دانلود کتاب Business Models for the Circular Economy Opportunities and Challenges for Policy

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Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Executive Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Notes References Chapter 2. Circular business models 2.1. A typology of circular business models 2.2. Individual circular business model characteristics 2.2.1. Circular supply models 2.2.2. Resource recovery models Downcycling Upcycling Industrial symbiosis 2.2.3. Product life extension models Classic long life Direct reuse Maintenance and repair Refurbishment and remanufacturing 2.2.4. Sharing models Co-ownership Co-access 2.2.5. Product service systems models Product-oriented product service system models User-oriented product service system models Result-oriented product service system models 2.3. Drivers of circular business model adoption more generally 2.3.1. Traditional “linear” modes of production: emerging business risks 2.3.2. Emerging technologies as a driver for the adoption of more circular modes of production Notes References Chapter 3. The current scale and potential scalability of circular business models 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Resource recovery business models: the example of metal recycling 3.2.1. Current market penetration 3.2.2. Future scalability 3.3. Product life extension models: the example of remanufacturing 3.3.1. Current market penetration 3.3.2. Future scalability 3.4. Sharing models: the example of short-term lodging 3.4.1. Current market penetration 3.4.2. Future scalability 3.5. Product service systems: the example of user oriented product service systems – mobility 3.5.1. Current market penetration 3.5.2. Future scalability 3.6. Conclusions Notes References Chapter 4. The environmental impacts of circular business models 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Insights from the circularity ladder concept 4.3. Insights from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) literature 4.3.1. Circular supply and resource recovery business models General environmental considerations LCA data: the example of recycling 4.3.2. Product life extension models General environmental considerations LCA data: the example of remanufacturing 4.3.3. Sharing models General environmental considerations LCA and survey data: the example of sharing under-utilised accommodation 4.3.4. Product-service systems General considerations LCA and survey data: the example of urban car sharing schemes 4.4. How economic feedbacks influence environmental outcomes 4.4.1. Direct environmental impacts of circular business model scale up 4.4.2. Indirect environmental impacts of circular business model scale up 4.5. Conclusions Notes References Chapter 5. Policy Implications 5.1. The findings of this report 5.2. The role of policy 5.2.1. General considerations 5.2.2. Common barriers to circular business model adoption and potential policy responses Notes References Annex A. Case examples Circular supply models: furniture manufacturing at Nico Spacecraft (from National Zero Waste Council, 2015 ([1])) Circular supply models: Cradle-to-Cradle® at Tarkett Resource recovery models: Industrial Symbiosis in Denmark Resource recovery models: upcycling at FREITAG Product life extension models: remanufacturing at Caterpillar Sharing models: sharing at the Toronto Tool Library (from the National Zero Waste Council (2015[1])) Sharing models: sharing at Peerby Product Service System models: light as a service at Philips Product Service System models: access to rather than ownership of garments at Rent Frock Repeat (from the National Zero Waste Council (2015[1])) References Annex A. Case examples