دانلود کتاب Cardiopulmonary Point of Care Ultrasound

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Foreword by Jagat Narula
Foreword by Rosa Sicari
Foreword by André Y. Denault
References
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 The Evolution of Point of Care Ultrasound
Abstract
References
2 Physics of Ultrasound and Doppler
Abstract
Introduction
Generation
Tissue-Ultrasound Interactions
Reflection
Reverberation
Refraction
Scattering
Attenuation
Penetration Versus Resolution
Resolution
Axial Resolution
Lateral Resolution
Elevational Resolution
Temporal Resolution
Knobology
Depth
Width
Zoom
Gain
Time Gain Compensation
Focus
Dynamic Range
Tissue Harmonic Imaging (THI)
Doppler Ultrasound
Generation
Pulsed Wave Doppler
Colour Doppler
Power Doppler
Continuous Wave Doppler
Tissue Doppler Imaging
Conclusion
3 Image Optimization and Artifacts
Abstract
Introduction
What are Artefacts?
Artefacts Related to 2D Imaging
Reverberation Artefacts
Attenuation Artefacts
Side Lobe Artefacts
Beam Width Artifacts
Refraction Artefacts
Artefacts Related to Doppler Imaging
Miscellaneous Artefacts
Conclusion
References
4 Fundamentals of Transthoracic Echocardiography
Abstract
Introduction
Machine Set-Up
Probe Handling
Cardiac Axis
Windows
Basic 2D Views
Parasternal Long-Axis View
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interrogation
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Parasternal Short-Axis View
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Apical 4-Chamber and 5-Chamber Views
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Subcostal 4-Chamber View
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Subcostal Short-Axis Views (Including Inferior Vena Cava View)
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Additional Views
Right Ventricular Inflow and Outflow Views
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Apical 2-Chamber and 3-Chamber Views
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Suprasternal View
Sonoanatomy
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Beyond 2D Imaging
Colour Doppler
Acquisition
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Pulsed Wave Doppler
Acquisition
Interrogation
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Continuous Wave Doppler
Acquisition
Interrogation
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Tissue Doppler
Acquisition
Interrogation
Interpretation
Pitfalls
Conclusion
5 Fundamentals of Transesophageal Echocardiography
Abstract
Introduction
Indications and Patient Selection
Patient Preparation
Probe Manipulation and Insertion
Training and Technical Skills
Conclusion
References
6 Fundamentals of Lung and Diaphragmatic Ultrasound
Abstract
Introduction
Ultrasound Assessment of the Lungs
Patient Position
Transducer Selection (Fig. 3)
LUS in Lung Disease
Limitations of LUS
Fundamentals of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound
Technical Aspects and Measurements
Clinical Applications of Diaphragmatic ultrasound
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Novel Coronavirus-19 Disease (COVID-19)
References
7 POCUS in Diagnosis: Acute Heart Failure
Abstract
Focus Cardiac Ultrasound (FoCUS) and Standard Echocardiography
Global Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Size
Global Right Ventricular Systolic Function and Size
Pericardial Effusion
Intravascular Volume Assessment and Inferior Vena Cava
Major Signs of Chronic Cardiac Disease
Gross Valvular Abnormalities
Large Intracardiac Masses
Echocardiography in AHF Beyond POCUS
Hemodynamics
Lung Ultrasound
Methodology
Diagnostic Role of LUS in AHF
Prognostic Role of LUS in AHF
Limitations
Integrated Cardiopulmonary Ultrasound
References
8 POCUS in Acute Myocardial Ischaemia
Abstract
The Patient’s Presentation
Patient Findings—Typical and Atypical
What to Do if Unsure
Evidence for Timely Intervention
The Ischaemic Cascade and Its Utility
How the Myocardium Differentially Responds to Ischaemia
Perfusion Abnormalities of the Left Ventricle
Technique for Contrast Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion
Left Ventricular Diastolic Abnormalities
Left Ventricular Systolic Abnormalities
Other Motion Abnormalities Including LBBB
Further Abnormalities
Prognosis
Regionality and Benefit in Identifying Culprit Vessel Ischaemia
Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructed Coronary Arteries (MINOCA)
Conclusions
References
9 POCUS in Diagnosis: Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Abstract
Introduction
Lung Ultrasound (LUS)
Focused Cardiac Ultrasound (Focus)
Compression Ultrasound (CUS)
Multiorgan Point of Care Ultrasound
References
10 Lung Ultrasound in Pneumonia Diagnosis
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Aspects of Pneumonia
How to Perform Lung Ultrasound
Anatomopathological Modifications in Pneumonia
Sonographic Findings in Pneumonia
Ultrasound in COVID-19
Usefulness of Lung Ultrasonography in Pneumonia
Limitations of Lung Ultrasonography in Pneumonia
Conclusions
References
11 Pneumothorax
Introduction
Imaging Process in Pneumothorax
Ultrasound Signs
Lung Sliding
Importance of Additional Signs
Parenchymal Signs
Lung Pulse
Lung Point
Combination of Signs
Ultrasound Technique
Ultrasound Probes
Clinical Conditions and Settings
Comparison with Chest Radiography and CT
Quantification and Monitoring
Pitfalls and Complex Pneumothorax
Double Lung Point
Septated Pneumothorax
Hydropneumothorax
False Lung Sliding and False Lung Pulse
References
12 POCUS in Monitoring: Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Abstract
Introduction
What Should I Monitor?
The Heart: Structure, Function and Hemodynamics
The Lungs: B-Lines and Pleural Effusion
Intravascular Fluids: Inferior Vena Cava
Future Perspectives
References
13 POCUS in Monitoring: Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Abstract
Introduction
Main LUS Findings
B-Lines
Pleural Effusion and Consolidations
Cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema and Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema: The Differences
Mixed Pulmonary Edema
Non-cardiogenic Pulmonary Oedema and LUS Monitoring
Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) Setting
Prone Positioning
Conclusion
References
14 POCUS in COVID-19 Pneumonia
Abstract
Introduction
The Revolution of POCUS in COVID-19
LUS in COVID-19 Pneumonia
LUS in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia
LUS Signs of COVID-19
How to Scan
How to Interpret LUS Signs in the Clinical Context
Clinical Scenarios
Clinical—Ultrasound Integration for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia
Risk of Spreading Infection
Future Perspectives
Conclusions
References
15 POCUS in Monitoring: Volume Responsiveness
Abstract
Introduction
The Concept of Fluid Responsiveness
Static Indices of Cardiac Preload
Respiratory Variations in LV Outflow Tract Flow Velocity
Phenomena Causing the Respiratory Variability of Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume Surrogates Used to Measure Its Respiratory Variation
Limitations of the LVOTVV
Spontaneous Ventilation
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Very High Respiratory Rate
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
Intra-Abdominal Hypertension
In Summary
Variability of the Diameter of the Venae Cavae
Phenomena Causing Respiratory Variability in the Diameter of Venae Cavae
Reliability
Limitations
In Summary
Mini Fluid Challenge
In Summary
Respiratory Occlusion Tests
Principle
End-Expiratory Occlusion Test
Combination of End-Inspiratory and End-Expiratory Occlusions
Limitations
In Summary
Passive Leg Raising
Principle
Reliability
Cardiac Output Measurement Techniques
Limitations
In Summary
Conclusion
References
16 Systemic Venous Congestion
Abstract
Introduction
The Hepatic Vein
The Portal Vein
Intrarenal Venous Doppler
Conclusion
References
17 POCUS in Monitoring: LV Diastolic Function and Filling Pressures
Abstract
Introduction
Diastolic Function and LV Filling Pressures
POCUS Parameters of Diastolic Function
Pulsed-Wave Doppler (PWD)
Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI)
Classification of Diastolic Dysfunction
Additional Parameters
Left Atrial Volume Index (LAVi)
Tricuspid Regurgitant (TR) Jet
Pulmonary Veins Velocity
IVRT
LA Strain
Clinical Applications of Diastolic Function by POCUS
Limitations
Conclusions
References
18 POCUS in Monitoring: LV Systolic Function and Cardiac Output
Abstract
Introduction
Tailored Management of Cardiogenic Shock with Echocardiography
Heart Rate
Preload
Afterload
Myocardial Contractility
Segmentation of the Left Ventricle
Visual Assessment
Regional Abnormalities in the Absence of Coronary Artery Disease
Conclusion
References
19 POCUS in Monitoring: Right Ventricular Function and Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract
Introduction
Assessment of the Right Ventricle
Anatomy
Physiology and Pathophysiology
Assessment of Right Ventricular Function
Measurement of Right Ventricular Size and Wall Thickness
Measurement of the Shape and Area of the Right Ventricle
Visual Assessment of Right Ventricular Contractile Function
Right Ventricular Fractional Area Change
Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion by M-Mode
Tissue Doppler S’
Right Ventricular Myocardial Performance Index
3D Assessment of Right Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction
Estimation of Tricuspid Regurgitation, Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure and Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure
POCUS Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension
M-Mode and Bidimensional Views
Measurements of Pulmonary Artery Pressure
Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure
Pulmonary Flow
Conclusion
References
20 Assessment of Valves at the Point-of-Care
Abstract
Introduction
Recommended Reading
References
21 POCUS in Monitoring: Echocardiography After Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Reasons for Performing Scans
Acute Heart failure After Cardiac Surgery
Diastolic Dysfunction
Cardiac Output Assessment
Right Ventricular Failure
Methods of Assessment
Pulmonary Hypertension
Valvular Heart Disease
Cardiac Arrest
References
22 Echocardiography in Mechanical Circulatory Support
Background
Cardiogenic Shock and Acute Mechanical Circulatory Support
Types of MCS
Key Information Required for Emergency Decision-Making
Exclusion of Contraindications
Cannulation and Institution of Support for VA-ECMO: The Role of FoCUS
Immediate Effects of VA-ECMO Seen on FoCUS
Troubleshooting and Complications
Assessment of Offloading and Weaning
Summary and Conclusions
23 Point of Care Ultrasound in Chest Trauma
Abstract
Ultrasound for the Chest Wall
Ultrasound for the Pleura
Ultrasound for Lung Parenchyma
Ultrasound of the Heart
References
24 POCUS in Monitoring: How Monitor Pulmonary Aeration/Deaeration?
Abstract
References
25 POCUS in Cardiac Arrest
Abstract
Introduction
Tamponade
Pulmonary Embolism
Coronary Embolism
Hypovolaemia–Hypercontractile ‘Kissing’ Ventricle
Tension Pneumothorax
Part II: The ‘Right Tool’, Used in the ‘Right Way’…
The Window of Opportunity
Training: Train, Train, & Train Again…
Planning and Preparation
Communication
Teamwork
Conclusion
References
26 POCUS in Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of the Pericardium
Image Acquisition and Interpretation
Cardiac Tamponade
Drainage
Pearls and Pitfalls
References
27 POCUS-Guided Assessment and Drainage of Pleural Effusion
Abstract
Assessment of Pleural Effusion
Drainage of Pleural Effusion
Preassessment and Requirements
Conclusion
References
28 Teaching and Accreditation in Cardiopulmonary POCUS
Abstract
Introduction
The Educational Challenges
Key Education Concepts
Knowledge Base
Technical Skills
Simulation
Reporting
Mentoring/Supervision
Development of Basic Cardiac Ultrasound Teaching Protocols
Advanced Echocardiography
Intermediate and Modular Accreditations
Lung Ultrasound Training and Accreditation
Development of Lung Ultrasound Teaching Protocols
Intermediate and Modular Accreditations
Future Perspectives
References
29 Safety and Governance in Cardiopulmonary Ultrasound
Abstract
Introduction
Availability, A Safety Concern?
Structure and Organization of POCUS
Reporting POCUS
Conclusion
References
30 Future Applications of Handheld POCUS
Abstract
Handheld Ultrasonography Devices
Artificial Intelligence and POCUS
Artificial Intelligence and Echocardiography
Artificial Intelligence and Lung Ultrasonography
Limitations of Combining AI and POCUS
Conclusion
References
Index