دانلود کتاب CARDIAC BIOELECTRIC THERAPY mechanisms and practical implications.

فهرست مطالب :

Foreword
Preface
Reductionist Approach to Arrhythmia
Integrative Approach
Contents
Contributors
Part I: History of Electrotherapy
1: History of Cardiac Pacing
Earl Bakken: One Version of the First Pacemaker Story
The Long List of Inventions and Observations That Led to the Pacemaker
Pulse Theory and Observations that Bradycardia Leads to Syncope
Early Cardiac Pacing
Internal Pacemakers
Pacing for Nonsurgeons
Power Innovations
Programming
Dual-Chamber Pacing
Activity Rate Responders
Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators
Michel Mirowski
Leadless Pacing
Conclusion
References
2: History of Defibrillation
Introduction: Defibrillation and Its Creators
Mysteries of Early Research: Abdilgaard’s Chickens and Kite’s Successes
Elucidating the Mechanism, Imagining the Cure
Defibrillation: From Russia and the Soviet Bloc
Defibrillation: AC to DC, in America and Beyond
Summary
References
3: The History of Mapping
Introduction
Origins and Initial Development
Transition Period to Modern Excitation Mapping (1950–1990)
Excitation of the Normal Heart Beat
Excitation of the Abnormal/Arrhythmic Heart
New Recording Technology
Clinical Mapping Becomes a Standard Therapeutic Technique
Clinical Mapping for Diagnosis and Therapy of Arrhythmias
Electroanatomical Mapping
Phase Mapping
Noninvasive Mapping
Conclusion
References
4: History of Optical Mapping
Origins
Optical Mapping
Evolution
Fluorescent Dyes
Electromechanical Uncoupling
Future Applications
References
Part II: Theory of Electric Stimulation and Defibrillation
5: The Bidomain Theory of Stimulation
Introduction
Unipolar Stimulation
Make and Break Excitation
Strength-Interval Curve
No-response Phenomenon
Effect of Potassium on Pacing
Time Dependence of the Refractory Period
Burst Pacing
Conclusion
References
6: Bidomain Model of Defibrillation
Introduction
Advancements Leading to the Development of the Bidomain Model of Defibrillation
Bidomain Equations and Numerical Approaches for Large-Scale Simulations in Shock-Induced Arrhythmogenesis and Defibrillation
Governing Equations
Computational Considerations
Numerical Schemes
Linear Solvers
Models of the Heart in Vulnerability and Defibrillation Studies
Description of Myocardial Geometry and Fiber Architecture
Representation of Ionic Currents and Membrane Electroporation
Shock Electrodes and Waveforms
Arrhythmia Induction with an Electric Shock and Defibrillation
Postshock Activity in the Ventricles
VEP Induced by the Shock in the 3D Volume of the Ventricles
Postshock Activations in the 3D Volume of the Ventricles
ULV and LLV
Shock-Induced Phase Singularities and Filaments
Induction of Arrhythmia with Biphasic Shocks
Conclusion
References
7: The Generalized Activating Function
Introduction
The Activating Function
The Generalized Activating Function
Examples
Discussion
Limitations
Validation
Conclusion
Appendix
References
Part III: Electrode Mapping and Defibrillation
8: Extracellular Mapping of Arrhythmias
Introduction
Historic Note
Theoretical Considerations
Electrodes and Recording System
Signal Conditioning
Analysis of Activation
Display of Data
Other Forms of Analysis
Post-Processing of Maps
Strategies for Mapping Arrhythmias
Summary
References
9: The Upper Limit of Vulnerability and Critical Points for Defibrillation
Introduction
Mechanisms by Which Shocks Induce VF
The Field-Recovery Critical Point
Inconsistencies with the Field-Recovery Critical Hypothesis for Defibrillation
The Virtual Electrode Critical Point
Other Possible Mechanisms for Defibrillation
References
10: His-Purkinje Involvement in Arrhythmias and Defibrillation
Arrhythmia Initiation
Arrhythmia Maintenance
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Short-Duration Ventricular Fibrillation
Long-Duration Ventricular Fibrillation
The Purkinje System and Post-Shock Arrhythmia
Modeling of His–Purkinje System
Modeling the Purkinje System
Modeling the Response to Electric Shock
Arrhythmia Onset
References
Part IV: Optical Mapping of Stimulation and Defibrillation
11: The Role of Microscopic Tissue Structure in Defibrillation
Introduction
The Concept of the Virtual Electrode
The Microstructure of the Heart and Virtual Electrodes: From the Single Cell to the Whole Heart
Do Cell Boundaries Form Resistive Obstacles that Produce Secondary Sources?
Estimation of the Minimal Size of a Resistive Boundary Acting as a Source of Electrical Excitation
The Time Course of the Change in Transmembrane Voltage Is Related to Microstructure
Do Disease States Change Virtual Electrodes in a Predictable Manner?
References
12: Virtual Electrode Theory of Pacing
Introduction
Virtual Electrodes During Unipolar Stimulation of Cardiac Tissue
Anode and Cathode Make and Break Excitation
Strength-Interval Curves
Quatrefoil Reentry
Defibrillation
The No-Response Phenomenon and the Upper Limit of Vulnerability
Influence of Physical Electrodes During a Shock
The Effect of Fiber Curvature on Stimulation of Cardiac Tissue
Cellular and Tissue-Scale Heterogeneities
Regional High K+ Leads to Instability and Conduction Block
Averaging Over Depth During Optical Mapping
Boundary Conditions and the Bidomain Model
The Magnetic Field Produced by Cardiac Tissue
Conclusion
References
13: The Virtual Electrode Hypothesis of Defibrillation
Introduction
Historical Overview of Defibrillation Therapy
Bidomain Model
Fluorescent Optical Mapping
Virtual Electrodes and the Activating Function
Mechanisms of Defibrillation
Theories of Defibrillation
Virtual Electrode Hypothesis of Defibrillation: The Role of Deexcitation and Reexcitation
Virtual Electrode-Induced Phase Singularity Mechanism
Chirality of Shock-Induced Reentry Predicted by VEP Not the Repolarization Gradient
Shock-Induced VEP as a Mechanism for Defibrillation Failure
The Role of Electroporation
Clinical Implications of the Virtual Electrode Hypothesis of Defibrillation
The Role of Virtual Electrodes and Shock Polarity
Waveform Optimization
Toward Low-Energy Defibrillation
Conclusion
References
14: Advanced Three-Dimensional Optical Mapping
Introduction
Optical Upstroke Morphology and Subsurface Wavefront Orientation
The Transillumination Approach
Near-Infrared Voltage-Sensitive Dyes and Dual Wavelength Epi-Fluorescence Mapping
Optical Tomography
Alternating Transillumination
Conclusions
References
Part V: Methodology
15: The Bidomain Model of Cardiac Tissue: From Microscale to Macroscale
Introduction
Microscopic Modeling Cardiac Tissue
Macroscopic Modeling Cardiac Tissue
Homogenization
Bidomain Model of Cardiac Tissue
Bidomain Properties at the Tissue Level
Bidomain Properties at the Heart Level
Challenges to Classical Bidomain Predictions
Conclusion
References
16: Newer Models of Cardiac Tissue
Introduction
In Vivo Cardiac Models
Ex Vivo Cardiac Models
In Silico Cardiac Models
References
17: The Role of Electroporation
Role of Electroporation in Defibrillation
Contribution of Electroporation to Optically Recorded Cellular Responses
Electroporation Assessment by Membrane-Impermeable Dye Diffusion
Role of Electroporation in Pacing
Irreversible Electroporation in Cardiac Surgery
Conclusion
References
18: Frequency and Phase Domains Methods for Mechanisms of Fibrillation
Introduction
The Frequency Representation of the Tissue Activation Rate
Representing Cardiac Activity in the Phase Domain
The Phase-Frequency Domain Analysis of Rotor Activity During Atrial Fibrillation
The Body Surface Mapping to Study Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation
Frequency and Phase Domain Methods in Ventricular Fibrillation
Concluding Remarks
References
19: Lessons Learned from Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Recordings
Introduction
ICD Electrograms
Interpretation of ICD Recordings
Lessons Learned from ICD Treatment of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Incidence of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Therapy Efficacy and Failure Modes
Therapy Efficacy: Defibrillation
Therapy Efficacy: Cardioversion
Therapy Efficacy: Antitachycardia Pacing
Investigating the Causes of Tachyarrhythmia
Lessons Learned from Inappropriately Treated ICD Episodes
Inappropriate Detection Due to Oversensing
Inappropriate Detection and Therapy Due to Nonsustained VT/VF
Inappropriate Detection Due to Supraventricular Tachycardia
Inappropriate ICD Therapies and Changing Patient Population
Lessons Learned from Appropriately Treated AT/AF Episodes
Atrial Tachyarrhythmia Detection and Termination Accuracy
Efficacy of Device-Based Therapies for AT/AF
AT/AF Therapy Efficacy: Impact of Early Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial ATP Therapy Efficacy
Atrial Defibrillation Shock Efficacy
Conclusion
References
20: Radiofrequency Versus Cryoablation
Introduction
Lesion Formation
Radiofrequency Ablation
Cryothermal Ablation
Monitoring Lesion Growth
Radiofrequency Ablation
Cryoballoon Ablation
Pre-ablation
During Ablation
After Ablation
Clinical
References
Part VI: Novel and Future Cardiac Electrotherapies
21: Multistage Defibrillation Therapy
Defibrillation
Preclinical Atrial Defibrillation Studies
Atrioverter (Atrial Defibrillator)
Defibrillation Mechanisms
Virtual Electrode Polarization (VEP)
Development of the Virtual Electrode Polarization Theory
VEP Generated Wavefronts
Multipulse Therapy (MPT)
MPT in an In Vivo Chronic AF Model
First-In-Man Study of Multipulse Therapy
Conclusion
References
22: Leadless Pacing
Background
History of Pacing
Shortfalls in Lead-Based Pacing
Definition of Leadless Pacemakers
Leadless Pacemaker Devices
The Leadless Cardiac Pacemaker (LCP)
System Description
Clinical Efficacy
Micra Transcatheter Pacing System (TPS)
System Description
Clinical Efficacy
WiCS®-LV System
System Description
Clinical Efficacy
Empower™ Leadless Pacemaker
Clinical Evidence
Device Implantation
Complications
Device Performance
Patient Populations
Previous CIED Infection
Dialysis Patients
Vasovagal Syncope
End of Device Life Management
Future Developments
Conclusions
References
23: His Purkinje Conduction System Pacing: Methods, Mechanisms, and Best Practices
Introduction
Anatomy of the AV Conduction System
Variations in HB Anatomy
Longitudinal Dissociation of the His Bundle
Implantation Technique
HBP Implant Technique
Best Practices and Tips for HBP
LBBP Implant Technique
Nomenclature for HP-CSP
Conclusions
References
24: State of the Art in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques for Improving Patient Outcomes Pertaining to the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence: Machine/Deep Learning
AI/ML/DL in Medicine
Motivation
Recent Development of AI in Medicine
AI in Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Imaging
Disease Classification
Electrocardiography
In-Hospital Monitoring
Mobile and Wearable Technology
Precision Medicine
Risk Prediction
Respiratory System
Chest Imaging
Disease Classification
Precision Medicine
Respiratory Sound Analysis
Risk Prediction
Limitations and Challenges in Applying AI
Future of AI in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Conclusion
References
25: State of the Art on Wearable and Implantable Devices for Cardiac and Respiratory Monitoring
Introduction
Technologies for Mobile and Continuous Monitoring
Implantable Devices
Wearable Devices
Devices for Respiratory Monitoring
Monitoring with Sensor Data Fusion and Algorithmic Processing
Devices Aimed to Diagnose Sleep Apnea
Devices Aimed to Diagnose Stress
Devices Aimed to Diagnose Cardiac Arrhythmias
Smartphone-Based Diagnostics
Effectiveness and Adoption
Current Limits and Future Outlook
Conclusion
References
26: Optogenetic Control of Arrhythmias
Introduction
Opsin-Based Optogenetic Tools
Channelrhodopsins
Anion Channelrhodopsins
Light-Activated Ion Pumps
Gene Delivery Vectors for Optogenetics
Correcting Abnormal AP Waveforms with Optogenetic Tools
Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
Optogenetic Defibrillation
Optogenetic Termination of Reentry In Vitro
Ventricular Defibrillation in Rodent Hearts
Optogenetic Defibrillation in Atrial Fibrillation
Future Perspectives
Gene Delivery
Delivering Light to the Human Heart
Clinical Perspectives for Optogenetics
Summary
References
27: Conformal Electronics Therapy for Defibrillation
Introduction
Conformal Electronics Device Fabrication
Defibrillation Using Conformal Electronics
Future Perspective
Conclusion
References
28: The Future of the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Future ICD Leads and Electrodes
Improved Engineering Standards for Transvenous Leads
Subcutaneous ICD
Substernal ICD
Ensuring Appropriate Therapy
Reducing Inappropriate Shocks
Reducing Inappropriate Shocks Caused by SVT in Transvenous ICDs
Reducing Inappropriate Shocks Caused by Oversensing in Transvenous ICDs
Reducing Inappropriate Shocks Caused by Oversensing in Extravascular ICDs
Ensuring Therapy of VT/VF
Failure to Treat VT/VF in Functioning ICD Systems
Failure to Treat VT/VF Due to High-Voltage Insulation Breach
The Problem
High-Frequency Impedance
Impedance of Ultrashort High-Voltage Pulse
Preventing Fatal Proarrhythmia from ICD Lead Dislodgement
Remote Monitoring and Remote Patient Management
Remote Monitoring of ICD Functions
Remote Monitoring Strategies
Monitoring Comorbidities: Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure
Remote Patient Management
Prediction and Prevention of VT and VF
Risk Stratification and Indications for ICD Therapy
Patients Who Qualify for ICDs Under Present Guidelines but Do Not Benefit
Patients Who Die Suddenly But Do Not Qualify for ICDs Under Present Guidelines
Short-Term Prediction and Prevention of VT/VF
Prediction
Prevention
References
29: Cybersecurity of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices
Introduction
Cybersecurity Landscape
Medical Device and Data Vulnerabilities
Motivations of Hackers
Common Hacking Attacks
Infrastructure to Reduce Risks and Identify Vulnerabilities
US Food and Drug Administration
FDA Guidance for Premarket Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices
FDA Guidance for Postmarket Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices
The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation
Evaluation Process for Potential Vulnerabilities
NIST Cybersecurity Framework
Role of Supply Chain Management
Archimedes Center for Medical Device Security
Role of Healthcare Providers
Coordinated Disclosure
Privacy Regulations
Conclusion
References
Index