Scheme
Agri-export Zones (AEZs)
Highlights of Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), 2004–09
Special-focus Initiatives
New Export Promotion Schemes
Simplification/Rationalisation/Modifications of the Ongoing Schemes
Simplification of Rules and Procedures and Institutional Measures
Case
Case Question
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 16: International Business Environment
Nature of International Business
Environment
Trends in the World Trade and Economic Growth
General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade (GATT)
Objectives
Principles
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
Principles and Obligations
Scope
Modes of Delivery
Services Sectors and GATS
Key Rules
Better Access to Markets
Progressive Liberalisation
Intellectual Property: Protection and Enforcement of Rights
International Organisations
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Objectives
Organisation
Borrowings, Financing Facilities, and Policies
Resources
Financing Facilities and Policies
Regular Lending Facilities
Special Lending Facilities
Concessional Lending Facility
Review of Facilities
Other IMF Policies and Procedures
Conditionality
Technical Assistance
World Bank (WB)
Resource
Organisation
Objectives
Financing Policies
WB’s Assistance to India
An Evaluation of IMF–WB
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Emergence of WTO
Objectives
Areas of Negotiations
WTO and India
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Mission
Objectives
Main Features of Assistance
IFC and India
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD)
Functions
Basic Principles
A Review of the Functioning of UNCTAD
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
International Trade Centre (ITC)
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP)
Case
Case question
Case analysis
Key Words
Questions
References
Chapter 17: World Trade Organization
Background
Meaning and Agreements
Different Things to Different People
Functions
Institutional Characteristics
Ministerial Conferences
Taking Decisions
Settling Disputes
Principles of Trading
Much in Common
Provisions for Developing Countries
Growing Number
Need for Flexibility
Trade and Development
Enabling Clause
Other Provisions
Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
Gradual Evolution
Package Approach
Making Trade-offs
Strengths and Weaknesses
The Longest of Them All
The WTO Agreement
What is It
More than a Short Agreement
Bad News and Good News
Where Are We Today
Liberalising Trade in Goods
Industrial Goods: Tariffs
Tariffs and Developed Countries
Tariffs and Developing Countries
Binding of Tariffs
Tariffs are Bound … But
Textiles—Back in the Mainstream Rules
Fighting the Goods Fight
Outside the System
The MFA—a Derogation
Back in the Mainstream
Agriculture: Fairer Markets for All
Outside the System
Agreement on Agriculture on Centre Stage
Objectives of the Agreement
A Better Deal for Developing Countries
Trade Remedies
Key Agreements
Standards and Procedures
Technical Barriers to Trade
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)
Role for Scientific Evidence
Administrative Procedures
Red Tape and Trade
Investment Measures
Disputes Settlement Mechanisms
A Dispute About What?
Rapid Settlement
Better than GATT
Dispute Settlement
Right to Appeal
More is Better
Ministerial Meetings
When
What Do They Do
When and Where
Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Trade-related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
Non-tariff Barriers (NTBs) and Dispute Settlement Mechanism
Anti-dumping Measures
Subsidies
Singapore Ministerial Meeting, 1996
The Singapore Issues
Government Procurement
Labour Standards
Action for LDCs
Geneva Ministerial Meeting, 1998
Seattle Ministerial Meeting, 1999
Doha Ministerial Meeting, 2001
Improving Market Access
Singapore Issues to the Fore
Declaration on TRIPs
Trade and Environment
Cancun Ministerial Meeting, 2003
Missed Deadlines
Optimism Prevails
No Agreement at Cancun
Issues after Cancun
WTO from 2005 to 2008
Geneva Package, 2004
Hong Kong Ministerial Conference,
December 2005
Key Outcomes and Timelines of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration of WTO
Recent WTO Proposals
Conclusion
Summary
Key Words
Questions
References
Glossary