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Australia\'s Tunicata verso & contents.pdf
The Australian Biological Resources Study is a program of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia 2005
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process w...
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Kott, P. Catalogue of Tunicata in Australian waters.
Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 56842 1 [ISBN 978-0-642-56842-7].
1. Tunicata - Australia. I. Australian Biological Resources Study. II. Title.
596.20994
In this work, Nomenclatural Acts are published within the meaning of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature by the lodgement of a CD Rom in the following major publicly accessible libraries:
The Australian Museum Library, Sydney The National Library of Australia, Canberra The Natural History Museum Library, London The...
[International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature (1999). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4th ed: 1-126 (Article 8.6)]
CONTENTS
Preface 1
Arrangement of Higher Level Taxa 1
Geographic Scope 1
Ecological Descriptors 2
Museums 2
Closing Date 3
TUNICATA 5
Acknowledgements 6
Ascidiacea 9
Aplousobranchia 18
Cionidae 20
Clavelinidae 23
Diazonidae 28
Didemnidae 31
Euherdmaniidae 72
Holozoidae 74
Polycitoridae 83
Polyclinidae 93
Protopolyclinidae 107
Pseudodistomidae 109
Pycnoclavellidae 112
Ritterellidae 115
Stomozoidae 118
Unplaced Species 120
Phlebobranchia 121
Agneziidae 122
Agneziinae 124
Ascidiidae 125
Corellidae 134
Perophoridae 137
Plurellidae 142
Unplaced Species 144
Stolidobranchia 145
Hexacrobylidae 146
Molgulidae 149
Pyuridae 156
Styelidae 170
Botryllinae 173
Polyzoinae 178
Styelinae 185
Unplaced Species 198
Thaliacea 200
Doliolidae 203
Pyrosomatidae 205
Pyrosomatinae 207
Pyrostremmatinae 208
Salpidae 209
Cyclosalpinae 211
Salpinae 213
Appendicularia 220
Fritillariidae 224
Kowalevskiidae 228
Oikopleuridae 229
Bathochordaeinae 231
Oikopleurinae 232
Taxonomic Decision 236
References cited 237
Appendix 269
Index of Taxa 271
AUSTRALIA\'S TUNICATA.pdf
PREFACE
This Catalogue of Tunicata in Australian Waters revises and updates the work published on 14 May 1998 as Kott, P. (1998). Tunica...
Arrangement of Higher Level Taxa
In this work, families are treated in alphabetical order within their class and ordinal groupings as set out below.
Geographic Scope
Distribution data in this Catalogue follow the format adopted by the Zoological Catalogue of Australia series, using political a...
Australia is defined as including Lord Howe Is., Norfolk Is., Cocos (Keeling) Ils, Christmas Is., Ashmore and Cartier Ils, Macqu...
Terrestrial geographic terms are based on the drainage systems of continental Australia, while marine terms are self explanatory...
Distribution records, if any, outside of these areas are listed as extralimital. The distribution descriptors for each species are collated to genus level. Users are advised that extralimital distribution for some taxa may not be complete.
Ecological Descriptors
The following descriptors are used in this database to summarise the life history and habit of species group taxa.
Life History oviparous: mature gametes released for fertilisation outside teh parental colony or individual (as in most solitary...
Museums
The following acronyms have been used for the institutions in which the type specimens in this taxon are held.
AM Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
BLIH Biological Laboratory, Imperial Household of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
BMBN Bergen Museum, Bergen, Norway
BMNH Natural History Museum (formerly British Museum (Natural History)), London, England
BPBM Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
GMNH Muséum d\'Histoire Naturelle, Genève, Switzerland
HMN Hancock Museum, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
IM Indian Museum, Calcutta, India
MAD Madras Museum, Madras, India
MGH Museum Godeffroy, Hamburg (now in ZMH), Germany
MNHN Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
MNHP Muséum National d\'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
MONZ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongaewa (formerly National Museum of NZ), Wellington, New Zealand
MSUMZ Memphis State University, Tennessee, USA
NHMW Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria
NHRM Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
NMV Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
NSMT National Science Museum (Natural History), Tokyo, Japan
NTM Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
NZOI New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
OMNH Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan
OMNZ Otago Museum, Otago, New Zealand
QM Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
SAM South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
SAMA South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
SMBL Museum of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Sirahama, Japan
SMF Naturmuseum und Forschungsinstitut, Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
TMH Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA
UTZM University of Tsukubo, Zoological Museum (the Oka Collection), Okayama, Japan
VNIRO Institute of Oceanography, Moscow, Russia
WAM Western Australia Museum, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
YPM Yale University, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
ZMA Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ZMB Museum für Naturkunde an der Universität Humbolt zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
ZMH Zoologisches Museum für Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
ZMUC Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Closing Date
The closing date for entries in this section of the Catalogue was 30 July, 2005.
Map 1. States, standard drainage basins, coastal zones within the 200 m bathymetric contour, and the 200 nautical mile Australian fishing zones. Simple conic projection with two standard parallels (18˚S and 36˚S).
PHYLUM TUNICATA
The Tunicata are grouped with Hemichordata and Cephalochordata as the Protochordata. Phylogenetic relationships of the protochor...
The group Tunicata Lamarck, 1816 initially contained ascidians and salps. Appendicularians and doliolids were added later by Hux...
There are marked differences between the three classes of the Tunicata. The larval tail, lost on metamorphosis in the Ascidiacea...
With the exception of certain ascidians from abyssal depths that have evolved a carnivorous habit, all three classes of the Tuni...
Recent reviews of aspects of the Ascidiacea are on physiology (Goodbody 1974), microscopic anatomy (Burighel & Cloney 1997) and ...
Ascidiacea is the most diverse class, with about 700 extant species in the Australian fauna. Thaliacea, although prolific and wi...
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Much of the information on the Ascidiacea in this work is the result of the author\'s research on the class. However, for informa...
In the published Catalogue, the illustrations used in the ascidian family introductions are reproduced from Kott (1985, 1990a, 1...
Compilation of this section of the Zoological Catalogue of Australia database, including this edition, was partially funded by t...
REFERENCES
Alldredge, A. (1978). Appendicularians. Sci. Am. 235: 95-102
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Bone, Q. (1998). The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Burighel, P. & Cloney, R.A. (1997). Urochordata: Ascidiacea. pp. 221-347 in Harrison, F.W. & Ruppert, E.E. (eds) Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 15: Hemichordata, Chaetognatha and the Invertebrate Chordates. New York : Wiley Liss
Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D. (1817). Le Régne Animal distribué d\'aprés son organisation. Paris : Déterville Vol. 2 pp. 495-504
Cuvier, G.L.C.F.D. (1830). Le Régne Animal distribué d\'aprés son organisation Edn 2. Paris : Déterville Vol. 3 pp. 162-170
Deibel, D. (1998). Feeding and metabolism of Appendicularia. pp. 139-150 in Bone, Q. (ed.) The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Fenaux, R. (1993). The classification of the Appendicularia (Tunicata): History and current state. Mém. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco. 17: i-vii, 1-123
Flood, R. & Deibel, D. (1998). The appendicular house. pp. 105-124 in Bone, Q. (ed.) The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Garstang, W. (1896). Outlines of a new classification of the Tunicata. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1895: 718-719
Garstang, W. (1933). Report on the Tunicata. 1. Doliolida. Brit. Antarct. \'Terra Nova\' Exped. 1910, Zool. 4: 195-251
Garstang, W. & Georgeson, E. (1935). Report on the Tunicata. Part 11. Copelata. Brit. Antarct. \'Terra Nova\' Exped. 1910, Zool. 4: 263-282
Godeaux, J.E.A. (1989). Introduction to the morphology, phylogenesis, and systematics of lower Deuterostomia. pp. 3-60 in Florki...
Goodbody, I. (1974). The physiology of ascidians. Adv. Mar. Biol. 12: 1-129
Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt I, Ascidiae simplices. Zool. Chall. Exped. 6(17): 1-296
Heron, A.C. (1973). A new type of heart mechanism in the invertebrates. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 53: 425-428
Heron, A.C. (1975). Advantages of heart reversal in pelagic tunicates. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 55: 959-963
Huxley, T.H. (1851). Remarks upon Appendicularia and Doliolum, two genera of the Tunicata. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 2: 595-605 pl. xviii
Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182
Kott, P. (1969). Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarct. Res. Ser. 13: i-xv 1-239
Kott, P. (1971). Antarctic Ascidiacea II. Collections in south of 40° south latitude 1963/67 principally by the USNS Eltanin. Antarct. Res. Ser. 16(4): i-iii, 1-60
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Kott, P. (1989). Form and function in the Ascidiacea. Bull. Mar. Sci 45: 253-276
Kott, P. (1990a). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Kott, P. (1990b). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298
Kott, P. (1992b). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655
Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410
Kowalevsky, A.O. (1867). Entwicklungsgeschichte der einfachen Ascidien. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Pétersburg (7)10: 1-19
Lamarck, J.B.P. (1816). Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres. Paris : Verdiere, Libraire Vol. 3 pp. 80-130
Lohmann, H. (1905). Die Appendicularien des arktischen und antarctischen Gebiets, ihr Beziehungen zueinander und zu den arten des Gebietes der warmen Ströme. Zool. Jahrb. (Suppl.)8: 353-382
Lohmann, H. (1908). Über einige faunistische Ergebnisse der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Meeresmilben. Schrift. Naturwiss. Ver. Schleswig- Holstein 14(1): 1-14
Lohmann, H. & Bückmann, A. (1926). Die Appendicularien der Deutschen Südpolar- Expedition 1901 bis 1903. Ergebn. Deutsch. Südp.-Exped. 18(Zool. 10): 63-231
Millar, R.H. (1960). Ascidiacea. Discovery Rep. 30: 1-160
Millar, R.H. (1971). The biology of ascidians. Adv. Mar. Biol. 9: 1-82
Monniot, C. (1978). Ascidies phlebobranches et stolidobranches du sud de l\'Océan Indien. Ann. Inst. Océanograph. 54(2): 171-224
Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1983). Ascidies Antarctiques et subantarctique: morphologies et biogéographie. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (A)125: 1-168 7 pls
Monniot, F. & Gaill, F. (1978). Polyclinidae (Ascidiacea) du sud-ouest de l\'Océan Indien. Ann. Inst. Océanograph. 54(2): 133-162
Ruppert, E.E. (1990). Structure, ultrastructure and function of the neural gland complex of Ascidia interrupta (Chordata, Ascidi...
Ryland, J.S. & Bishop, J.D.D. (1993). Internal fertilisation in hermaphroditic colonial invertebrates. Ann. Rev. Ocean. Mar. Biol. 31: 445-477
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Tokioka, T. (1964). Taxonomic studies of Appendicularians collected by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, 1957. Sci. Rep. Jap. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1956-62 (E)21: 1-16
ASCIDIACEA
The Ascidiacea, the largest class of the Tunicata, are fixed, filter feeding organisms found in most marine habitats from intert...
In the earliest classification (Savigny 1816; Milne-Edwards 1841) ascidians-including the known salps, doliolids and later (Huxl...
Kott (1969) recognised that the position of the gut and gonads are linked with the condition and function of the epicardium. The...
Ascidians have evolved in two major lines, one (Aplousobranchia) primarily associated with replication and the development of co...
The only exceptions to these generalisations are, in Aplousobranchia, the primitive and solitary Ciona intestinalis and some tax...
This subordinal phylogeny and classification followed in this work is based on Kott\'s revisions (Kott 1985, 1990a, 1992a, 2001)....
The Australian Ascidian Fauna
The known Australian ascidian fauna numbers about 700 species, although this number is expected to increase as new species are f...
- The northern Australian coast is in the middle of the vast Indo-West Pacific tropical coralline region. The Australian continental shelf fauna acquires recruits and gains genetic diversity from that region.
- The Australian continent forms a bridge between the tropical and temperate waters and provides a diversity of habitats for colonisation and speciation.
- The temperate waters of the southern coast contain Gondwanan elements and recruits from the Southern Ocean, as well as the indigenous species that appear to be isolated in these habitats.
The oviparous larvae of solitary species are free-swimming for periods of one to 24 hours, and prior to hatching have been float...
In Australian waters, most of the known ascidian families are well represented relative to their diversity in other parts of the...
Diversity in growth-form and choice of habitat occurs in most ascidian families and even genera. For example, a suite of species...
In the Phlebobranchia, Ascidia Linnaeus, 1767 contains numerous and diverse species, and some (e.g. Ascidia thompsoni Kott, 1952...
In the Stolidobranchia, which usually have a characteristically tough, leathery test, a number of stalked species in Styelidae a...
Investigations on the Australian Ascidian Fauna
The early exploration of the Australian ascidian fauna was by European-mounted expeditions visiting these waters. The French cor...
The Australian tropical fauna, nevertheless, was largely unexplored until the second half of the 20th century, the only exceptio...
Savigny\'s (1816) work on collections from the Red Sea, and Herdman\'s (1906) on a small collection from Sri Lanka indicating that...
Investigations on the Japanese fauna by Oka (from the end of World War I), and Tokioka (from the end of World War II), followed ...
Indigenous studies of the Australian ascidian fauna began after World War II (Kott 1952, 1957 et seq.). Before that, it is estim...
Type Specimens of the Australian Ascidian Fauna
The type material that represents the initial (European) phase (which extended up to World War I) in the investigation of the Au...
Japanese collections are held in the University of Tsukuba (Oka\'s material), in the Biological Laboratory of the Imperial Househ...
Although the material reported on by Herdman (1899) was lodged in the Australian Museum (Sydney), no other ascidian material of ...
In this Catalogue, the registration numbers in parentheses refer to a sampled portion of the preceding specimen held in another museum.
References
Anderson, D.T., White, B.M. & Egan, E.A. (1975). The larval development and metamorphosis of the ascidians Pyura praeputialis (Heller) and Pyrua pachydermatina (Herdman) (Pleurogona, Family Pyuridae). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 100(4): 205-215
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Bouchet, P. & Danrigal, F. (1982). Napoleon\'s Egyptian campaign (1798-1801) and the Savigny collection of shells. The Nautilus 96(1): 9-24
Brewin, B.I. (1953). Australian ascidians of the sub-family Holozoinae and a review of the sub-family. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 81(1): 53-64
Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59
Della Valle, A. (1881). Nuove contribuzioni alla storia naturale delle ascidie composte del Golfo di Napoli. Atti Accad. nag. Lincei Series 3, Memoir 10: 431-498
Drasche, R. von (1882). Oxycorinia, eine neue Synascidien-Gattung. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32: 175-178
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Kott, P. (1990b). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298
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Monniot, C. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie IV. Styelidae (suite). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)10A(2): 163-196
Monniot, C. (1989). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie VI. Pyuridae et Molgulidae. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)11A(3): 475-507
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Monniot, F. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie V. Polycitoridae du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)10A(2): 197-235
Monniot, F. (1989). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie VII. Les genres Atriolum et Leptoclinides dans le lagon sud. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)11A(4): 673-691
Monniot, F. (1991). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie IX. Le genre Trididemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)12A(3-4): 517-529
Monniot, F. (1992). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XII. Le genre Lissoclinum (Didemnidae) dans le lagon sud. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)14A(3-4): 565-589
Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)15A(1-4): 3-17
Monniot, F. (1994). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIV. Le genre Diplosoma (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(1): 3-11
Monniot, F. (1995). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(2-4): 299-344
Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Micronesica 29(2): 133-279
Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1997). Ascidians collected in Tanzania. J. East African Nat. Hist. 86: 1-35
Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383
Nishikawa, T. (1984). Ascidians from the Truk Islands, Ponape Island, and Majuro Atoll (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Proc. Jpn. Soc. Syst. Zool. 27: 107-140
Nishikawa, T. (1986). Ascidians from the Gilbert and Solomon Islands and Nauru. I. Perophoridae, Ascidiidae, Corellidae. Int. Sci. Rev. 32: 1-78 4 maps
Pizon, A. (1908). Ascidies d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 16: 195-248
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1824). Zoologie pp. 497-516. in, Le voyage autour du Monde, sur les corvettes de S.M. l\' Uranie et la Physicienne 1817-1820. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1833). Zoologie, Zoophytes pp. 304-306. in, Voyage de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1824-1829 Vol. 4. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Rowe, F.W.E. & Marshall, J.I. (1979). A catalogue of the ascidian type-specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Rec. Aust. Mus. 32(17): 547-562
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-232
Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederländisch Indien in Batavia. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 50: 329-348
Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Archipel. Denkschr. Med.- Naturw. Ges. Jena 8: 163-186; Nachtrag zu den tunicaten: 325-326.
Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126
Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112
Spoel, S. van der (1969). Catalogue of the type specimens of Tunicata in the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam. Bull. Zool. Mus. Amsterdam 1(13): 157-200
Tokioka, T. (1949). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna I. Ascidians collected by Prof. Mijadi and Mr Masui during the bottom survey 1934-1940. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1: 1-18
Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-150
Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed in the Arafura Sea in 1940. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 2(2): 91-142
Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone of the Tokara Islands. VII Ascidians. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 3(3): 239-264
Tokioka, T. (1955). Ascidians from the Palao Islands II. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 5(1): 43-57
Tokioka, T. (1961). Ascidians collected during the Melanesian Expedition of the Osaka Museum of Natural History. I. Ascidians presented by Dr R.L.A. Catala of the aquarium of Noumea. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 9(1): 103-138
Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242
Tokioka, T. (1967). On a small collection of ascidians from the vicinity of Nhatrang, Vietnam. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 14(5): 391-402
Tokioka, T. (1970). Ascidians from Mindoro Island the Philippines. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 18(2): 75-107
Tokioka, T. & Nishikawa, T. (1975). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna XXVII. Some ascidians from Okinawa, with notes on a small collection from Hong Kong. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 22(5): 325-341
Tydeman, G.F. (1902). Liste des stations de la campagne scientifique du Siboga pp. 1-15 in, Weber, M. Introduction et description de l\'expedition Siboga Exped. 1 mono., livre 3 + 2 maps 176 pp.
Van Name, W.G. (1918). Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 100(1): 49-174
APLOUSOBRANCHIA
The suborder Aplousobranchia (order Enterogona) is characterised by the division of the body into thorax, abdomen and sometimes ...
The overall tendency in this suborder to form colonies through replication, interrupts the growth of individual zooids resulting...
Australian Aplousobranchia have been revised by Kott (1990, 1992a,b, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004a-c, 2005). Family level taxa are cha...
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Kott, P. (1989). Form and function in the Ascidiacea. Bull. Mar. Sci 45: 253-276
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp.
Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410
Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55
Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653
Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774
Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J. Nat. Hist. 38(19): 2455-2526
Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81
Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. Nat. Hist. 39(26): 2409-2479
CIONIDAE
Fig. 1. Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767), individual in test showing gut loop and muscles. (Scale bar = 5.0 mm) [from Kott 1990]
The family Cionidae Lahille, 1887, containing a single genus, Ciona Fleming, 1822, is thought to be the most primitive of the ex...
The family Cionidae, once regarded as a member of the Phlebobranchia due to its large flat branchial sac and internal longitudin...
This family resembles the aplousobranch family Diazonidae most closely, having a similar soft, elastic, translucent test, large ...
Cionidae are represented in Australia by a single species, Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767). Records of C. intestinalis are f...
Species of the genus Ciona have been reviewed by Hoshino & Nishikawa (1985). Detailed accounts of morphology are given by Roule (1884) and Millar (1953).
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Fleming, J. (1822). The Philosophy of Zoology. Vol. 2. Edinburgh and London pp. 508-518.
Hoshino, Z. & Nishikawa, T. (1985). Taxonomic studies of Ciona intestinalis (L.) and its allies. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 30(1-3): 61-79
Kott, P. (1969). Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarct. Res. Ser. 13: i-xv 1-239
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Lahille, F. (1886). Sur la classification des Tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 102: 1573-1575
Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecim. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Tom. 2, pp. 1087, 1089, 1294, 1295, 1319
Millar, R.H. (1953). Ciona. L.M.B.C. Mem. Typ. Br. Mar. Pl. Anim. 35: 1-123
Roule, L. (1884). Recherches sur les ascidies simples des côtes de Provence 1. Phallusiadées. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille 2(1): 1-270
Ciona Fleming, 1822
Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Tethyum sociabile Gunnerus, J.E. (1765). Söe-Pungen (Tethyum sociabile) fulständige beskreven. Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift. 3: 81-102...
Ascidia intestinalis Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cu...
Ascidia canina Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus. [225]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Denmark.
Ascidia corrugata Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus. [225]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Norwegian fjord.
Ascidia virens Fabricius, J.C. (1779). pp. 295, 383 in, Reise nach Norwegen mit Bemerkungen aus der Naturhistorie und Oekonomie. Hamburg : Carl Ernst Bohn. [295]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Norway.
Ascidia viridiscens Brugière, J.G. (1792). Histoire Naturelle des Vers. pp. 23-24, 26, 141-157, 178-188 pl. 75 fig. 5 in, Encycl...
Ascidia membranosa Renier, S.A. (1807). Tavola per servire alla classificazione e connoscenza degli animale. 8 tables. Padua. [t. 7]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Anglesey, Wales.
Ascidia virescens Pennant, T. (1812). pp. 99-100 in, British Zoology. 5th Edn Vol. 4. London : Wilkie & Robinson. [99]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Anglesey, Wales.
Ascidia diaphanaea Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrol...
Ascidia ocellata Agassiz, J.L.R. (1850). On the embryology of Ascidia and the characteristics of new species from the shores of ...
Ascidia tenella Stimpson, W. (1852). Several new ascidians from the coast of the United States. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 2...
Ascidia pulchella Alder, J. (1863). Observations on the British Tunicata with descriptions of several new species. Ann. Mag. Nat...
Ciona fascicularis Hancock, A. (1870). On the larval state of Molgula with a description of several new species of simple ascidi...
Ciona (Pleurociona) edwardsi Roule, L. (1883). Sur deux nouvelles espèce d\'ascidies simples. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 99: 613-614 [614]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Marseille, France.
Ciona robusta Hoshino, Z. & Tokioka, T. (1967). An unusually robust Ciona from the northeastern coast of Honshu Island, Japan. P...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. (1924). Ascidiacea, part II. Zugleich eine Übersicht über die Arktische und borea...
CLAVELINIDAE
Fig. 2. Clavelina fecunda (Sluiter, 1904): a, colony; b, zooid showing numerous eggs and incubating embryos in distal part of oviduct; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 2.0 mm; b = 1.0 mm; c = 0.1 mm). [from Kott 1990]
Species of the family Clavelinidae Forbes & Hanley, 1848, usually are colonial with partially or completely embedded zooids, len...
Only two genera, Clavelina Savigny, 1816, and the monotypic Nephtheis Gould, 1856, are now recognised in this family (Kott 1990)...
References
Forbes, E. & Hanley, S.C.T. (1952). A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. (1848- 1952). London : John van Voorst Vol. 1,2 & 4 (appendix) pp. 1-54, 369-376, 244-246
Gould, A.A. (1856). Mollusca and shells. In, United States Exploring Expedition during the Years 1838-1842 under the Command of Charles Wilkes Atlas: 1-16, pls 1-56. London : Wiley & Putnam.
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Clavelina Savigny, 1816
Clavelina amplexa Kott, 2002
Clavelina amplexa Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55 [21]. Type data: holotype NTM E155. Type locality: off East Point, Darwin, 6-8 m, NT.
Clavelina arafurensis Tokioka, 1952
Clavelina (Synclavella) arafurensis Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl O...
Clavelina australis (Herdman, 1899)
Stereoclavella australis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [447] [nom. nud.].
Stereoclavella australis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [6]. Type data: holotype AM U132, paratype(s) AM G63. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Clavelina baudinensis Kott, 1957
Clavelina baudinensis Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and ...
Clavelina cylindrica (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Polyclinum cylindricum Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé. [618]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3 POD1*. Type locality: Western Port, VIC.
Chondrostachys macdonaldi Bronn, H.G. (1862). Weichthiere. pp. 1281-1772. In, Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Vol. 3 Suppl. (89-98). Leipzig : C. F. Winter. [1427]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Bass Strait, 20-22 m, VIC.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59 [52].
Clavelina dagysa (Kott, 1957)
Podoclavella dagysa Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Po...
Clavelina fecunda (Sluiter, 1904)
Podoclavella fecunda Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Sibo...
Clavelina meridionalis (Herdman, 1891)
Podoclavella meridionalis Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-or...
Podoclavella procera Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [8]. Type data: lectotype ZMA TU761.3, paralectotype(s) ZMA TU1257.
Subsequent designation: Spoel, S. van der (1969). Catalogue of the type specimens of Tunicata in the Zoological Museum in Amsterdam. Bull. Zool. Mus. Amsterdam 1(13): 157-200 [185]. Type locality: 70 m, Indonesia [8°23\'30\"S 19°04\'36\"E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [48].
Clavelina mirabilis Kott, 1972
Clavelina mirabilis Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Inves...
Clavelina moluccensis (Sluiter, 1904)
Podoclavella moluccensis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. ...
Clavelina nigra Kott, 1990
Clavelina nigra Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [53]. Type data: holotype QM G9486. Type locality: Roe Reef, Rottnest Is., 18 m, WA.
Clavelina oliva Kott, 1990
Clavelina oliva Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [55]. Type data: holotype WAM 983.83, paratype(s) WAM 217.75. Type locality: Ransonnet Rocks, Dirk Hartog Is., Shark Bay, WA.
Clavelina ostrearium (Michaelsen, 1930)
Podoclavella ostrearium Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [467]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMB 3903*, paratype(s) (probable) ZMH K1683*. Type locality: Oyster Harbour, Albany, 0.75-5.5 m, WA.
Clavelina pseudobaudinensis (Kott, 1976)
Oxycorynia pseudobaudinensis Kott, P. (1976). Ascidian fauna of Western Port Bay, Victoria and a comparison with that of Port Ph...
Clavelina robusta Kott, 1990
Clavelina robusta Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [61]. Ty...
Nephtheis Gould, 1856
Nephtheis fascicularis (Drasche, 1882)
Oxycorynia fascicularis Drasche, R. von (1882). Oxycorinia, eine neue Synascidien-Gattung. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32: 175-178 [175]. Type data: holotype ZMH 540K. Type locality: Rouk Is., Hogolen, Caroline Is.
Colella thomsoni Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years ...
Nephtheis centripetens Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Nephtheis faciformis Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Nephtheis malayensis Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [469]; Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [63].
DIAZONIDAE
Fig. 3. Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman, 1880), a young individual. (Scale bar = 5.0 mm). [from Kott 1990]
Members of the family Diazonidae Seeliger, 1906, are characterised by their large pharynx with numerous stigmata and longitudina...
Rhopalaea Philippi, 1843 is a solitary genus, but others form colonies with zooids either partially or completely embedded. Repl...
The family is not especially diverse, nor are its members generally recorded in particularly dense populations. Apart from two s...
References
Fleming, J. (1822). The Philosophy of Zoology. Vol. 2. Edinburgh and London pp. 508-518.
Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt II, Ascidiae compositae. Zool. Chall. Exped. 14(38): 1-425
Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Millar, R.H. (1963). Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 141(4): 689-746
Philippi (1843). Rhopalaea eine neues genus der einfachen Ascidien. Arch. Anat. Physiol. 1: 45-47
Seeliger, O. (1906). Appendicularien und Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 1041-1168 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl.
Pseudodiazona Millar, 1963
Pseudodiazona claviformis (Kott, 1963)
Protopolyclinum claviforme Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (cont...
Pseudodiazona sabulosa Millar, R.H. (1963). Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond....
Patridium pulvinatum Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and ad...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [31].
Rhopalaea Philippi, 1843
Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman, 1880)
Ecteinascidia crassa Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part 2. Ascidiidae. ...
Ecteinascidia fusca Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part 2. Ascidiidae. P...
Ciona indica Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expe...
Ecteinascidia (Rhopalopsis) solida Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: ...
Rhopalaea sagamiana Oka, A. (1927). Über zwei neue Rhopalaea-Arten aus Japan. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 3: 681- 683 [681]. Type data: syntypes UTZM 58-1 (M208), 339 (M482)*. Type locality: south of Misaki, Sagami Province, Honshu, 150-300 m, Japan.
Rhopalaea macrothorax Tokioka, T. (1953). Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten 313 pp. 79 pls [212]. Type data: syntypes BLIH 216, 250, 251*. Type locality: east half of Sagami Bay, Japan.
Rhopalaea perlucida Monniot, C. (1997). Ascidies phlébobranches du Canal du Mozambique.. Zoosystema 19(4): 557-571. Type data: holotype MNHP P1 Rho A21. Type locality: Nosy-Bé, banc de Sakatia, 20 m, Mozambique.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [26]; Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1613].
Rhopalaea tenuis (Sluiter, 1904)
Rhopalopsis tenuis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [15]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU968.14. Type locality: 82 m, Indonesia [6°05\'S 114°07\'E].
DIDEMNIDAE
Fig. 4. Didemnum sp.: a, surface of a colony showing four common cloacal apertures and numerous star- shaped branchia apertures; b, zooid; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 1.0 mm; b, c = 0.1 mm). [fom Kott 1998]
Didemnidae Giard, 1872 are a relatively uniform although very speciose family in the Aplousobranchia. The family is characterise...
With the exception of Diplosoma and a few species in other genera, minute (seldom more than 0.1 mm diameter) calcareous spicules...
Didemnid colonies are sometimes cushion or sheet-like, often thin (encrusting the substrate); or they may be more substantial fl...
Replication in the Didemnidae is by oesophageal budding involving the epicardial sacs. It is a modification of transverse strobi...
In the Didemnidae, eggs (fertilised through an otherwise vestigial oviduct: Burighel & Martinucci 1994) usually rupture directly...
The larvae are relatively uniform, with lateral ampullae each side of three adhesive organs in the anterior median vertical line...
The Didemnidae have long been regarded as the most highly evolved of the Aplousobranchia. Certainly colony organisation and zooi...
All genera of the Didemnidae are well represented in the tropical Indo-west Pacific and in Australian temperate and tropical waters, although their diversity is much reduced in the Antarctic and Subantarctic.
The basis for the study of the Didemnidae in Australian waters are the reports on the collections made by European expeditions o...
References
Ballan-Dufrançaise, C., Jeantet, A.Y. & Truchet, M. (1995). La formation des spicules de Didemnidae (Ascidiacea). Can. J. Zool. 73: 1647-1656
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Birkeland, C., Cheng, L. & Lewin, R.A. (1981). Motility of didemnid ascidian colonies. Bull. Mar. Sci 31: 170-173
Burighel, P. & Martinucci, G.B. (1994). Sexual reproduction in the compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum (Tunicata) 1. Metamorphosis, storage and phagocytosis of sperm in the female ducts. Mar. Biol. 118: 489-498
Cowan, M.E. (1981). Field observations of colony movement and division of the ascidian Didemnum molle. Mar. Ecol. Proq. Ser. 6: 337
Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662
Hawkins, C.J., Kott, P., Parry, D.L. & Swinehart, J.H. (1983). Vanadium content and oxidation state related to ascidian phylogeny. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76B: 555-558.
Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt II, Ascidiae compositae. Zool. Chall. Exped. 14(38): 1-425
Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 13(3): 265-334
Kott, P. (1980). Algal-bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47
Kott, P. (1981). The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 105(3): 147- 212
Kott, P. (1982). Didemnid-algal symbioses: host species in the western Pacific with notes on the symbiosis. Micronesica 18(1): 95-127
Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410
Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55
Kott, P. (2004a). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774
Kott, P. (2004b). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J. Nat. Hist. 38(19): 2455-2526
Kott, P. (2004c). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81
Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. Nat. Hist. 39(26): 2409-2479
Lafargue, F. & Kniprath, E. (1978). Formation des spicules de Didemnidae (acsidies composées). 1. L\'apparition des spicules chez l\'oozoïde après la métamorphose. Mar. Biol., Berl. 45(2): 175-184
Lewin, R.A. & Cheng, L. (1989). Prochloron: A Microbial Enigma. New York : Chapman and Hall
Parry, D.L. & Kott, P. (1988). Cosymbiosis in the Ascidiacea. Bull. Mar. Sci 42(1): 149-153
Ryland, J.S. (1990). A circadian rhythm in the tropical ascidian Diplosoma virens (Ascidiacea: Didemnidae). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 138: 217-225
Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112
Atriolum Kott, 1983
Atriolum bucinum Kott, 2001
Atriolum bucinum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1- 410 [21]. Type data: holotype QM G304670. Type locality: Houtman\'s Abrolhos, Wallabi Group, WA.
Atriolum eversum Kott, 2001
Atriolum eversum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [22]. Type data: holotype WAM 366.80. Type locality: Houtman\'s Abrolhos, SW of Split Is., Morning Reef, Wallabi Group, 180 m, WA.
Atriolum glauerti (Michaelsen, 1930)
Leptoclinides glauerti Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [511]. Type data: holotype ZMB Pch 3884. Type locality: Shark Bay, about 3 mls NW of Denham, 3 m, WA.
Atriolum lilium Kott, 2001
Atriolum lilium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [24]. Type data: holotype QM GH2385. Type locality: Flinders Is., Investigator Group, eastern Great Australian Bight, SA.
Atriolum marinense Kott, 2001
Atriolum marinense Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [25]. Type data: holotype QM G301616. Type locality: Marion Reef, 8 m, Coral Sea.
Atriolum robustum Kott, 1983
Atriolum robustum Kott, P. (1983). Two new genera of didemnid ascidians from tropical Australian waters. The Beagle, Rec. N.T. M...
Atriolum tubiporum Kott, 2001
Atriolum tubiporum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [29]. Type data: holotype QM G302885. Type locality: bay at western end of Breaksea Is., Albany Harbour, 20 m, WA.
Clitella Kott, 2001
Clitella nutricula Kott, 2001
Clitellum nutricula Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [332]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2678. Type locality: Marun Is., Sir Joseph Banks Group, SA.
Didemnum Savigny, 1816
Didemnum albopunctatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum albopunctatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Didemnum biglutinum Monniot, F. (1995). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(2-4): 299-344 [300]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2. DID.C 219. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [148].
Didemnum arancium Kott, 2001
Didemnum arancium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [150]. Type data: holotype QM G308115, paratype(s) QM G308120. Type locality: Wistari reef, QLD.
Didemnum aratore Kott, 2004
Didemnum aratore Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [53]. Type data: holotype NTM E256. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 3-6 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum asterix Kott, 2004
Didemnum asterix Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [747]. Type data: holotype WAM 633.88. Type locality: Cape Legendre, 40-42 m, WA.
Didemnum astrum Kott, 2001
Didemnum astrum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [151]. Type data: holotype QM G308015, paratype(s) QM G308204. Type locality: Wistari Reef, QLD.
Didemnum bicolor Kott, 2001
Didemnum bicolor Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [152]. Type data: holotype QM GH2410, paratype(s) QM GH2409. Type locality: Top Gallant Is., Investigator Group, SA.
Didemnum bisectatum Kott, 2001
Didemnum bisectatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [154]. Type data: holotype QM G302599. Type locality: Flat Top Bank, Timor Sea, NT.
Didemnum caesium Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum caesium Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-...
Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816
Didemnum candidum Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Leptoclinum cretaceum Sluiter, C.P. (1898). Beiträge zur Kenntnis dei Fauna von Südafrica II. Tunicaten. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 11: ...
Didemnum yolky Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1997). Records of ascidians from Bahrain, Arabian Gulf, with three new species. J. Nat. Hist. 31: 1623-1643 [1626]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID. C 389. Type locality: Mozambique, Iboi Is., 3 m.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [157].
Didemnum chartaceum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum chartaceum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [57]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU437. Type locality: Flores Is., Indonesia.
Didemnum cilicium Kott, 2005
Didemnum cilicium Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J....
Didemnum clavum Kott, 2001
Didemnum clavum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [162]. Type data: holotype QM G308161, paratype(s) QM G308402. Type locality: Heron Is., filter of aquarium seawater intake, QLD.
Didemnum complexum Kott, 2001
Didemnum complexum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [164]. Type data: holotype AM Y820. Type locality: Little Turiel Point, Port Hacking, 60-70 m, NSW.
Didemnum coralliforme Kott, 2004
Didemnum coralliforme Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [748]. Type data: holotype NTM E34. Type locality: W of Port Hedland, 50 m, WA.
Didemnum corium Kott, 2005
Didemnum corium Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. N...
Didemnum crescente Kott, 2001
Didemnum crescente Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [166]. Type data: holotype QM G308495. Type locality: Eden, NSW.
Didemnum cygnuus Kott, 2001
Didemnum cygnuus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1- 410 [169]. Type data: holotype WAM 362.92. Type locality: Rocky Bay, Swan River estuary on seagrass, WA.
Didemnum delectum Kott, 2001
Didemnum delectum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [171].
Type data: holotype SAMA E2632, paratype(s) SAMA E2662. Type locality: Bonaparte Creek, Tourville Bay, SW of Ceduna, 6-8 m, SA.
Didemnum diversum Kott, 2004
Didemnum diversum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [749]. Type data: holotype WAM 159.93. Type locality: Passage Is, NW Long Is., 16-15 m, WA.
Didemnum domesticum Kott, 2004
Didemnum domesticum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [54]. Type data: holotype NTM E237. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 4-7 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum effusium Kott, 2001
Didemnum effusium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [173]. Type data: holotype QM G10139. Type locality: Kingston South East, SA.
Didemnum elongatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum elongatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Didemnum etiolum Kott, 1982
Didemnum etiolum Kott, P. (1982). Didemnid-algal symbioses: host species in the western Pacific with notes on the symbiosis. Mic...
Didemnum fibriae Kott, 2004
Didemnum fibriae Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [750]. Type data: holotype WAM 175.91. Type locality: Woodman\'s Point, Cockburn Sound, 18 m, WA.
Didemnum flavoviride Monniot, 1995
Didemnum flavoviride Monniot, F. (1995). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(2-4): 299-344 [308]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID. C 198. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Didemnum fragile Sluiter, 1909
Didemnnum fragile Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1...
Didemnum proliferum Kott, P. (1981). The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 105(3): 147-212 [171]. Type data: holotype QM G12577. Type locality: Viti Levu, Vuda Point, LWM, Fiji.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [177].
Didemnum fragum Kott, 2001
Didemnum fragum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [179]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2680, paratypes SAMA E2832, E2838, QM GH5438*. Type locality: Nora Creina Bay, Gulf St Vincent, SA.
Didemnum fucatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum fucatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [47]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU448. Type locality: Pulu Kaniungan ketjil, 11 m, Indonesia.
Didemnum fuscum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum fuscum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [52]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU451. Type locality: 32 m, Indonesia [1˚42.5\'S 130˚47\'E].
Didemnum grande (Herdman, 1886)
Leptoclinum albidum grande Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during ...
Didemnum makropnous Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU461.3-5. Type locality: 32 m; Saleyer Is., 36 m; Dammar Is., 45 m [1˚42.5\'S 130˚47.5\'E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 13(3): 265-334 [325].
Didemnum granulatum Tokioka, 1954
Didemnum granulatum Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone ...
Didemnum guttatum F. & C. Monniot, 1996
Didemnum guttatum Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia....
Didemnum herba Kott, 2001
Didemnum herba Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [189]. Type data: holotype QM G308641. Type locality: Big Broadhurst Reef, 11 m, QLD.
Didemnum hiopaa C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Didemnum hiopaa Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [32]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 92. Type locality: Station 6, NE Mooréa, French Polynesia.
Didemnum incanum (Herdman, 1899)
Leptoclinum incanum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Syd...
Didemnum inveteratum Kott, 2001
Didemnum inveteratum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [193]. Type data: holotype QM G302922. Type locality: Lord Mayor Shoal, 21 m, WA [16˚31.2\'S 122˚36.4\'E].
Didemnum jedanense Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum jedanense Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Didemnum reticulatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [194].
Didemnum jucundum Kott, 2001
Didemnum jucundum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [197]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2646, paratype(s) SAMA E2693. Type locality: Portsea Pier piles 4-6 m, Port Phillip Bay, VIC.
Didemnum lacertosum Monniot, 1995
Didemnum lacertosum Monniot, F. (1995). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(2-4): 299-344 [311]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID. C 261. Type locality: Loyalty Is., Lifou, 10-30 m, New Caledonia.
Didemnum leopardus Kott, 2005
Didemnum leopardus Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J...
Didemnum levitas Kott, 2001
Didemnum levitas Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [200]. Type data: holotype QM G308224, paratype(s) QM G308220. Type locality: Heron Is., intertidal, QLD.
Didemnum lillipution Kott, 2004
Didemnum lillipution Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [55]. Type data: holotype NTM E250. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 3-6 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum linatum Kott, 2001
Didemnum linatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [200]. Type data: holotype WAM 40.89. Type locality: 51 n miles NNE of Port Hedland, 38 m, WA.
Didemnum lissoclinum Kott, 2001
Didemnum lissoclinum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [202]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2665, paratype(s) SAMA E2607. Type locality: 49 m, Great Australian Bight, SA [32˚24\'S 113˚30\'E].
Didemnum macrosiphonium Kott, 2001
Didemnum macrosiphonium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [202]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2657, paratype(s) SAMA E2658. Type locality: Aldinga drop off, Gulf St Vincent, 10-25 m, SA.
Didemnum madeleinae F. & C. Monniot, 2001
Didemnum madeleinae Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383 [26...
Didemnum mantile Kott, 2001
Didemnum mantile Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [203]. Type data: holotype QM G302881. Type locality: Southern French Is., Tortoise Head, Western Port, 3 m, VIC.
Didemnum membranaceum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum membranaceum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [58]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU471.1, TU471.2. Type locality: Pater Noster and Flores Is., Indonesia.
Didemnum turritum Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [521]. Type data: syntypes MGH K1701. Type locality: NNW of North Point of Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, WA.
Didemnum microthoracicum Kott, 2001
Didemnum microthoracicum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [207]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2656. Type locality: Avoid Bay, SA.
Didemnum minisculum Kott, 2001
Didemnum minisculum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [207]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2647. Type locality: Stansbury jetty on seagrass, 2-3 m, Yorke Peninsula, SA.
Didemnum molle (Herdman, 1886)
Diplosomoides molle Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Didemnum sycon Michaelsen, W. (1920). Die Ascidiae Krikobranchiae des Roten Meeres: Clavelinidae und Synoicidae. Expedition S.M....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1980). Algal- bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [2].
Didemnum monile Kott, 2001
Didemnum monile Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [211]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2683. Type locality: West Island, Nuyts Archipelago, SA.
Didemnum moseleyi (Herdman, 1886)
Leptoclinum moseleyi Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ye...
Didemnum multispirale Kott, 2001
Didemnum multispirale Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [213]. Type data: holotype QM G308017, paratype(s) QM G308044. Type locality: Heron Is., under rubble, 0.5 m, QLD.
Didemnum mutabile C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Didemnum mutabile Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [37]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 109. Type locality: Moorea, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
Didemnum nambucciensis Kott, 2004
Didemnum nambucciensis Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1...
Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, 1967
Didemnum nekozita Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242 [67...
Didemnum anoi Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [25]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 94. Type locality: French Polynesia, Teavatia, Tikehau Atoll.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [754].
Didemnum oblitum Kott, 2001
Didemnum oblitum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [215]. Type data: holotype QM G308380, paratype(s) QM G308363, 305733, 305605, 308386. Type locality: Price Cay, Swain Reefs, 20 m, QLD.
Didemnum ossium Kott, 2001
Didemnum ossium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [216]. Type data: holotype QM G300986, paratype(s) QM G302927, 300967. Type locality: Fenelon Is., Institut Is., Bonaparte Archipelago, 20 m, WA.
Didemnum parancium Kott, 2001
Didemnum parancium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [218]. Type data: holotype QM GH5353. Type locality: Bowden Reef, off Townsville, 10 m, QLD.
Didemnum parau C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Didemnum parau Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [39]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 101. Type locality: Mataiva, French Polynesia, centre of lagoon.
Didemnum patulum (Herdman, 1899)
Leptoclinum patulum Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [448] [nom. nud.].
Leptoclinum patulum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Syd...
Didemnum pecten Kott, 2001
Didemnum pecten Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [220]. Type data: holotype QM G300929. Type locality: Kangaroo Is., 6 m, SA.
Didemnum pellucidum Kott, 2001
Didemnum pellucidum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [222]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2622, paratypes SAMA E2696, QM G300985. Type locality: Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula, 2-3 m, SA.
Didemnum perplexum Kott, 2001
Didemnum perplexum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [224]. Type data: holotype QM G300985, paratype(s) QM G302960, G308046. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Didemnum plebium Kott, 2005
Didemnum plebium Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. ...
Didemnum poecilomorpha F. & C. Monniot, 1996
Didemnum poecilomorpha Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern ...
Didemnum precocinum Kott, 2001
Didemnum precocinum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [160]. Type data: holotype QM G308026, paratype(s) QM G308028. Type locality: Wistari Reef, low tide rubble, QLD.
Didemnum psammatode (Sluiter, 1895)
Leptoclinum psammatode Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayis...
Hypurgon skeati Sollas, I.B.J. (1903). On Hypurgon skeati a new genus and species of compound ascidian. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. (ns)...
Hypurgon fuscum Oka, A. (1931). Ueber eine neue Art von der Merkwürdigen Synascien-Gattung Hypurgon. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 7: 2...
Didemnum dorotubu Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242 [74] [nom. nov. for Hypurgon fuscum Oka, 1931].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1981). The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 105(3): 147-212 [173].
Didemnum roberti Michaelsen, 1930
Didemnum roberti Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [516]. Type data: holotype ZMB 3886*. Type locality: NNW Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, 22-25 m, WA.
Didemnum rota Kott, 2004
Didemnum rota Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [58]. Type data: holotype NTM E241. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 4-7 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum scopi Kott, 2001
Didemnum scopi Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [232]. Type data: holotype QM G308216, paratype(s) QM G308221, G308478. Type locality: Gorgonia pools, Heron Is., QLD.
Didemnum sordidum Kott, 2001
Didemnum sordidum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [234]. Type data: holotype QM G4970, paratype(s) QM G308304. Type locality: Noosa Heads, 1 m, QLD.
Didemnum spadix Kott, 2001
Didemnum spadix Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [236]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2841, paratype(s) SAMA E2694. Type locality: Elliston Bay, 6 m, cave roof, SA.
Didemnum spongioides Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum spongioides Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Didemnum spumante Kott, 2004
Didemnum spumante Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J....
Didemnum spumosum Kott, 2004
Didemnum spumosum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [758]. Type data: holotype NMV F53285. Type locality: Coffs Harbour on jetty piles, 0-5 m, NSW.
Didemnum stragulum Kott, 2001
Didemnum stragulum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [238]. Type data: holotype WAM 610.89. Type locality: West Is., intertidal, Cocos (Keeling) Ils, east Indian Ocean.
Didemnum sucosum Kott, 2001
Didemnum sucosum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1- 410 [240]. Type data: holotype QM G300980. Type locality: Corinella Jetty piles, Western Port, VIC.
Didemnum tabulatum Sluiter, 1909
Didemnum tabulatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Didemnum ternerratum Kott, 2001
Didemnum ternerratum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [241]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2653. Type locality: Elliston Bay, Great Australian Bight, SA.
Didemnum theca Kott, 2001
Didemnum theca Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [243]. Type data: holotype WAM 121.93. Type locality: 41 n miles WNW of Port Hedland, 36 m, WA.
Didemnum tonga (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum tonga Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 18...
Didemnum productum Monniot, F. (1995). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XV. Le genre Didemnum. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)16A(2-4): 299-344 [323]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID. C 263. Type locality: Marion Reef, Coral Sea Plateau, 35 m.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [243].
Didemnum tumulatum Kott, 2004
Didemnum tumulatum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [58]. Type data: holotype NTM E279. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 6-8 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum usitatum Kott, 2004
Didemnum usitatum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [59]. Type data: holotype NTM E259. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 4-6 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum uturoa C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Didemnum uturoa Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [43]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 99. Type locality: Tahiti, Toafini reef in centre of lagoon, 10-20 m.
Didemnum vahatuio C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Didemnum vahatuio Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [43]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DID C 111. Type locality: Tahiti, Toafini reef in centre of lagoon, 10-20 m.
Didemnum verdantum Kott, 2001
Didemnum verdantum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [247]. Type data: holotype QM GH5358. Type locality: 35 n miles W of Bathurst Is., 16 m, NT.
Didemnum vesperi Kott, 2004
Didemnum vesperi Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [xx]. Type data: holotype NTM E239. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 4-7 m, Timor Sea.
Didemnum via Kott, 2001
Didemnum via Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [248]. Type data: holotype QM GH808. Type locality: Heron Is., 15-20 m, QLD.
Didemnum viride (Herdman, 1906)
Leptoclinum viride Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [337]. Type data: holotype BMNH 07.8.30.41, paratype(s) ZMA TU598. Type locality: 2.5 m[iles] south of Periya Paar, 26 m, Sri Lanka.
Didemnum vulgare Kott, 2001
Didemnum vulgare Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [250]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2684. Type locality: 100 n miles SSW Eucla, 175 m, WA [33˚17\'S 128˚12\'E].
Diplosoma Macdonald, 1859
Diplosoma fecundum Kott, 2004
Diplosoma fecundum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J...
Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841)
Leptoclinum gelatinosum Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [295]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: English Channel.
Leptoclinum listerianum Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [295]. Type data: neotype BMNH 1966.2.14.2*.
Subsequent designation: Rowe, F.W.E. (1966). A review of the genus Diplosoma Macdonald, 1959, (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) with a de...
Diplosoma rayneri Macdonald, J.D. (1859). On the anatomical characters of a remarkable form of compound Tunicata. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.)22: 373-375 [373]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Diplosoma macdonaldi Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ye...
Diplosoma mitsukurii Oka, A. (1892). Die periodische Regeneration der oberen Körperhälfte bei den Diplosomiden. Biol. Centralbla...
Diplosoma atropunctatum Van Name, W.G. (1902). The ascidians of the Bermuda Islands. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 11: 325-412 [370]. Type data: holotype AMNH 1249 (AMNH 1386)*. Type locality: Bermuda.
Diplosoma lacteum Van Name, W.G. (1902). The ascidians of the Bermuda Islands. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 11: 325-412 [369]. Type data: holotype AMNH 1248*, paratype(s) AMNH 1396*. Type locality: Bermuda.
Diplosoma pizoni Ritter, W.E. & Forsyth, R.A. (1917). Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. ...
Diplosoma okai Tokioka, T. (1949). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna I. Ascidians collected by Prof. Mijadi and Mr Ma...
Leptoclinum macrolobium Tokioka, T. (1949). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna II. Notes on some ascidians collected c...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Rowe, F.W.E. (1966). A review of the genus Diplosoma Macdonald, 1959, (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) ...
Diplosoma simile (Sluiter, 1909)
Leptoclinum simile Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [77]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU591.1, TU591.2. Type locality: off Pulu Jedan, east coast Aru Is., Indonesia.
Leptoclinum midori Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone o...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [341].
Diplosoma translucidum (Hartmeyer, 1910)
Leptoclinum perspicuum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Leptoclinum translucidum Hartmeyer, R. (1910). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1489-1680 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen...
Diplosoma velatum Kott, 2001
Diplosoma velatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [345]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2612. Type locality: Point Turton Jetty piles on Posidonia seagrass, 3-4 m, York Peninsula, SA.
Diplosoma versicolor Monniot, 1994
Diplosoma versicolor Monniot, F. (1994). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIV. Le genre Diplosoma (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. H...
Diplosoma ferrugeum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [337]. Type data: holotype QM G302262, paratype(s) QM G308027. Type locality: Heron Is., rubble fauna, low tide, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [67].
Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer, 1909)
Diplosoma viride Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [341] [jun...
Leptoclinum calificiforme Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped...
Leptoclinum varium Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Leptoclinum virens Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und O...
Diplosoma pavonia Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [60]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 DIPA 45. Type locality: Solomon Ils, French Polynesia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1980). Algal- bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [22]; Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [347].
Leptoclinides Bjerkan, 1905
Leptoclinides aciculus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides aciculus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [37]. Type data: holotype WAM 124.93 (20 m). Type locality: 24 n miles NNW of Port Hedland, WA [19˚57.2\'S 118˚25.1\'E].
Leptoclinides albamaculatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides albamaculatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [38]. Type data: syntypes QM G308274. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides brandi Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides brandi Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [40]. Type data: holotype QM GH918, paratype(s) QM GH917. Type locality: Blue Pools, Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides caelestis Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides caelestis Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [42]. Type data: holotype WAM 794.88. Type locality: W side of Goss Passage, 30-35 m, Wallabi Group, Houtman\'s Abrolhos, WA.
Leptoclinides carduus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides carduus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [43]. Type data: holotype QM G308154. Type locality: Coral Gardens, Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides cavernosus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides cavernosus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [44]. Type data: holotype QM G300896, paratype(s) QM G302102. Type locality: N of meteorological tower, rubble zone, Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides coelenteratus (Kott, 1962)
Askonides coelenteratus Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. M...
Leptoclinides comitus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides comitus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [48]. Type da...
Leptoclinides compactus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides compactus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [49]. Type data: holotype QM G302052. Type locality: Price Is., Avoid Bay, Great Australian Bight, SA.
Leptoclinides complexus Kott, 2002
Leptoclinides complexus Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55 [30]. Type data: holotype NTM E13, paratype(s) NTM E12. Type locality: Table Head, Port Essington, NT.
Leptoclinides confirmatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides confirmatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [50]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2619. Type locality: Bathurst Channel off Jean Point, 21 m, Port Davey, TAS.
Leptoclinides constellatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides constellatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [51]. Type data: holotype QM G302924, paratype(s) QM GH5420. Type locality: Solway Pass, 15 m, Haselwood Is., Whitsunday Group, QLD.
Leptoclinides cucurbitus Kott, 2004
Leptoclinides cucurbitus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part...
Leptoclinides cuspidatus Sluiter, 1909
Leptoclinides cuspidatus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped....
Leptoclinides oscitans Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [52].
Leptoclinides decoratus Kott, 2004
Leptoclinides decoratus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part ...
Leptoclinides dubius (Sluiter, 1909)
Polysyncraton dubium Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Leptoclinides durus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides durus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [57]. Type data: holotype QM G302350, paratypes QM G300893, QM G302045. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides echinus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides echinus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [59]. Type da...
Leptoclinides erinaceus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides erinaceus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [61]. Type data: holotype WAM 128.93. Type locality: 24 n miles NNW Port Hedland, 22-24 m, WA [19˚57.2\'S 118˚25.1\'E].
Leptoclinides exiguus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides exiguus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [62]. Type data: holotype QM G300947, paratype(s) QM G10166. Type locality: Turton jetty, 5 m, Spencer Gulf Point, SA.
Leptoclinides frustus Kott, 2005
Leptoclinides frustus Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)...
Leptoclinides fungiformis Kott, 1972
Leptoclinides fungiformis Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and...
Leptoclinides grandistellus Kott, 2004
Leptoclinides grandistellus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (p...
Leptoclinides imperfectus (Kott, 1962)
Askonides imperfectus Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 13(3): 265-334 [294]. Type data: holotype AM Y1348. Type locality: Reevesby Is., SA.
Leptoclinides kingi Michaelsen, 1930
Leptoclinides dubius kingi Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [507] [proposed wit...
Leptoclinides levitatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides levitatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [69]. Type data: holotype QM GH5380, paratype(s) QM GH5456. Type locality: QLD, Little Black Reef, 15 m [19˚46.25\'S 149˚22.0\'E].
Leptoclinides lissus Hastings, 1931
Leptoclinides lissus Hastings, A.B. (1931). Tunicata. Sci. Repts Gt Barrier Reef Exped. 4(3): 69-109 [93]. Type data: holotype AM G13449. Type locality: Low Is., Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Leptoclinides longicollis Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides longicollis Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [70]. Type data: holotype QM G300898. Type locality: Moreton Bay, QLD.
Leptoclinides maculatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides maculatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [72]. Type ...
Leptoclinides magnistellus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides magnistellus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [73]. Type data: holotype AM Y1481. Type locality: Oyster Bay, 10 m, TAS.
Leptoclinides minimus Kott, 2005
Leptoclinides minimus Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. Nat. Hist. 39(26): 2409-2479 [2422]. Type data: holotype WAM 30.84. Type locality: Marmion Lagoon, WA.
Leptoclinides multilobatus Kott, 1954
Leptoclinides multilobata Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [166]. Type data: holotype AM Y1492. Type locality: off Maria Is., TAS.
Leptoclinides placidus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides placidus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [75]. Type data: holotype QM GH372, paratype(s) QM G300902. Type locality: Smith\'s Reef, 15 m, Moreton Bay, QLD.
Leptoclinides prunus Kott, 2004
Leptoclinides prunus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J. Nat. Hist. 38(19): 2455-2526 [2473]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2915. Type locality: Portsea Pier on piles, 4-5 m, VIC.
Leptoclinides pulvinus Kott, 2005
Leptoclinides pulvinus Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3...
Leptoclinides rigidus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides rigidus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [77]. Type data: holotype QM GH5371, paratype(s) QM G300987. Type locality: Deloraine Is., 10 m, Whitsunday Group, QLD.
Leptoclinides rufus (Sluiter, 1909)
Polysyncraton rufum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [77]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU840.1, ZMA TU840.2. Type locality: off Pulu Kwawassang, Paternoster Is., Indonesia.
Leptoclinides oscitans Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [79].
Leptoclinides seminudus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides seminudus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [82]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2671 (growing on Pinna and Cellepora spp.). Type locality: Gulf St Vincent, off Port Gawler, 18-20 m, SA.
Leptoclinides sulawesi F. & C. Monniot, 1996
Leptoclinides sulawesi Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern ...
Leptoclinides tuberculatus Kott, 2004
Leptoclinides tuberculatus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (pa...
Leptoclinides umbrosus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides umbrosus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [83]. Type data: holotype QM G308279, paratype(s) QM G308283. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Leptoclinides variegatus Kott, 2001
Leptoclinides variegatus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [86]. Type data: holotype QM GH2426, paratype(s) QM GH2428. Type locality: Topgallant Is., in caves, SA.
Leptoclinides volvus Kott, 1975
Leptoclinides volvus Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and ad...
Lissoclinum Verrill, 1871
Lissoclinum agriculum Kott, 2005
Lissoclinum agriculum Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3). J. Nat. Hist. 39(26): 2409-2479 [2459]. Type data: holotype WAM 179.93. Type locality: east of Montebello Is., 7-8 m, WA.
Lissoclinum badium F. & C Monniot., 1996
Lissoclinum badium Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia...
Lissoclinum bistratum (Sluiter, 1905)
Didemnum bistratum Sluiter, C.P. (1905). Tuniciers récueillis en 1904 par M. Ch. Gravier dans la golfe de Tadjourah (Somalie Fra...
Didemnum gottschaldti Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-150 [...
Lissoclinum pulvinum Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1980). Algal- bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [16].
Lissoclinum caliginosum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum caliginosum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [300]. Type data: holotype QM G308082, paratype(s) QM G308083. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Lissoclinum calycis Monniot, 1992
Lissoclinum calycis Monniot, F. (1992). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XII. Le genre Lissoclinum (Didemnidae) dans le lagon sud....
Lissoclinum clavatum Kott, 2005
Lissoclinum clavatum Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)....
Lissoclinum coactum Kott, 2004
Lissoclinum coactum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). ...
Lissoclinum concavum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum concavum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [303]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2691. Type locality: South Australia, Franklin Is.
Lissoclinum conchylium Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum conchylium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [305]. Type data: holotype QM G308321. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Lissoclinum diversum Kott, 2004
Lissoclinum diversum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)....
Lissoclinum durabile Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum durabile Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [306]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2663, paratype(s) SAMA E2667. Type locality: West Is., under boulder, 5 m, SA.
Lissoclinum laneum Kott, 2004
Lissoclinum laneum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J...
Lissoclinum levitum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum levitum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [307]. Type data: holotype QM GH2420. Type locality: Ward Is., in caves, Investigator Group, SA.
Lissoclinum limosum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum limosum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [308]. Type data: holotype QM G301746, paratypes QM G308357, QM G302325. Type locality: Heron Is., north reef, low tide rubble fauna, QLD.
Lissoclinum maculatum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum maculatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [310]. Type data: holotype QM G302236. Type locality: Lizard Is., north reef, low tide rubble fauna, QLD.
Lissoclinum multifidum Sluiter, 1909
Lissoclinum multifidum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Polysoma testiculatum Kott, P. (1983). Two new genera of didemnid ascidians from tropical Australian waters. The Beagle, Rec. N....
Lissoclinum concavum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [303]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2691. Type locality: Franklin Is., SA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [3...
Lissoclinum nebulosum F. & C. Monniot, 1996
Lissoclinum nebulosum Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern A...
Lissoclinum ostrearium (Michaelsen, 1930)
Diplosomoides ostrearium Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [526]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMB Pch 3878*. Type locality: Oyster Harbour, Albany, WA, 0.75-5 m.
Lissoclinum pacificense (Kott, 1981)
Echinoclinum pacificense Kott, P. (1981). The ascidians of the reef flats of Fiji. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 105(3): 147-212 [193]. Type data: holotype QM 12584, paratype(s) QM 12463. Type locality: Suva barrier reef, Viti Levu, Fiji.
Lissoclinum patella (Gottschaldt, 1898)
Didemnoides patella Gottschaldt, R. (1898). Synascidien von Ternate. Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 24: 641-666 [651]. Type data: holotype ZMH K1087. Type locality: Ternate Is., Indonesia.
Didemnoides sulcatum Gottschaldt, R. (1898). Synascidien von Ternate. Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 24: 641-666 [651]. Type data: holotype ZMH. Type locality: Ternate, Indonesia.
Didemnoides ternatanum Gottschaldt, R. (1898). Synascidien von Ternate. Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 24: 641-666 [648]. Type data: holotype ZMH K595. Type locality: Ternate Is., Indonesia.
Didemnum maeandrium Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B:...
Diplosomoides tropicum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1980). Algal- bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [18].
Lissoclinum punctatum Kott, 1977
Lissoclinum punctatum Kott, P. (1977). Algal supporting didemnid ascidians of the Great Barrier Reef. pp. 615-621 in Taylor, D.L...
Lissoclinum reginum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum reginum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [319]. Type data: holotype QM G308077, paratype(s) QM G308088. Type locality: Heron Is., eastern end, below low tide, on Halimeda sp., QLD.
Lissoclinum roseum Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum roseum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [322]. Type data: holotype QM G308053, paratype(s) QM G308312. Type locality: Wistari Reef, low tide rubble fauna, QLD.
Lissoclinum scopulosum Kott, 2004
Lissoclinum scopulosum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [770]. Type data: holotype WAM 163.93. Type locality: NW Long Is., Passage Is., WA.
Lissoclinum sente Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum sente Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [323]. Type data: holotype QM G9467. Type locality: Heron Is., south reef opposite cay, 8-9 m, QLD.
Lissoclinum spongium Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum spongium Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [325]. Type data: holotype QM GH4372, paratype(s). Type locality: Lord Howe Is., lagoon, 1 m.
Lissoclinum stellatum Kott, 2004
Lissoclinum stellatum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)...
Lissoclinum taratara C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Lissoclinum taratara Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [52]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 LIS 39*. Type locality: outer reef, Papetoai, Mooréa, French Polynesia.
Lissoclinum tasmanense (Kott, 1954)
Cystodytes tasmanensis Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [155]. Type data: holotype whereabouts unknown (not in AM). Type locality: off Maria Is., TAS, 155-174 m.
Lissoclinum timorense (Sluiter, 1909)
Didemnum timorensis Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B:...
Didemnum voeltzkowi Michaelsen, W. (1920). Die Ascidiae Krikobranchiae des westlichen Indischen Ozeans. Didemniden. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 37: 1-76 [54]. Type data: holotype ZMH K1099, paratype(s) ZMH K1111. Type locality: Malagasy, west Indian Ocean.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp. [89].
Lissoclinum triangulum (Sluiter, 1909)
Diplosomoides triangulum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [86]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU499. Type locality: Pulu Pasi Tanette, Indonesia.
Echinoclinum philippinense Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242 [93]. Type data: holotype USNM 11790, paratype(s) USNM 11791. Type locality: Punta Natangol, Basilan Is., Philippines.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1980). Algal- bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [21].
Lissoclinum variabile Kott, 2001
Lissoclinum variabile Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [331]. Type data: holotype QM G308008. Type locality: Heron Is., E end of reef, low tide, QLD.
Polysyncraton Nott, 1892
Polysyncraton alingulum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton alingulum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. ...
Polysyncraton arafurensis Tokioka, 1952
Polysyncraton arafurensis Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed ...
Polysyncraton arvum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton arvum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [51]. Type data: holotype NTM E289. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 3-5 m, Timor Sea.
Polysyncraton catillum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton catillum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J. Nat. Hist. 38(19): 2455-2526 [2476]. Type data: holotype WAM 1046.88. Type locality: Ashmore Reef, 6-16 m, Timor Sea.
Polysyncraton circulum Kott, 1962
Polysyncraton circulum Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Ma...
Polysyncraton cuculliferum (Sluiter, 1909)
Diplosomoides cuculliferum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Expe...
Polysyncraton echinatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [101]. Type...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55 [30].
Polysyncraton dentatum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton dentatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [96]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2677. Type locality: E of Cape Naturaliste, western end of Bunker Bay, 4-5 m on rocks, WA.
Polysyncraton discoides Kott, 1962
Polysyncraton discoides Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 13(3): 265-334 [303]. Type data: holotype AM Y1482. Type locality: Fish Hook Bay, Rottnest Is., WA.
Polysyncraton dromide Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton dromide Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [99]. Type da...
Polysyncraton flammeum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton flammeum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [103]. Type data: holotype QM G308461. Type locality: low tide under rubble, Kings Beach, Caloundra, QLD.
Polysyncraton galaxum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton galaxum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)...
Polysyncraton glaucum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton glaucum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [104]. Type d...
Polysyncraton infundibulum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton infundibulum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [106]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2610. Type locality: Bathurst Channel, off Jean Point, steep rock slope, 5-21 m, Port Davey, TAS.
Polysyncraton jugosum (Herdman & Riddell, 1913)
Leptoclinum jugosum Herdman, W. & Riddell, W. (1913). The Tunicata of the \'Thetis\' Expedition. In, Scientific results of the Tra...
Polysyncraton linere Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton linere Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [738]. Type data: holotype NMV F70228. Type locality: Western Port, 23 m, VIC.
Polysyncraton lodix Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton lodix Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [108]. Type data: holotype QM GH5751. Type locality: Deloraine Is., 18 m, Whitsunday Passage, QLD.
Polysyncraton longitubis Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton longitubis Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part...
Polysyncraton luteum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton luteum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [739]. Type data: holotype QM G308565. Type locality: Flinders Pier, 4-6 m, VIC.
Polysyncraton magnetae (Hastings, 1931)
Didemnum (Polysyncratum) magnetae Hastings, A.B. (1931). Tunicata. Sci. Repts Gt Barrier Reef Exped. 4(3): 69-109 [100]. Type data: holotype AM G13485. Type locality: Low Is., Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Polysyncraton meandratum Monniot, 1993
Polysyncraton meandratum Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)15A(1-4): 3-17 [6]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 POL 42. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Polysyncraton millepore Vasseur, 1969
Polysyncraton millepore Vasseur, P. (1969). Deuxième contribution a l\'étude des ascidies de Madagascar région de Tuléar. Bull. M...
Polysyncraton thallomorpha Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)15A(1-4): 3-17 [14]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 POL 50*. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [113].
Polysyncraton miniastrum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton miniastrum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part...
Polysyncraton montanum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton montanum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2...
Polysyncraton multiforme Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton multiforme Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [114]. Type data: holotype QM G304641, paratype(s) QM G304673. Type locality: Houtman\'s Abrolhos, WA.
Polysyncraton niveum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton niveum Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus...
Polysyncraton oceanum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton oceanum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [115]. Type data: holotype QM GH143. Type locality: Great Astrolabe Reef, Dravuni, low tide rubble fauna, Fiji.
Polysyncraton orbiculum Kott, 1962
Polysyncraton orbiculum Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. M...
Polysyncraton otuetue C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Polysyncraton otuetue Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 13...
Polysyncraton palliolum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton palliolum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [118]. Type data: holotype QM G300988. Type locality: Rottnest Is., 0.5 n miles off Charlotte Point, 18 m, WA.
Polysyncraton papyrus Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton papyrus Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [120]. Type data: holotype AM Y1520. Type locality: north-eastern coast of Tasmania, 128-676 m.
Polysyncraton pavimentum Monniot, 1993
Polysyncraton pavimentum Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus...
Polysyncraton pedunculatum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton pedunculatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [121]. Type data: holotype NMV F68818, paratype(s) NMV F68944. Type locality: Investigator Strait, SA.
Polysyncraton peristroma Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton peristroma Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2). J. Nat. Hist. 38(19): 2455-2526 [2482]. Type data: holotype QM G308608. Type locality: Darwin, Angler Reef, 10-12 m, NT.
Polysyncraton polysystema Kott, 2005
Polysyncraton polysystema Kott, P. (2005). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Par...
Polysyncraton pontoniae C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Polysyncraton pontoniae Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [47]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 POL 26*. Type locality: Mooréa, French Polynesia.
Polysyncraton pseudomagnetae Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton pseudomagnetae Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (...
Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot, 1993
Polysyncraton pseudorugosum Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. ...
Polysyncraton pulchrum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton pulchrum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [125]. Type data: holotype WAM 137.93, paratype(s) WAM 176.91. Type locality: Cockburn Sound, WA.
Polysyncraton purou C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Polysyncraton purou Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [49]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 POL 24*. Type locality: Tahiti, Tapuaerha passage, 10-20 m, French Polynesia.
Polysyncraton regulum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton regulum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [128]. Type data: holotype QM G308474. Type locality: Hervey Bay rubble fauna, QLD.
Polysyncraton reticulum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton reticulum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part ...
Polysyncraton rica Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton rica Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [130]. Type data: holotype QM GH5426, paratype(s) QM G308487. Type locality: Kangaroo Is., D\'Estrées Bay, 6 m, SA.
Polysyncraton robustum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton robustum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [130]. Type data: holotype AM Y2315, paratype(s) AM Y2313-4. Type locality: Point Peron west of Point John, sheltered pools, WA.
Polysyncraton rostrum Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton rostrum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)...
Polysyncraton rubitapum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton rubitapum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [131]. Type data: holotype QM GH1330. Type locality: Top Gallant Is., 5 m, SA.
Polysyncraton rugosum Monniot, 1993
Polysyncraton rugosum Monniot, F. (1993). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton (Didemnidae). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)15A(1-4): 3-17 [12]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2 POL 48*. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Polysyncraton scobinum Kott, 2001
Polysyncraton scobinum Kott, P. (2001). The AustralianAscidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [139]. Type data: holotype WAM 390.75. Type locality: W of Long Is., Wallabi Group, Houtman\'s Abrolhos, WA.
Polysyncraton textus Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton textus Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 2)....
Polysyncraton turris Kott, 2004
Polysyncraton turris Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [746]. Type data: holotype QM G308538. Type locality: Shelburne Bay, 43 m, QLD.
Trididemnum Della Valle, 1881
Trididemnum amiculum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum amiculum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [256]. Type data: holotype NMV F70259. Type locality: 39 km NNE Devonport, 68 m, TAS [40˚49.8\'S 146˚31.3\'E].
Trididemnum areolatum (Herdman, 1906)
Trididemnum areolatum Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [337]. Type data: holotype (probable) BMNH [19]07.8.30.36 (part) slide only. Type locality: Chiulaw Paa, Gulf of Manaar, 4-5 m.
Trididemnum banneri Eldredge, L.G. (1967). A taxonomic review of the Indo-Pacific didemnid ascidians and descriptions of twenty ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [258].
Trididemnum caelatum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum caelatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [260]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2670. Type locality: Great Australian Bight, SW Eucla, SA.
Trididemnum clinides Kott, 1977
Trididemnum clinides Kott, P. (1977). Algal supporting didemnid ascidians of the Great Barrier Reef. pp. 615-621 in Taylor, D.L....
Trididemnum cristatum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum cristatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [262]. Type data: holotype AM Y2321. Type locality: NE coast Tasmania, 128-676 m.
Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen, 1921
Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen, W. (1921). Ascidien von westlichen Indischen ozeans; aus dem Reichsmuseum zu Stockholn. Ark. Zool. 13(23): 1-25 [19]. Type data: syntypes ZMH K1110. Type locality: Malagasy.
Trididemnum symbioticum Pérès, J.M. (1962). Sur une collection d\'ascidies de la côte Israelienne de la Mer Rouge et de la Penins...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1982). Didemnid-algal symbioses: host species in the western Pacific with notes on the symbiosis. Micronesica 18(1): 95-127 [111].
Trididemnum discrepans (Sluiter, 1909)
Leptoclinum discrepans Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [77]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU579.1-TU579.2. Type locality: Gisser, Nusa-laut Is., Indonesia.
Didemnopsis jolense Van Name, W.G. (1918). Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 100(1): 49-174 [147]. Type data: holotype USNM 6040. Type locality: Jolo, Philippines, 20 m.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp. [91].
Trididemnum dispersum (Sluiter, 1909)
Didemnum dispersum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [54]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU443.1, ZMA TU 443.2. Type locality: Salibabu Is., Samau Is., Indonesia.
Trididemnum tegulum Kott, P. (1984). Related species of Trididemnum in symbiosis with Cyanophyta. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 107(4)...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp. [91].
Trididemnum farrago Kott, 2004
Trididemnum farrago Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus....
Trididemnum lapidosum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum lapidosum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [270]. Type d...
Trididemnum marmoratum (Sluiter, 1909)
Leptoclinum marmoratum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Trididemnum miniatum Kott, 1977
Trididemnum miniatum Kott, P. (1977). Algal supporting didemnid ascidians of the Great Barrier Reef. pp. 615-621 in Taylor, D.L....
Trididemnum nobile Kott, 2001
Trididemnum nobile Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [272].
Type data: holotype SAMA E2630, paratypes SAMA E2633, QM GH2371. Type locality: W of Ceduna, Tourville Bay, Davenport Creek, 6-8 m, South Australia.
Trididemnum vermiforme Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [289]. Type data: holotype QM G300960, paratype(s) QM G11925. Type locality: Beachport Jetty, on jetty piles, South Australia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [763].
Trididemnum nubilum Kott, 1980
Trididemnum nubilum Kott, P. (1980). Algal-bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-47 [9]. Type data: syntypes USNM 11641. Type locality: Amoyloi Reefs, southern part of Basilan Is., 0.5-1 m, Philippines.
Trididemnum paraclinides Kott, 1982
Trididemnum paraclinides Kott, P. (1982). Didemnid-algal symbioses: host species in the western Pacific with notes on the symbio...
Trididemnum paracyclops Kott, 1980
Trididemnum paracyclops Kott, P. (1980). Algal-bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 20(1): 1-...
Trididemnum pigmentatum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum pigmentatum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [278]. Type data: holotype QM G308134, paratype(s) QM GH325. Type locality: Heron Is., low tide rubble fauna, QLD.
Trididemnum planum Sluiter, 1909
Trididemnum planum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Trididemnum pseudodiplosoma (Kott, 1962)
Didemnum pseudodiplosoma Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. ...
Trididemnum crystallinum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [263]. Type data: holotype QM G302608. Type locality: Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory, 21 m.
Trididemnum inermum F. & Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-38...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beag...
Trididemnum pusillum Kott, 2004
Trididemnum pusillum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part 1). J. Nat. Hist. 38(6): 731-774 [764]. Type data: holotype NTM E32. Type locality: W of Port Hedland, 40 m, WA.
Trididemnum reticulatum Kott, 2004
Trididemnum reticulatum Kott, P. (2004). New and little known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (part ...
Trididemnum savignii (Herdman, 1886)
Didemnum savignii Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years...
Didemnum tenebricosum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp. [92].
Trididemnum sibogae (Hartmeyer, 1910)
Didemnum ramosum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-...
Didemnum sibogae Hartmeyer, R. (1910). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1489-1680 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ord...
Trididemnum spumosum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum spumosum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [286]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2616. Type locality: on Posidonia, 3-4 m, Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula, SA.
Trididemnum tectum Kott, 2001
Trididemnum tectum Kott, P. (2001). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 4, Didemnidae. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 47(1): 1-410 [288]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2834. Type locality: intertidal rock pools, Franklin Is., Nuyts Archipelago, SA.
Trididemnum tomarahi C. & F. Monniot, 1987
Trididemnum tomarahi Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [22]. Type data: holotype MNHP A2-TRI-54*. Type locality: Tikehau, southern part of back reef, 2 m, French Polynesia.
EUHERDMANIIDAE
Fig. 5. Euherdmania digitata Millar, 1963: a, part of a colony; b, single zooid; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 5.0 mm; b = 2.0 mm; c = 0.2 mm). [from Kott 1992]
In the family Euherdmaniidae Ritter, 1904 (as in the Placentelidae, Protopolyclinidae, Ritterellidae and Pseudodistomidae), atri...
Euherdmaniinae was originally established as a subfamily in the Polyclinidae for aplousobranch genera with separately opening, 6...
References
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Ritter, W.E. (1903). The structure and affinities of Herdmania claviformis, the type of a new genus and family of ascidians from the coast of California. pp. 237-261, pls xviii, xix. in, Mark Anniversary Volume. New York : Henry Holt & Co.
Ritter, W.E. (1904). Euherdmania vs. Herdmania preoccupied. Zool. Anz. 27: 650-651
Euherdmania Ritter, 1904
Euherdmania dentatosiphonis (Millar, 1975)
Clavelina dentatosiphonis Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen ...
Euherdmania digitata Millar, 1963
Euherdmania digitata Millar, R.H. (1963). Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 141(4): 689-746 [698]. Type data: holotype BMNH 30.10.8.10a. Type locality: Cape Boileau, north WA.
Euherdmania translucida Kott, 1992
Euherdmania translucida Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 ...
HOLOZOIDAE
Fig. 6. Distapalia stylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874): a, colony; b, zooid; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 10.0 mm; b, c, = 0.5 mm). [from Kott 1990]
Holozoidae Berrill, 1950 have zooids embedded in soft fleshy test (without sand or other inclusions). Colonies are either sessil...
Replication in Sycozoa and Distaplia is known to occur by strobilation of an isolated vegetative stolon (which contains vestiges...
Although diverse, this family is thought to be monophyletic because of the thoracic brood pouches, long vascular stolons, replic...
Larvae are relatively large in all genera and display generic differences. Larvae of Sigillina and Hypodistoma are some of the l...
The family is well represented in Australian waters. Sigillina, Sycozoa and Distaplia in particular are well represented. Sigill...
The family was proposed first as a subfamily, Holozoinae, of the family Clavelinidae Forbes & Hanley, 1848. It was revised and elevated to family status by Kott (1990).
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Brewin, B.I. (1953). Australian ascidians of the sub-family Holozoinae and a review of the sub-family. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 81(1): 53-64
Brewin, B.I. (1956). The growth and development of a viviparous compound ascidian, Hypsistozoa fasmeriana. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 97: 435-454
Della Valle, A. (1881). Nuove contribuzioni alla storia naturale delle ascidie composte del Golfo di Napoli. Atti Accad. nag. Lincei Series 3, Memoir 10: 431-498
Forbes, E. & Hanley, S.C.T. (1952). A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. (1848- 1952). London : John van Voorst Vol. 1,2 & 4 (appendix) pp. 1-54, 369-376, 244-246
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Lesson, R.P. (1832). Zoologie. pp. 256-279, 433-440 in Lesson, R.P. Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette La Coquille pendant 1822-1825. Paris : P. Pourret Freres Vol. 2(1)
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242
Distaplia Della Valle, 1881
Distaplia australiensis Brewin, 1953
Distaplia australiensis Brewin, B.I. (1953). Australian ascidians of the sub-family Holozoinae and a review of the sub-family. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 81(1): 53-64 [61]. Type data: holotype AM U3842. Type locality: south of Tasmania, 43 m, TAS.
Distaplia cuscina Kott, 1990
Distaplia cuscina Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [115]. Type data: holotype QM GH4381, paratype(s) QM GH4124. Type locality: Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, QLD.
Distaplia dubia (Oka, 1927)
Leptobotrylloides dubium Oka, A. (1927). Zur kenntnis der japanischen Botryllidae. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 3(9): 607-609 [607]. Type data: type status unknown UTZM (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Japan.
Distaplia japonica Tokioka, T. (1951). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna. IV. Notes on some ascidians collected in Osaka Bay I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(4): 169-182 [169]. Type data: syntypes SMBL 90*. Type locality: Osaka Bay.
Distaplia yezoensis Tokioka, T. (1951). The fauna of Akkeshi Bay XVIII. Ascidiacea. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station 1: 1-24 [4]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Akkeshi Bay, Japan.
Distaplia imaii Hirai, E. (1952). On a new species of compound ascidian, Distaplia imaii n.sp. from Japan. Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Univ. (4)19(3): 211-214 [211]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1953). Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten 313 pp. 79 pls [206]; Tokio...
Distaplia florida Kott, 1990
Distaplia florida Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [118]. Type data: holotype QM GH4103. Type locality: reef, Julian Rocks, Byron Bay, 10 m, NSW.
Distaplia mikropnoa Sluiter, 1909
Distaplia mikropnoa Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B:...
Distaplia muriella Kott, 1990
Distaplia muriella Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [119]. Type data: holotype WAM 135.75, paratype(s) WAM 32.75. Type locality: Blackwall Reach, Swan River estuary, 20 m, WA.
Distaplia pallida Kott, 1990
Distaplia pallida Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [121]. Type data: holotype QM GH4102, paratype(s) QM G11923. Type locality: on jetty pile, Portsea, 4 m, VIC.
Distaplia prolifera Kott, 1990
Distaplia prolifera Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [122]. Type data: holotype WAM 812.83 (QM GH2103). Type locality: 11 nautical miles NW Port Hedland, 14 m, WA [20°12\'S 118°25\'E].
Distaplia racemosa Kott, 1990
Distaplia racemosa Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [124]. Type data: holotype NTM E9 (QM GH4366). Type locality: Cootamundra Shoals, 36 m, Arafura Sea, NT [10°49\'49\"S 129°12\'54\"E].
Distaplia cuspidis Kott, P. (2002). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 18: 19-55 [23]. Type data: holotype NTM E171, paratype(s) NTM E198. Type locality: Darwin, Plater Rock, 8-10 m, NT.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [44].
Distaplia regina Kott, 1990
Distaplia regina Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [125]. Type data: holotype QM GH4201, paratype(s) QM GH4202. Type locality: Capricorn Group, Heron Is., QLD.
Distaplia retinaculata Kott, 1990
Distaplia retinaculata Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [12...
Distaplia stylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874)
Didemnium styliferum Kowalevsky, A. (1874). Ueber die Knospung der Ascidien. Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. Entwick- lungsmech. 10: 441-470 [443]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMUC (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Red Sea.
Distaplia tokiokai Kott, 1990
Distaplia tokioka Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [129]. T...
Distaplia turboensis Kott, 2004
Distaplia turboensis Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus...
Distaplia violetta Kott, 1990
Distaplia violetta Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [130]. Type data: holotype QM GH1358, paratype(s) QM GH4130. Type locality: Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, QLD.
Distaplia viridis Kott, 1957
Distaplia viridis Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Poly...
Hypodistoma Tokioka, 1967
Hypodistoma deerratum (Sluiter, 1895)
Distoma deerrata Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen A...
Polycitor coalitus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [23]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU19. Type locality: 32 m, Indonesia [1°42\'30\"S 130°47\'30\"E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [106].
Hypodistoma mirabile (Kott, 1972)
Atapozoa mirabilis Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Invest...
Hypsistozoa Brewin, 1953
Hypsistozoa distomoides (Herdman, 1899)
Amaroucium distomoides Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [448] [nom. nud.].
Amaroucium distomoides Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [72]. Type data: holotype AM G2106. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [134] (as Hypsistozoa distomoides).
Neodistoma Kott, 1990
Neodistoma mammillatum Kott, 1990
Neodistoma mammillatum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [13...
Polydistoma Kott, 1990
Polydistoma fungiforme Kott, 1990
Polydistoma fungiforme Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [10...
Polydistoma longitube (Kott, 1957)
Polycitor longitubis Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 8(1): 64-110 [80]. Type data: holotype AM Y802. Type locality: SW Australia.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [104] (as Polydistoma longitube).
Protoholozoa Kott, 1969
Protoholozoa australiensis Kott, 1992
Protoholozoa australiensis Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621- 655 [628]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2423, paratype(s) SAMA E2422. Type locality: 1 km NE Margaret Brock Reef off Cape Jaffa, 7-15 m, SA.
Sigillina Savigny, 1816
Sigillina australis Savigny, 1816
Sigillina australis Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système ...
Atapozoa marshi Brewin, B.I. (1956). Atapozoa marshi, a compound ascidian from Western Australia. J. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust. 40(1): 31-32 [31]. Type data: holotype AM U3843. Type locality: Triggs Is., WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [87].
Sigillina cyanea (Herdman, 1899)
Colella cyanea Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [447] [nom. nud.].
Colella cyanea Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [70]. Type data: syntypes AM U153, U346. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Sigillina caerulea Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [89].
Sigillina fantasiana (Kott, 1957)
Eudistoma fantasiana Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and P...
Sigillina grandissima Kott, 1990
Sigillina grandissima Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [93]...
Sigillina mjobergi Hartmeyer, 1919
Sigillina mjobergi Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 19...
Sigillina nigra (Herdman, 1899)
Polyclinum nigrum Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [448] [nom. nud.].
Polyclinum nigrum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [84]. Type data: holotype AM U354. Type locality: Vaucluse, Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [98] (as Sigillina nigra).
Sigillina pulvinus Kott, 2003
Sigillina pulvinus Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1618]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2845. Type locality: Waterfall Bay outside Cathedral Cave, Tasman Peninsula, 10-13 m, TAS.
Sigillina signifera (Sluiter, 1909)
Polycitor signiferus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Sycozoa sedens Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-11...
Eudistoma viridis Tokioka, T. (1955). Ascidians from the Palao Islands II. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 5(1): 43-57 [49]. Type data: syntypes SMBL 74*. Type locality: Geruherugaeru, canal, Palau Is., west Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [100].
Sycozoa Lesson, 1832
Sycozoa brevicauda Kott, 1990
Sycozoa brevicauda Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [140]. Type data: holotype WAM 139.75, paratype(s) WAM 801.83, 1046.83. Type locality: Cockburn Sound, WA.
Sycozoa cavernosa Kott, 1990
Sycozoa cavernosa Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [142]. T...
Sycozoa cerebriformis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Aplidie cerebriforme Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé. [625]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3 SCY.A29*. Type locality: Westernport, VIC.
Colella plicata Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders, fami...
Colella incerta Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59 [10]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3 SYC.A18*. Type locality: Australian (as New Holland).
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [143].
Sycozoa murrayi (Herdman, 1886)
Collela murrayi Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1...
Sycozoa tasmanoides Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [157]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1231. Type locality: off Maria Is., 174-155 m, TAS.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [146].
Sycozoa pedunculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Aplidie pedunculatum Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astr...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [147] (as Sycozoa pedunculata).
Sycozoa pulchra (Herdman, 1886)
Colella pulchra Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1...
Colella tenuicaulis Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders, ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [149].
Sycozoa seiziwadai Tokioka, 1952
Sycozoa seiziwadai Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed in the ...
Sycozoa sigillinoides Lesson, 1832
Sycozoa sigillinoides Lesson, R.P. (1832). Zoologie. pp. 256-279, 433-440 in Lesson, R.P. Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette...
Colella ramulosa Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years ...
Colella umbellata Michaelsen, W. (1898). Vorläufige Mitteilung uber einige Tunicaten aus dem Magalhaenischen Gebiet sowie von Sü...
Colella perrieri Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59 [33]. Type data: syntypes (probable) MNHN A3 SYC.A10*, MNHN A3 SYC.A11*. Type locality: Santa Cruz, Patagonia and 53°13´S 68°31´W.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [153].
POLYCITORIDAE
Fig. 7. Eudistoma sp.: a, colony; b, zooid; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 2.0 mm; b = 1.0 mm; c = 0.1 mm). [from Kott 1990]
The family Polycitoridae Michaelsen, 1904 contains colonial species in which zooids usually are embedded in relatively firm test...
In many species of Eudistoma Caullery, 1909, Polycitor Renier, 1804, Eucoelium Savigny, 1816 (=Polycitorella Michaelsen, 1924, a...
Throughout the family, zooids are muscular with an internal layer of circular fibres and external longitudinal fibres on the tho...
Fertilisation may occur in the upper part of the oviduct, or in the atrial cavity where embryos are found at various stages of d...
Although both have a long abdominal gut loop, Polycitoridae differ from Pycnoclavellidae in having lobed (rather than smooth-rim...
The family is well represented in Australian waters, especially by species of the genus Eudistoma. The monotypic Salix, the only...
Michaelsen (1930) proposed Archidistoma, Eudistoma, Paessleria Michaelsen, 1907 and Hyperiodistoma Michaelsen, 1930 as subgenera...
References
Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59
Drasche, R. von (1884). Ueber einige neue und weniger gekannte aussereuropäische einfache Ascidien. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 48: 369-387
Garstang, W. (1891). Note on a new and primitive type of compound Ascidian. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)8: 265-268
ICZN Opinion 1865. (1997). Eudistoma Caullery, 1909 (Tunicata): given precedence over Paessleria Michaelsen, 1907. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 54(1): 70-71
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Kott, P. (1995). Eudistoma Caullery, 1909 (Tunicata): proposed precedence over Paessleria Michaelsen, 1907. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 52(3): 254-256
Michaelsen, W. (1904). Revision der compositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21(2): 1-124
Michaelsen, W. (1907). Tunicaten pp. 1-84 in, Ergebnisse der Hamburger Magalhaensischen Sammelreise. Hamburg : L. Friederichsen & Co. Vol. 8(5).
Michaelsen, W. (1924). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 77: 263-434
Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558
Renier, S.A. (1804). Prospetto della classe dei Vermi pp. XV-XXVII. Padua (see Porro, C. 1840, \'Nota per una Bibliografia Malacologie, Series III Geografica no. 1-4, pp. I-III and numbered columns 27-130).
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In, Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Brevicollus Kott, 1990
Brevicollus tuberatus Kott, 1990
Brevicollus tuberatus Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [237]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2059 (QM GH4188), paratype(s) NMV F45284 (QM GH4952). Type locality: The Gap, 15-20 m, SA.
Cystodytes Drasche, 1884
Cystodytes dellachiajei (Della Valle, 1877)
Distoma dellachiajei Della Valle, A. (1877). Contribuzioni alla storia naturale delle ascidie composte del Golfo di Napoli con l...
Cystodites cretaceus Drasche, R. von (1883). Die Syn- ascidien der Bucht von Rovigno (Istrien). In, Ein Beitrag zur Fauna der Ad...
Cystodites durus Drasche, R. von (1883). Die Synascidien der Bucht von Rovigno (Istrien). In, Ein Beitrag zur Fauna der Adria Wi...
Cystodytes draschii Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Cystodytes aucklandicus Nott, J.T. (1892). On the composite ascidians of the North Shore Reef. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 24: 305-334 [323]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: North Shore Reef, Rangitoto Channel, Auckland, New Zealand.
Cystodytes perspicuus Nott, J.T. (1892). On the composite ascidians of the North Shore Reef. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 24: 305-334 [326]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: North Shore Reef, Rangitoto Channel, Auckland, New Zealand.
Cystodytes violaceus Van Name, W.G. (1902). The ascidians of the Bermuda Islands. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 11: 325-412 [348]. Type data: syntypes AMNH 1389*, 1219*, 1220*. Type locality: on underside of rubble, Castle Harbour, Waterloo, Bermuda.
Cystodytes ceylonensis Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [334]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.30.31*. Type locality: Talaivillu Paar, 16m Sri Lanka.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [501]; Kott, ...
Cystodytes philippinensis Herdman, 1886
Cystodytes philippinensis Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during t...
Cystodytes hapu Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [64]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3 CYS 39*. Type locality: Tuheiava Pass, Tikehau Atoll, French Polynesia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1619].
Cystodytes ramosus Kott, 1992
Cystodytes ramosus Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [629]. Type data: holotype QM GH5374. Type locality: in bay, Haslewood Is., central section Great Barrier Reef, 20 m, QLD.
Eucoelium Savigny, 1816
Eucoelium coronarium (Monniot, 1988)
Polycitorella coronaria Monniot, F. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie V. Polycitoridae du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat...
Eucoelium orientalis (Kott, 1990)
Polycitorella orientalis Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [187]. Type data: holotype QM GH9477, paratype(s) QM GH4420. Type locality: Swain Reefs, 8 m, QLD.
Eudistoma Caullery, 1909
Eudistoma amplum (Sluiter, 1909)
Polycitor amplus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [21]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU781, TU770. Type locality: reef, Sailus Ketjil and reef, Banda Is., Indonesia.
Polycitor discolor Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [194].
Eudistoma anaematum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma anaematum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [196]. Type data: holotype QM GH4611, paratype(s) QM GH4610, GH4612-3. Type locality: Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, QLD.
Eudistoma angolanum (Michaelsen, 1914)
Polycitor (Eudistoma) paesslerioides angolanum Michaelsen, W. (1914). Ueber einige westÄafrikanische Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 43: 42...
Eudistoma snakabri Tokioka, T. & Nishikawa, T. (1976). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna XXX. Further notes on Japane...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [197].
Eudistoma aureum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma aureum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [199]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2084, paratype(s) SAMA E2085. Type locality: off West Beach, Gulf St Vincent, 12-20 m, SA.
Eudistoma bulbatum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma bulbatum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [200]. Type data: holotype AM Y2204, paratype(s) AM Y835, Y842, Y1120. Type locality: off Cronulla, 140 m, NSW.
Eudistoma carnosum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma carnosum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [201]. Type data: holotype AM Y1289, paratype(s) AM Y1290, Y1291. Type locality: Fish Hook Bay, Cape Vlamingh, Rottnest Is., WA.
Eudistoma constrictum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma constrictum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [203...
Eudistoma eboreum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma eboreum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [205]. Type data: holotype QM GH336. Type locality: MacGillivray\'s Reef, near Lizard Is., 14 m, QLD.
Eudistoma elongatum (Herdman, 1886)
Colella elongata Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years ...
Eudistoma gilboviride (Sluiter, 1909)
Polycitor gilboviridis Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Eudistoma glaucum (Sluiter, 1909)
Polycitor glaucus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [12]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU790. Type locality: 274 m, Indonesia [8°19\'S 117°41\'E].
Eudistoma rigida Tokioka, T. (1955). Ascidians from the Palao Islands II. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 5(1): 43-57 [50]. Type data: syntypes SMBL 98*. Type locality: reef, off Gadaraku, Palau Is.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [208].
Eudistoma globosum Kott, 1957
Eudistoma globosum Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Pol...
Eudistoma gracilum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma gracilum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [211]. Type data: holotype QM GH4531, paratype(s) QM GH4532. Type locality: north reef, Heron Is., QLD.
Eudistoma incubitum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma incubitum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [212]. Type data: holotype QM GH4537, paratype(s) QM GH4538. Type locality: NW Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, QLD.
Eudistoma laysani (Sluiter, 1900)
Distoma laysani Sluiter, C.P. (1900). Tunicaten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 1-35 [9]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU795*. Type locality: Laysan.
Distoma parva Sluiter, C.P. (1900). Tunicaten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 1-35 [6]. Type data: lectotype ZMA T...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [214].
Eudistoma maculosum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma maculosum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [216]. Type data: holotype QM GH1304, paratype(s) QM GH1278, GH2391. Type locality: Ward Is., 20-25 m, SA.
Eudistoma malum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma malum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [217]. Type data: holotype QM G11939, paratype(s) QM G11940. Type locality: Heron Is., Capricorn Group, 10 m, QLD.
Eudistoma microlarvum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma microlarvum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [218]. Type data: holotype QM GH4520, paratype(s) QM GH4521. Type locality: Point Lookout, North Stradbroke Is., QLD.
Eudistoma ovatum (Herdman, 1886)
Psammaplidium ovatum Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ye...
Eudistoma pratulum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma pratulum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [224]. Type data: holotype QM GH4606, paratype(s) QM GH4607. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Eudistoma purpureum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma purpureum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [225]. Type data: holotype QM GH4466, paratype(s) QM GH4467, GH4455. Type locality: near reef edge, Wistari Reef, QLD.
Eudistoma pyriforme (Herdman, 1886)
Psammaplidium pyriforme Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the...
Polycitor arenaceus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [13]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU782. Type locality: reef, Sawan, Sian Is., Indonesia.
Eudistoma vulgare Monniot, F. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie V. Polycitoridae du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)10A(2): 197-235 [213]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3 Eud 57. Type locality: New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [42].
Eudistoma reginum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma reginum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [228]. Type data: holotype QM G11948, paratype(s) QM G11949, G11950, G11951. Type locality: reef edge, Heron Is., QLD.
Eudistoma sabulosum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma sabulosum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [229]. Type data: holotype QM GH937, paratype(s) QM GH4591. Type locality: Topgallant Is., 5 m, SA.
Eudistoma sluiteri Hartmeyer, 1909
Eudistoma sluiteri Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3, suppl. pts 81-87 [1488] [nom. nov. for Polycitor mollisSluiter, 1909].
Polycitor mollis Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-...
Eudistoma muscosum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [220] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Polycitor mollis Sluiter, 1909].
Eudistoma superlatum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma superlatum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [229]...
Eudistoma tigrum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma tigrum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [231]. Type data: holotype QM G11941, paratype(s) QM G11942-4, GH1362. Type locality: Heron Is., Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Eudistoma tumidum Kott, 1990
Eudistoma tumidum Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [232]. Type data: holotype AM Y1068. Type locality: Gulf of Carpentaria, NT [16°52\'42\"S 140°56\'12\"E].
Polycitor Renier, 1804
Polycitor annulus Kott, 1990
Polycitor annulus Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [165]. T...
Polycitor calamus Kott, 1990
Polycitor calamus Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [167]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2058, paratypes SAMA E2051, E2057, QM GH4187-8, GH4308. Type locality: Archipelago Cove, 40 m, SA.
Polycitor cerasus Kott, 1990
Polycitor cerasus Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [168]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2080, paratype(s) QM GH4365. Type locality: Breaking Reef, Franklin Is., Nuyts Archipelago, 15 m, SA.
Polycitor circes Michaelsen, 1930
Polycitor circes Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [495]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB 3897* (whereabouts of other syntype(s) unknown). Type locality: Shark Bay, off Dirk Hartog Is., 2.5-4.5 m, WA.
Polycitor gelatinosa Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and P...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [169].
Polycitor columna Kott, 1954
Polycitor columna Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [153]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1297. Type locality: Maria Is., TAS.
Polycitor emergens Kott, 1990
Polycitor emergens Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [170]. Type data: holotype AM Y1124, paratype(s) AM Y837. Type locality: off Cronulla, 60 m, NSW.
Polycitor giganteus (Herdman, 1899)
Polycitor giganteum Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [448] [nom. nud.].
Polyclinum giganteum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [79]. Type data: syntypes AM U163 (G2099). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Polyclinum globosum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [80]. Type data: syntypes AM U157 (G2100), AM G12253. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [171].
Polycitor nubilus Kott, 1990
Polycitor nubilus Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [174]. Type data: holotype SAM E2079. Type locality: Lighthouse Point, Flinders Is., Investigator Group, 8 m, SA.
Polycitor obeliscus Kott, 1972
Polycitor obeliscum Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Inves...
Polycitor protectans (Herdman, 1899)
Amaroucium protectans Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [73]. Type data: holotype AM U160 (G2105). Type locality: Port Jackson, New South Wales.
Polycitor subarborensis Kott, 1957
Polycitor subarborensis Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley an...
Polycitor translucidus Kott, 1957
Polycitor translucida Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Polyclinidae Verrill. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 8(1): 64-110 [81].
Type data: syntypes AM Y1301. Type locality: reef, west of Point John, Point Peron, WA.
Salix Kott, nom. nov.
Salix ianthina (Sluiter, 1909)
Polycitor ianthinus Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B:...
POLYCLINIDAE
Fig. 8. Polyclinum spp.: a, colony surface showing common cloacal apertures, each surrounded by a circle of branchial apertures;...
Polyclinidae Milne-Edwards, 1841 is one of the most diverse families of the Aplousobranchia. Six genera are represented in Austr...
The stomach wall has parallel longitudinal folds in Aplidium Savigny, 1816 and is either smooth or has mulberry-like pockets in ...
Polyclinum has branchial papillae, possible vestiges of the inner longitudinal branchial vessels found also in Protopolyclinidae...
Aplidium is one of the most speciose of the genera in tropical, temperate and polar waters in most parts of the world including ...
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662
Kesteven, H.L. (1909). Studies on Tunicata no. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34: 276-295
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Lahille, F. (1890). Recherches sur les tuniciers des côtes de France. Toulouse : Lagarde et Sebille 330 pp.
Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326
Phipps, C.J. (1774). pp. 194, 195, 199-200, pl. 13 fig. 3 in, A Voyage towards the North Pole undertaken by His Majesty\'s Command, 1773. London.
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Aplidiopsis Lahille, 1890
Aplidiopsis confluata Kott, 1992
Aplidiopsis confluata Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [468]. Type data: holotype QM GH5514. Type locality: Ninepin Point, 5 m, TAS.
Aplidiopsis mammillata Kott, 1992
Aplidiopsis mammillata Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [469]. Type data: holotype QM GH4168. Type locality: Cathedral Rock, near Thistle Is., Spencer Gulf, SA.
Aplidiopsis sabulosa Kott, 1992
Aplidiopsis sabulosa Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [470]. Type data: holotype QM GH4153. Type locality: Avoid Bay, Price Is., 15-20 m, SA.
Aplidium Savigny, 1816
Aplidium acroporum Kott, 1992
Aplidium acroporum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [513]...
Aplidium altarium (Sluiter, 1909)
Amaroucium altarium Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B:...
Aplidium amorphatum Kott, 1963
Aplidium amorphatum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)....
Aplidium pseudobesum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [522].
Aplidium australiense Kott, 1963
Aplidium australiensis Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continue...
Aplidium bacculum Kott, 1992
Aplidium bacculum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [526]. Type data: holotype QM GH5434. Type locality: Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula, 12 m, SA [35°97\'S 137°47\'24\"E].
Aplidium brevilarvacium Kott, 1963
Aplidium brevilarvacium Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continu...
Aplidium digitatum Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and addi...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [527].
Aplidium caelestis Monniot, 1987
Aplidium caelestis Monniot, F. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(3): 499-535 [517]. Type data: syntypes MNHP A1-Apl B-221*. Type locality: Woodin Canal, 20-27 m, New Caledonia.
Aplidium clivosum Kott, 1992
Aplidium clivosum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [530]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2561, paratype(s) QM G1197. Type locality: on jetty piles, SE Beachport, 6-7 m, SA.
Aplidium congregatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium congregatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [533]. Type data: holotype QM GH5584. Type locality: Point Lookout, N Stradbroke Is., QLD.
Aplidium coniferum Kott, 1963
Aplidium coniferum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [102]. Type data: holotype AM U3921. Type locality: near Twofold Bay, 57-65 m, NSW.
Aplidium crateriferum (Sluiter, 1909)
Amaroucium crateriferum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. ...
Aplidium depressum Sluiter, 1909
Aplidium depressum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [102]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU201. Type locality: 521 m, Indonesia [7°35\'24\"S 117°28\'36\"E].
Aplidium directum Kott, 1972
Aplidium directum Kott, P. (1972). Notes on some ascidians from Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Port Hacking NSW. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 97(4): 241-257 [246]. Type data: holotype AM Y1110, paratype(s) AM Y111. Type locality: off Cronulla, 90 m, NSW.
Aplidium distaplium Kott, 1992
Aplidium distaplium Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [540...
Aplidium elatum Kott, 1972
Aplidium elatum Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investiga...
Aplidium filiforme Kott, 1992
Aplidium filiforme Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [542]. Type data: holotype QM GH5527, paratype(s) QM GH5528. Type locality: Blue Pools, Heron Is., QLD.
Aplidium fluorescum Kott, 1992
Aplidium fluorescum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [544]. Type data: holotype QM GH5243, paratype(s) QM GH5244, GH5245, GH5246, GH5247. Type locality: NE Point, Heron Is., QLD.
Aplidium gastrolineatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium gastrolineatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [546]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2584. Type locality: Anxious Bay, 1 km NW of Waldegrave Is., 23 m, SA [33°33\'S 134°46\'E].
Aplidium gelasinum Kott, 1992
Aplidium gelasinum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [547]. Type data: holotype QM GH5333. Type locality: Tydeman Reef, far northern Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Aplidium geminatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium geminatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [548]. Type data: holotype QM GH4175, paratype(s) QM GH4229. Type locality: Avoid Bay, Price Is., SA.
Aplidium grisiatum Kott, 1998
Aplidium griseum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [551] [...
Aplidium grisiatum Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia....
Aplidium incubatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium incubatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [551]. Type data: holotype QM GH5309, paratype(s) QM GH5310. Type locality: Point Lookout, N Stradbroke Is., QLD.
Aplidium inflorescens Kott, 1992
Aplidium inflorescens Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [553]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2588. Type locality: NNE Cape Catastrophe, SW Point, Grindal Is., 18 m, SA.
Aplidium jacksoni Kott, 1963
Aplidium jacksoni Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat . Res. 14(1): 70-118 [110]. Type data: holotype AM U3917. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Aplidium lenticulum Kott, 1992
Aplidium lenticulum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [555]. Type data: holotype QM GH5060, paratype(s) QM GH5061. Type locality: Heron Is., 3 m, QLD.
Aplidium lodix Kott, 1992
Aplidium lodix Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [557]. Type data: holotype QM G12712. Type locality: Crawfish Rock, Western Port, VIC.
Aplidium longithorax Monniot, 1987
Aplidium longithorax Monniot, F. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(3): 499-535 [525]. Type data: holotype MNHP Al-Apl B-210*. Type locality: lagoon, Woodin Canal, New Caledonia.
Aplidium lunacratum Kott, 1992
Psammaplidium ordinatum Herdman, W. & Riddell, W. (1913). The Tunicata of the \'Thetis\' Expedition. In, Scientific results of the...
Aplidium lunacratum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [558] [nom. nov. for Psammaplidium ordinatum Herdman & Riddell, 1913].
Aplidium macrolobatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium macrolobatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [561]. Type data: holotype QM GH5169, paratype(s) QM GH5170. Type locality: outer edge of reef, NE Heron Is., QLD.
Aplidium magnilarvum Kott, 1992
Aplidium magnilarvum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [56...
Aplidium minisculum Kott, 1992
Aplidium minisculum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [564]. Type data: holotype QM G11920. Type locality: Portsea Pier, 2 m, VIC.
Aplidium multilineatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium multilineatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [566]. Type data: holotype AM U3954. Type locality: Salmon Bay, Rottnest Is., WA.
Aplidium multiplicatum Sluiter, 1909
Aplidium multiplicatum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 5...
Aplidium controversum Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Micronesica 29(2): 133-279 [135]. Type data: holotype MNHP A1 Apl B312*. Type locality: Marine Lake, Koror State, Palau.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1629].
Aplidium opacum Kott, 1963
Aplidium opacum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [108]. Type data: holotype AM U3929. Type locality: Balnarring Beach, VIC.
Aplidium foliorum Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and addit...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [570].
Aplidium ornatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium ornatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [572]. Type data: holotype QM GH5157. Type locality: NW corner, Wistari Reef, QLD.
Aplidium paralineatum Kott, 1992
Aplidium paralineatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [574]. Type data: holotype SAMA E10648. Type locality: 45 nautical miles N of Sister Is., 92 m, TAS [39°00\'S 148°25\'E].
Aplidium parastigmaticum Kott, 1992
Aplidium parastigmaticum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [575]. Type data: holotype QM GH5603. Type locality: reef slope, Heron Is., 10 m, QLD.
Aplidium parvum Kott, 1963
Aplidium parvum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [112]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1832. Type locality: San Remo, VIC.
Aplidium petrosum Kott, 1992
Aplidium petrosum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [577]. Type data: holotype QM GH5454. Type locality: Margaret Brock Lighthouse, Cape Jaffa, SA.
Aplidium pronum Kott, 1975
Aplidium pronum Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and additio...
Aplidium ritteri (Sluiter, 1895)
Amaroucium ritteri Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen...
Aplidium robustum Kott, 1992
Aplidium robustum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [582]....
Aplidium rosarium Kott, 1992
Aplidium rosarium Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [583]. Type data: holotype QM GH5224. Type locality: Blue pools, Heron Is., QLD.
Aplidium rubricollum Kott, 1963
Aplidium rubricollum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)...
Aplidium solidum (Herdman, 1891)
Psammaplidium solidum Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders...
Psammaplidium fragile Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders...
Psammaplidium incrustans Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-ord...
Psammaplidium lobatum Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders...
Type data: holotype QM U164 (G2109). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Aplidium arboratum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [96] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Psammaplidium lobatum Herdman, 1899].
Synoicum investum Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [90]. Type data: holotype AM U3928. Type locality: Bargara, Hervey Bay, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [586].
Aplidium tabascum Kott, 1992
Aplidium tabascum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [589]. Type data: holotype QM GH5208, paratype(s) QM GH5542, G9727. Type locality: reef, Heron Is., 15 m, QLD.
Aplidium triggsense Kott, 1963
Aplidium triggsensis Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)...
Aplidium uteute Monniot & Monniot, 1987
Aplidium uteute Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [79]. Type data: holotype MNHP A APL B194*. Type locality: Moorea, French Polynesia.
Aplidium latusexitus Monniot, F. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(3): 499-535 [523]. Type data: holotype MNHP Al-Apl B-213*. Type locality: New Caledonia, 35 m along Woodwin Canal.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [592].
Morchellium Giard, 1872
Morchellium albidum Kott, 1992
Morchellium albidum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [505]. Type data: holotype QM GH5582. Type locality: Wedge Is., West Bay, southern Spencer Gulf, SA.
Morchellium pannosum Kott, 1992
Morchellium pannosum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [506]. Type data: holotype QM G12722. Type locality: Port Phillip Heads, 18 m, VIC.
Polyclinum Savigny, 1816
Polyclinum fungosum Herdman, 1886
Polyclinum fungosum Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Polyclinum glabrum Sluiter, 1895
Polyclinum glabrum Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen...
Polyclinum incrustatum Michaelsen, 1930
Polyclinum neptunium incrustatum Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463- 558 [542] [propo...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [450] (as Polyclinum incrustatum).
Polyclinum marsupiale Kott, 1963
Polyclinum marsupiale Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued...
Polyclinum nudum Kott, 1992
Polyclinum nudum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [454]. Type data: holotype QM GH5391, paratype(s) QM GH5387. Type locality: old jetty piles, Coffs Harbour, 0.5 m, NSW.
Polyclinum orbitum Kott, 1992
Polyclinum orbitum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [455]...
Polyclinum psammiferum Hartmeyer, 1909
Polyclinum psammiferum Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen u...
Polyclinum sabulosum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B...
Polyclinum solum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [458] [unnecessary nom. nov. for Polyclinum sabulosum Sluiter, 1909].
Polyclinum saturnium Savigny, 1816
Polyclinum saturnium Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système...
Polyclinum tenuatum Kott, 1992
Polyclinum tenuatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [459]. Type data: holotype AM Y2261, paratype(s) AM Y1356. Type locality: Shelly Beach, Nornalup, WA.
Polyclinum terranum Kott, 1992
Polyclinum terranum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [461]. Type data: holotype QM GH5460. Type locality: Rockingham, 15 m, WA [32°15´42\"S 115°37´06\"E].
Polyclinum tsutsuii Tokioka, 1954
Polyclinum tsutsuii Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone ...
Polyclinum pute Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155 [84]. Type data: holotype MNHP A1 POL B33*. Type locality: Tikehau, French Polynesia.
Polyclinum corbis Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1626]. Type data: holotype WAM 476.91, paratype(s) WAM 475.91. Type locality: W of Cervantes, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. Art Galleries NT 20: 37-81 [47].
Polyclinum vasculosum Pizon, 1908
Polyclinum vasculosum Pizon, A. (1908). Ascidies d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 16: 195-248 [223]. Type data: holotype GMNH T1/91*. Type locality: Ambon (as Amboine), Indonesia.
Polyclinum macrophyllum Michaelsen, W. (1919). Die Krikobranchen Ascidien des westlichen Indischen Ozeans: Claveliniden und Synoiciden. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 36: 71-102 [82]. Type data: holotype ZMH*. Type locality: Bay of Tuléar, southwest Malagasy.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [464].
Sidneioides Kesteven, 1909
Sidneioides tamaramae Kesteven, 1909
Sidneioides tamaramae Kesteven, H.L. (1909). Studies on Tunicata no. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34: 276-295 [277]. Type data: holotype AM U564. Type locality: Tamaramae Bay, NSW.
Synoicum Phipps, 1774
Synoicum angustum Kott, 1992
Synoicum angustum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [477]....
Synoicum arenaceum (Michaelsen, 1924)
Macroclinum arenaceum Michaelsen, W. (1924). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Videns...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [478] (as Synoicum arenaceum (Michaelsen, 1924)).
Synoicum atopogaster Kott, 1963
Synoicum atopogaster Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)...
Synoicum bowerbanki Millar, 1963
Synoicum bowerbanki Millar, R.H. (1963). Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 141(4): 689-746 [696]. Type data: holotype BMNH 61.9.20.7*. Type locality: Fremantle, WA.
Synoicum buccinum Kott, 1992
Synoicum buccinum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [481]. Type data: holotype QM GH5045, paratype(s) QM GH5046, GH5047, GH5048. Type locality: cave, Marion Reef, 8 m, Coral Sea.
Synoicum castellatum Kott, 1992
Synoicum castellatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [483]. Type data: holotype QM GH5160, paratype(s) QM GH5163. Type locality: North Point, Heron Is., 5 m, QLD.
Synoicum chrysanthemum Kott, 1992
Synoicum chrysanthemum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [...
Synoicum citrum Kott, 1992
Synoicum citrum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [486]. T...
Synoicum concavitum Kott, 1992
Synoicum concavitum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [487]. Type data: holotype QM GH5465. Type locality: reef, Eclipse Is., SW entrance to King George Sound, WA.
Synoicum erectum Kott, 1992
Synoicum erectum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [489]. Type data: holotype NMV F59367. Type locality: from Sharklines, south of Warrnambool, 350-350 m, VIC.
Synoicum galei (Michaelsen, 1930)
Macroclinum hypurgon galei Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [535]. Type data: holotype ZMB*. Type locality: Fremantle, WA.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [490] (as Synoicum galei).
Synoicum intercedens (Sluiter, 1909)
Morchellium intercedens Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. ...
Synoicum longistriatum Kott, 1992
Synoicum longistriatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [493]. Type data: holotype QM GH5583. Type locality: 110 m, WA [32°S 155°08\'E].
Synoicum macroglossum (Hartmeyer, 1919)
Macroclinum macroglossum Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Austra...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [494] (as Synoicum macroglossum).
Synoicum obscurum Kott, 1992
Synoicum obscurum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [496]....
Synoicum papilliferum (Michaelsen, 1930)
Macroclinum papilliferum Michaelsen, W. (1930). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5(7): 463-558 [530]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB*. Type locality: Koombana Bay, near Bunbury, 14.5-18 m, WA.
Synoicum prunum (Herdman, 1899)
Polyclinum prunum Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [448] [nom. nud.].
Polyclinum prunum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [83]. Type data: holotype AM U159 (G2102). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued). Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 14(1): 70-118 [87] (as Synoicum prunum).
Synoicum sacculum Kott, 1992
Synoicum sacculum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [499]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2556, paratype(s) QM GH5044, GH10163. Type locality: in caves, Waldegrave Is., SA.
Synoicum saxeum Kott, 1998
Synoicum durum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [488] [junior primary homonym of Synoicum durum Sluiter, 1915]. Type data: holotype AM U3990. Type locality: Heron Is., QLD.
Synoicum saxeum Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. He...
Synoicum suarenum Kott, 1992
Synoicum suarenum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [501]. Type data: holotype QM GH5080, paratype(s) QM GH5070. Type locality: Wilson Reef, Capricorn Group, QLD.
Synoicum tropicum (Sluiter, 1909)
Atopogaster tropicum Sluiter, C.P. (1909). Die Tunicaten der Siboga Expedition. Pt II. Die merosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56B: 1-112 [107]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU291*. Type locality: off Kapul Is., Sulu Archipelago, 13 m, Philippines.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [503] (as Synoicum tropicum).
PROTOPOLYCLINIDAE
Fig. 9. Monniotus australis (Kott, 1957): a, part of a colony; b, mature zooid with developmental series of embryos in distal end of oviduct; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 10 mm; b = 2.00 mm; c = 0.4 mm). [from Kott 1992]
Zooids of the family Protopolyclinidae Kott, 1992 are divided into thorax, abdomen and posterior abdomen. The gonads are in the ...
Three genera are known in the family. They are recorded infrequently, and only from the Southern Hemisphere. One of the three ge...
References
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Millar, R.H. (1960). Ascidiacea. Discovery Rep. 30: 1-160
Condominium Kott, 1992
Condominium areolatum (Kott, 1963)
Placentela areolata Kott, P. (1963). The ascidians of Australia IV. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Polyclinidae Verrill (continued)....
Placentela ellistoni Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Inve...
Homoeodistoma omasum Monniot, F. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie III. Polyclinidae du lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(3): 499-535 [503]. Type data: holotype MNHP Al-Hom-1*. Type locality: Woodin Canal, lagoon of New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [397].
Monniotus Millar, 1988
Monniotus australis (Kott, 1957)
Euherdmania australis Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and ...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [394] (as Monniotus australis).
Monniotus radiatus Kott, 1992
Monniotus radiatus Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [396]. Type data: holotype AM G10012 (MV F58435). Type locality: Nambucca Heads, 13 m, NSW.
PSEUDODISTOMIDAE
Fig. 10. Pseudodistoma candens Kott, 1992: a, colony; b, whole zooid with huge embryo at top of abdomen; c, zoid thorax and abdomen; d, larva. (Scale bars: a = 10.0 mm; b = 2.0 mm; c = 0.5 mm; d = 0.4 mm). [from Kott 1992]
The family Pseudodistomidae Harant, 1931 has, like Pycnoclavellidae and Euherdmaniidae, 6-lobed apertures opening separately to ...
Genera of this family are distinguished from Sigillina by the very long posterior abdomina containing the gonads. As in other fa...
When Kott (1992) defined the family Pseudodistomidae, she overlooked the subfamily Pseudodistominae Harant, 1931. Although Kott\'...
The family contains two genera, the diverse Pseudodistoma and the monotypic Anadistoma Kott, 1992. The latter genus, known only ...
The genus Pseudodistoma is well represented in Australian waters, especially in temperate waters, although two species are known from the tropics.
References
Caullery, M. (1909). Recherches sur la famille des Distomidae. Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 42: 1-59
Cloney, R.A. (1990). Urochordata-Ascidiacea Pt 14. pp. 392-451 in Aida, K.G. Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Vol. IVB Fertilisation, Development and Parental Care. New Delhi : Oxford & IBH
Harant, H. (1931). Contributions à l\'histoire naturelle des ascidies et de leurs parasites. Ann. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco 8(4): 229-389
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Michaelsen, W. (1924). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 77: 263-434
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Anadistoma Kott, 1992
Anadistoma attenuatum Kott, 1992
Anadistoma attenuatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [440]. Type data: holotype AM Y1315, paratype(s) AM Y2212. Type locality: Montague South, near Eden, 94 m, NSW.
Pseudodistoma Michaelsen, 1924
Pseudodistoma acuatum Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma acuatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [425]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2120 (QM GH923), paratype(s) QM GH2323. Type locality: Ward Is., 20-25 m, SA.
Pseudodistoma aureum (Brewin, 1957)
Sigillinaria aurea Brewin, B.I. (1957). Ascidians of New Zealand, Part 10. Ascidians from North Auckland. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 84...
Pseudodistoma coronatum Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue...
Pseudodistoma australe Kott, 1957
Pseudodistoma australe Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and...
Pseudodistoma candens Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma candens Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [430]. Type data: holotype QM GH977, paratype(s) SAMA E2118. Type locality: Pearson Is., SA.
Pseudodistoma gracilum Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma gracilum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [433]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2413 (QM GH971), paratype(s) QM GH4167. Type locality: Top Gallant Is., 10 m, SA.
Pseudodistoma inflatum Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma inflatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [435]. Type data: holotype QM G10157, paratype(s) QM G9472. Type locality: South Solitary Is., 10 m, NSW.
Pseudodistoma oriens Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma oriens Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [436]. Type data: holotype NMV H306, paratype(s) QM GH4953. Type locality: Port Phillip Heads Channel, 20 m, VIC.
Pseudodistoma pilatum Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma pilatum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [4...
Pseudodistoma pulvinum Kott, 1992
Pseudodistoma pulvinum Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [439]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2411 (QM GH2396), paratype(s) QM GH2397. Type locality: Ward Is., in caves, 8 m, SA.
PYCNOCLAVELLIDAE
Fig. 11. Pycnoclavella sp.: a, colony; b, zooid with embryos developing in abdomen; c, larva with one adhesive organ everted. (Scale bars: a = 5.0 mm; b, = 1.0 mm; c, 0.5 mm). [from Kott 1990]
The family Pycnoclavellidae Kott, 1990 has characters that to some extent resemble those of Clavelinidae, having smooth aperture...
Pycnoclavellid species were formerly included in the family Clavelinidae owing to the smooth-rimmed apertures and the presence o...
Two genera are known. The monotypic Euclavella Kott, 1990 has a temperate range from New Zealand to eastern Australia, and Pycno...
References
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Kott, P. (2005). Pycnoclavella (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from the Western Indian Ocean. African Zoology 40(2): 8 pp.
Trason, W.B. (1963). The life cycle and affinities of the colonial ascidian Pycnoclavella stanleyi. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 65(4): 283-326
Euclavella Kott, 1990
Euclavella claviformis (Herdman, 1891)
Colella claviformis Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders, ...
Amaroucium anomalum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [76]. Type data: holotype AM U353 (G2107). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Clavelina sigillaria Michaelsen, W. (1924). Ascidiae Krikobranchiae von Neuseeland, den Chatham und den Auckland Inseln. Vidensk...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [79].
Pycnoclavella Garstang, 1891
Pycnoclavella arenosa (Kott, 1972)
Oxycorynia arenosa Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Invest...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [69] (as Pycnoclavella arenosa).
Pycnoclavella aurantia Kott, 1990
Pycnoclavella aurantia Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [71]. Type data: holotype QM GH2295. Type locality: reef, Nuyts Archipelago, Franklin Is., 15 m, SA.
Pycnoclavella detorta (Sluiter, 1904)
Podoclavella detorta Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [6]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU761.1. Type locality: 15 m, Indonesia [7°55\'30\"S 114°26\'E].
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [71] (as Pycnoclavella detorta).
Pycnoclavella diminuta (Kott, 1957)
Clavelina diminuta Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Pol...
Clavelina nodula Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investig...
Archidistoma richeri Monniot, F. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie V. Polycitoridae du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)10A(2): 197-235 [199]. Type data: holotype MNHP A3-ARC-4*. Type locality: lagoon, New Caledonia.
Archidistoma rubripunctum Monniot, F. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie V. Polycitoridae du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. N...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [73].
Pycnoclavella elongata Kott, 1990
Pycnoclavella elongata Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [76...
Pycnoclavella tabella Kott, 1990
Pycnoclavella tabella Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [77]. Type data: holotype QM G10161, paratypes QM G9257, SAMA E1982. Type locality: on reef, Portsea, 1.8 m, VIC.
RITTERELLIDAE
Fig. 12. Ritterella pedunculata (Herdman, 1899): a, part of colony; b, zooid; c, larva. (Scale bars: a = 2.0 mm; b = 0.5 mm; c = 0.2 mm). [from Kott 1992]
Genera in the family Ritterellidae Kott, 1992 have 6-lobed, separately opening apertures, a short abdomen, a stomach with a long...
Zooids are distinguished from those of Protopolyclinidae and Euherdmaniidae by their long posterior abdomen with serially arrang...
A few tropical species are known, but Ritterellidae are mainly temperate, in the western Pacific both north and south of the tro...
References
Brewin, B.I. (1952). Ascidians of New Zealand, Part 7 Ascidians from Otago coastal waters, Part 2. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 79(3/4): 452-458
Harant, H. (1931). Contributions à l\'histoire naturelle des ascidies et de leurs parasites. Ann. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco 8(4): 229-389
Kott, P. (1957). The sessile Tunicata. Scient. Rep. John Murray Exped. 10(4): 129-149
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620
Monniot, F. (1974). Ascidies littorales et bathyales récoltés au cours de la campagne Biaçores: Aplousobranches. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (3)173(226): 1287-1325
Ritter, W.E. (1903). The structure and affinities of Herdmania claviformis, the type of a new genus and family of ascidians from the coast of California. pp. 237-261, pls xviii, xix. In, Mark Anniversary Volume. New York : Henry Holt & Co.
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Dumus Brewin, 1952
Dumus areniferus Brewin, 1952
Dumus areniferus Brewin, B.I. (1952). Ascidians of New Zealand, Part 7 Ascidians from Otago coastal waters, Part 2. Trans. R. So...
Ritterella Harant, 1931
Ritterella asymmetrica Millar, 1966
Ritterella asymmetrica Millar, R.H. (1966). Ascidiacea, Port Phillip Survey. Mem. Natl. Mus. Vic. 27: 357-375 [361]. Type data: syntypes NMV H39. Type locality: Port Phillip Bay, VIC.
Ritterella compacta Kott, 1992
Ritterella compacta Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [403...
Ritterella cornuta Kott, 1992
Ritterella cornuta Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [405]. Type data: holotype QM GH4176 (SAMA E2098). Type locality: Price Is., SA.
Ritterella dispar Kott, 1957
Ritterella dispar Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and Poly...
Ritterella multistigmata Kott, 1992
Ritterella multistigmata Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620...
Ritterella papillata Kott, 1992
Ritterella papillata Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 3, Aplousobranchia (2). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 377-620 [409]. Type data: holotype QM GH4148 (SAMA E2097), paratype(s) QM GH4217. Type locality: Price Is., SA.
Ritterella pedunculata (Herdman, 1891)
Psammaplidium pedunculatum Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-o...
Ritterella herdmania Kott, P. (1957). Ascidians of Australia II. Aplousobranchiata Lahille; Clavelinidae Forbes and Hanley and P...
STOMOZOIDAE
Fig. 13. Stomozoa australiensis Kott, 1990: a, single lobe of a colony with zooid openings distended; b, zooid, much contracted. (Scale bars: a = 2.0 mm; b, 0.5 mm). [from Kott 1990].
The family Stomozoidae Kott, 1990 is small, containing only three known species, two in Australia and one with a cosmopolitan di...
Although they are not inconspicuous, forming fleshy cushion-like colonies, species of this genus are seldom recorded, and possibly their preferred habitat has not yet been located.
References
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Stomozoa Kott, 1957
Stomozoa australiensis Kott, 1990
Stomozoa australiensis Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [157]. Type data: holotype QM GH974, paratype(s) QM GH946, GH2392.
Type locality: Topgallant Is., Great Australian Bight, 5 m, SA.
Stomozoa bellissima Kott, 1990
Stomozoa bellissima Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 2, Aplousobranchia (1). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 1-266 [159]. Type data: holotype QM G9267, paratype(s) QM GH4918. Type locality: Bundegi Reef, Exmouth, WA.
UNPLACED SPECIES
The following names cannot be placed with certainty, for reasons given below, and are listed here as Species Inquirendae.
Species Inquirenda
Atopogaster aurantiaca Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ...
Leptoclinum fimbriatum Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [...
Amaroucium rotundatum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, S...
Polyclinum clava Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney...
Polyclinum complanatum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, ...
Polyclinum fuscum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydne...
Didemnum rottnesti Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Mar. F...
Trididemnum spiculatum Kott, P. (1962). The ascidians of Australia III. Aplousobranchiata Lahille: Didemnidae Giard. Aust. J. Ma...
Polysyncraton victoriense Kott, P. (1976). Ascidian fauna of Western Port Bay, Victoria and a comparison with that of Port Phill...
PHLEBOBRANCHIA
The suborder Phlebobranchia (order Enterogona) is characterised by having unpaired gonads present only on the same side of the b...
Phlebobranch taxa occurring in Australia are documented in Kott (1985). Family level taxa are characterised principally by the s...
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662
Kott, P. (1973). Plurellidae, a new phlebobranchiate family of the Ascidiacea. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 97(4): 258-261
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
AGNEZIIDAE
Fig. 14. Agnezia glaciata (Michaelsen, 1898): a, body removed from the test, from left side; b, portion of the branchial sac. (Scale bars: a, 1.0 mm; b, 0.25 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The family Agneziidae Monniot & Monniot, 1991 is a group of diverse genera. There are two subfamilies, Agneziinae Monniot & Monn...
In Agneziinae the test is thin and often has embedded sand making it stiff and brittle. However (in contrast to the Plurellidae)...
A single species of Agnezia Monniot & Monniot, 1991 (a replacement name for Agnesia Michaelsen, 1898) and three of Adagnesia Kot...
Caenagnesia Ärnbäck, 1938 from the Antarctic, and Proagnesia Monniot & Monniot, 1973 from deep water, have not been recorded from Australia.
The family, (as Agnesiidae Huntsman, 1912), is discussed in Kott (1985).
References
Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, A. (1938). Ascidiacea. Further zool. Results Swed. Antarct. Exped. 1901-1 3(4): 1-54
Forbes, E. & Hanley, S.C.T. (1952). A History of British Mollusca and their Shells. (1848- 1952). London : John van Voorst Vol. 1,2 & 4 (appendix) pp. 1-54, 369-376, 244-246
Huntsman, A.G. (1912). Ascidians from the coasts of Canada. Trans. R. Can. Inst. 9: 111-148
Huus, J. (1937). Ascidiaceae. pp. 545-692 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)6
Kott, P. (1963). Adagnesia opaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a remarkable ascidian of the family Agnesiidae from Moreton Bay, Queensland. Univ. Qd Pap. Dept. Zool. 2(3): 75-79
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1973). Ascidies abyssales récoltées au cours de la campagne océanographique Biaçores par le Jean Charcot. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (3)93(121): 389-475
Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1991). Tunicata: peuplements d\'ascidies profondes en Nouvelle- Calédonie. Diversité des stratégies ad...
AGNEZIINAE
Adagnesia Kott, 1963
Adagnesia charcoti Monniot & Monniot, 1973
Adagnesia charcoti Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1973). Ascidies abyssales récoltées au cours de la campagne océanographique Biaçor...
Adagnesia opaca Kott, 1963
Adagnesia opaca Kott, P. (1963). Adagnesia opaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a remarkable ascidian of the family Agnesiidae from Moreto...
Adagnesia venusta Kott, 1985
Adagnesia venusta Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [82]. Type data: holotype NMV H381, paratypes NMV F51569, NMV H394. Type locality: Bass Strait, VIC.
Agnezia Monniot & Monniot, 1991
Agnezia glaciata (Michaelsen, 1898)
Agnesia glaciata Michaelsen, W. (1898). Vorläufige Mitteilung uber einige Tunicaten aus dem Magalhaenischen Gebiet sowie von Süd...
Agnesia krausei Michaelsen, W. (1912). Die Tethyiden (Styeliden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg, nebst nachtrag und Anh...
Agnesia himeboja Oka, A. (1915). Eine neue Ascidienart aus der Gattung Agnesia Michaelsen. Annot. Zool. Jap. 9: 1-6 [1]. Type data: syntypes UTZM 46* (M39). Type locality: Tateyama Bay, Awa Province, 10-14 m, Japan.
Agnesia sabulosa Oka, A. (1929). Eine zweite japanische Art der Gattung. Agnesia. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 5: 152-154 [152]. Type data: syntypes UTZM 150* (M236). Type locality: Hakodate, 20-30 m, Japan.
Agnesia capensis Millar, R.H. (1955). On a collection of ascidians from South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 125(1): 169-221 [191]. Type data: holotype BMNH 29.4.48*. Type locality: False Bay, 22-24 m, South Africa.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1969). Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarct. Res. Ser. 13: i-xv 1-239 [97].
ASCIDIIDAE
Fig. 15. Ascidia decepta Kott, 1985: a, external appearance; b, boby musculature. (Scale bars = 2.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The family Ascidiidae Herdman, 1882 contains solitary forms, usually with a relatively firm, inflexible, gelatinous, translucent...
Occasionally the test is brittle with embedded sand, e.g. Ascidia thompsoni Kott, 1952 and Ascidia scaevola (Sluiter, 1904). In ...
The unusual morphology of Ascidia scaevola is unique amongst the otherwise relatively uniform species of this family and demonst...
The family contains three closely related genera:
Ascidiella Mueller, 1776, which contains only one well known species (the type of the genus), is known mostly from Europe. Howev...
Phallusia Savigny, 1816 species are large with thick, firm and translucent test. The ciliated pit, the primary opening of the ne...
Ascidia Linnaeus, 1767, has 19 recorded species in Australian waters. It is possible that this number will increase when more re...
Kott (1985) reviewed the family in Australian waters.
References
Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt I, Ascidiae simplices. Zool. Chall. Exped. 6(17): 1-296
Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Linnaeus, C. (1767). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecim. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii Tom. 2, pp. 1087, 1089, 1294, 1295, 1319
Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus.
Ruppert, E.E. (1990). Structure, ultrastructure and function of the neural gland complex of Ascidia interrupta (Chordata, Ascidi...
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126
Ascidia Linnaeus, 1767
Ascidia archaia Sluiter, 1890
Ascidia archaia Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niede...
Ascidia aperta Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exp...
Ascidia rhabdophora Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Sibog...
Phallusia corelloides Van Name, W.G. (1924). Bijdragen tot de kennis der fauna van Curaçao. Resultaten einer Reis van Dr C.J. Va...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [26].
Ascidia capillata Sluiter, 1887
Ascidia capillata Sluiter, C.P. (1887). Einfache Ascidien aus der Bai von Batavia. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 46: 242-266 [255]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU219. Type locality: Bay of Jakarta (as Djakarta), Indonesia.
Ascidia austera Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Ex...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [30].
Ascidia challengeri Herdman, 1882
Ascidia challengeri Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Ascidia charcoti Sluiter, C.P. (1905). Note préliminaire sur les ascidiens holosomates de l\'Expédition Antarctique Française com...
Ascidia dispar Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, A. (1938). Ascidiacea. Further zool. Results Swed. Antarct. Exped. 1901-1 3(4): 1-54 [48]. Type data: holotype NHRM 1504*. Type locality: Grytviken, 22 m, South Georgia [54°22\'S 36°28\'W].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1969). Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarct. Res. Ser. 13: i-xv 1-239 [90].
Ascidia decepta Kott, 1985
Ascidia decepta Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-44...
Ascidia empheres Sluiter, 1895
Ascidia empheres Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen A...
Ascidia gemmata Sluiter, 1895
Ascidia gemmata Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Ar...
Ascidia glabra Hartmeyer, 1922
Ascidia glabra Hartmeyer, R. (1922). Miscellanea Ascidiologica. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10: 299-323 [305]. Type data: syntypes ZMH K1341*, ZMB 3846*. Type locality: Fremantle, WA.
Ascidia kreagra Sluiter, 1895
Ascidia kreagra Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Ar...
Ascidia latesiphonica Hartmeyer, 1922
Ascidia latesiphonica Hartmeyer, R. (1922). Miscellanea Ascidiologica. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10: 299-323 [307]. Type data: holo...
Ascidia malaca australiensis Hartmeyer, R. (1927). Zur Kenntnis phlebobranchiater und dictyobranchiater Ascidien. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 13: 157-194 [161]. Type data: holotype ZMH K1343. Type locality: Freshwater Bay, Swan River, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440.
Ascidia liberata Sluiter, 1887
Ascidia liberata Sluiter, C.P. (1887). Einfache Ascidien aus der Bai von Batavia. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 46: 242-266 [251]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU244. Type locality: Bay of Jakarta (as Djakarta), 12-20 m, Indonesia.
Ascidia solomonensis Nishikawa, T. (1986). Ascidians from the Gilbert and Solomon Islands and Nauru. I. Perophoridae, Ascidiidae...
Ascidia dorsalis Monniot, C. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle- Calédonie I. Phlebobranches du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(1): 3-31 [9]. Type data: holotype MNHP P5ASC A179*. Type locality: Amédée, New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [634].
Ascidia munda Sluiter, 1898
Ascidia translucida Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in N...
Ascidia munda Sluiter, C.P. (1898). Beiträge zur Kenntnis dei Fauna von Südafrica II. Tunicaten. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 1-64 [5] [nom. nov. for Ascidia translucida Sluiter, 1890].
Ascidia nerea Kott, 1985
Ascidia nerea Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 ...
Ascidia occidentalis Kott, 1985
Ascidia occidentalis Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23:...
Ascidia parasamea Kott, 1985
Ascidia parasamea Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-...
Ascidia prolata Kott, 1985
Ascidia prolata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [50]. Type data: holotype QM GH2023. Type locality: Ninepin Point, TAS.
Ascidia scaevola (Sluiter, 1904)
Styelopsis scaevola Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [89]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1066. Type locality: 32 m, Indonesia [1°42\'30\"S 130°47\'30\"E].
Ascidia aclara Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [309]. Type data: holotype AM Y1648. Type locality: 5-6 miles E of Lakes Entrance, 38 m, VIC.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [53].
Ascidia sydneiensis Stimpson, 1855
Ascidia sydneiensis Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 387-388 [387]. Type data: syntypes (probable) HMN Case Nr22*. Type locality: Port Jackson, low tide, NSW.
Ascidia canaliculata Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 83-109 [84-91]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.
Ascidia pyriformis Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Ascidiidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 10(1): 458-472 [468]. Type data: syntypes BMNH 1887.2.4.174, 1887.2.4.175. Type locality: Port Jackson, 12 m, NSW.
Phallusia longitubis Traustedt, M.P.A. (1882). Vestindiske Ascidiae Simplices, Forste Afdeling. Phallusiadae. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1881: 257-288 [277]. Type data: holotype ZMUC*. Type locality: St Thomas, West Indies.
Ascidia diplozoon Sluiter, C.P. (1887). Einfache Ascidien aus der Bai von Batavia. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 46: 242-266 [249]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU224. Type locality: Bay of Jakarta (as Djakarta), Indonesia.
Ascidia limosa Sluiter, C.P. (1887). Einfache Ascidien aus der Bai von Batavia. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 46: 242-266 [257]. Type...
Ascidia divisa Sluiter, C.P. (1898). Beiträge zur Kenntnis dei Fauna von Südafrica II. Tunicaten. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 1- 64 [...
Ascidia incerta Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [446] [nom. nud.].
Ascidia incerta Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [11]. Type data: holotype AM U135 (G2088). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Ascidia bisulca Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Ex...
Ascidia donnani Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [303]. Type data: holotype BMNH*. Type locality: Novakaddu Paar, Gulf of Manaar, Sri Lanka.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südw...
Ascidia thompsoni Kott, 1952
Ascidia thompsoni Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [312]. Type data: holotype AM Y1668. Type locality: Great Taylor Bay, 9 m, TAS.
Ascidiella Roule, 1883
Ascidiella aspersa (Mueller, 1776)
Ascidia aspersa Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus. [225]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Adriatic Sea.
Ascidia patula Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus. [225]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Christiana Fjord, Norway.
Ascidia scabra Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus. [225]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Adriatic Sea.
Ascidia cristata Risso, A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l\'Europe méridionale. Vol. 4. Paris & Stras...
Ascidia pedunculata Hoffman, F. (1829). Einige Bemerkungen über die Vegetation und die fauna von Helgoland. Sber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berl. 1: 228-260 [242]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Denmark.
Ascidia opalina Macgillivray, W. (1843). A History of the Molluscous Animals of the Counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine and Banff. ...
Ascidia albida Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions ...
Ascidia elliptica Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transactio...
Ascidia pellucida Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transactio...
Ascidia sordida Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transactions...
Ascidia aculeata Alder, J. (1863). Observations on the British Tunicata with descriptions of several new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)11: 153-173 [156]. Type data: syntypes HMN*. Type locality: Lamlash Bay, Arran, Scotland and Bantry Bay, SW Ireland.
Ascidia pustulosa Alder, J. (1863). Observations on the British Tunicata with descriptions of several new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)11: 153-173 [154]. Type data: holotype HMN*. Type locality: Fowey Harbour, Cornwall, England.
Ascidia affinis Hancock, A. (1870). On the larval state of Molgula with a description of several new species of simple ascidians...
Ascidia normanni Alder, J. & Hancock, A. in Hancock, A. (1870). On the larval state of Molgula; with descriptions of several new...
Ascidia trianularis Herdman, W.A. (1881). Notes on the British Tunicata with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 15: 274-290. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Firth of Clyde, Scottland.
Ascidia truncata Herdman, W.A. (1881). Notes on the British Tunicata with descriptions of new species. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 15: 274-290 [280]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Firth of Clyde, Scotland.
Ascidia expansa Kiaer, J. (1893). Oversight över Norges ascidiae simplices. Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist. 9: 1-105 [26]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Bergen, Norway.
Ascidia minuta Kiaer, J. (1893). Oversight över Norges ascidiae simplices. Forh. Vidensk. Selsk. Krist. 9: 1-105. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Aure, Norway.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Roule, L. (1884). Recherches sur les ascidies simples des côtes de Provence 1. Phallusiadées. A...
Phallusia Savigny, 1816
Phallusia arabica Savigny, 1816
Phallusia arabica Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Phallusia philippinensis Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [63] (excepting Phallusia julinea Sluiter, 1915 (sic) and its synonyms, included erroneously on p. 61).
Phallusia barbarica Kott, 1985
Phallusia barbarica Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [63]. Type data: holotype QM GH3086, paratype(s) QM GH2488. Type locality: Cleveland Point, Moreton Bay, QLD.
Phallusia julinea Sluiter, 1919
Phallusia julinea Sluiter, C.P. (1919). Ueber einige alte neue Ascidien aus dem Zoologischen Museum von Amsterdam. Bijdr. Dierk....
Type data: holotype ZMA TU742. Type locality: Java Sea, Nassi Besar Is., 20 m, Indonesia.
Phallusia millari Kott, 1985
Phallusia millari Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [66]. Type data: holotype QM GH699, paratype(s) QM GH700. Type locality: Abbot Bay, Euri Creek, 16 m, QLD.
Phallusia obesa (Herdman, 1880)
Ascidia (Pachychlaena) obesa Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Ascidiidae. ...
Ascidia (Pachychlaena) oblonga Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Ascidiidae...
Ascidia phallusioides Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [446] [nom. nud.].
Ascidia phallusioides Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, S...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [308].
Phallusia polytrema (Herdman, 1906)
Ascidia polytrema Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [306]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.30.6. Type locality: south ends of Cheval and Periya Paars, Sri Lanka.
Ascidia pandora Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [48]. Type data: holotype QM GH2045. Type locality: Wistari Reef, 3 m, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Plurascidia marquesana Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2000). Ascidiacea: Plurellidae collected in the Pacific Ocean by the cruises M...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue...
CORELLIDAE
Fig. 16. Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816). (Scale bar = 5.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The family Corellidae Herdman, 1882, in common with most phlebobranchs, contains robust ascidians with a firm gelatinous test an...
Among Corellinae, Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882 is the only species presently known from Australia. It is recorded from both t...
The only species in the subfamily Rhodosomatinae recorded from Australia, Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816), is widely distribu...
References
Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Ascidiidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 10(1): 458-472
Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt I, Ascidiae simplices. Zool. Chall. Exped. 6(17): 1-296
Kott, P. (1969). Antarctic Ascidiacea. A monographic account of the known species based on specimens collected under U.S. Government auspices 1947 to 1963. Antarct. Res. Ser. 13: i-xv 1-239
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Seeliger, O. (1893). Appendicularien and Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 1-48 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl. 1
Traustedt, M.P.A. (1882). Vestindiske Ascidiae Simplices, Forste Afdeling. Phallusiadae. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1881: 257-288
Corella Alder, 1870
Corella eumyota Traustedt, 1882
Corella eumyota Traustedt, M.P.A. (1882). Vestindiske Ascidiae Simplices, Forste Afdeling. Phallusiadae. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1881: 257-288 [271]. Type data: holotype ZMUC*. Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile, Pacific Ocean.
Corella novarae Drasche, R. von (1884). Ueber einige neue und weniger gekannte aussereuropäische einfache Ascidien. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 48: 369-387 [382]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: St Paul Is., Indian Ocean.
Corella antarctica Sluiter, C.P. (1905). Note préliminaire sur les ascidiens holosomates de l\'Expédition Antarctique Française c...
Corella valentinae Kesteven, H.L. (1909). Studies on Tunicata no. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34: 276-295 [286]. Type data: syntypes AM U565, U566. Type locality: Hobart Harbour, 9 m, TAS.
Corella benedeni Beneden, E. van & Sélys-Longchamps, M. (1913). Tuniciers. Caducichordata (Ascidiacés et Thaliacés). Résult. Voy...
Corella dohrni Beneden, E. van & Sélys-Longchamps, M. (1913). Tuniciers. Caducichordata (Ascidiacés et Thaliacés). Résult. Voyag...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Name, W.G. (1945). The North and South American ascidians. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 84: 1-476 [212].
Rhodosoma Ehrenberg, 1828
Rhodosoma turcicum (Savigny, 1816)
Phallusia turcica Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Rhodosoma verecundum Ehrenberg, C.G. (1828). Zoologica Vol. 1, Praefatio. fol. 3. In, Symbolae Physicae seu Icones et descriptio...
Schizascus papillosus Stimpson, W. (1855). Description of some new marine invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proc....
Schizascus pellucidus Stimpson, W. (1855). Description of some new marine invertebrata from the Chinese and Japanese Seas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 377-378 [377]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: China coast.
Pera huxleyi Macdonald, J.D. (1862). On a new Tunicata occurring on one of the Bellona Reefs. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 6: 78-81 [78]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Bellona Reefs, New Caledonia [21°51\'S 159°29\'E].
Chevreulius callensis Lacaze-Duthiers, F.J.H. (1865). Sur un genre nouveau d\'ascidien, le Chevreulius callensis Lac.-Duth. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (5)4: 293-316 [293]. Type data: syntypes MNHP P4 RHO3*. Type locality: La Calle, Mediterranean Sea.
Rhodosoma seminudum Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 83-109 [89]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Jamaica, West Indies.
Rhodosoma pyxis Traustedt, M.P.A. (1882). Vestindiske Ascidiae Simplices, Forste Afdeling. Phallusiadae. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1881: 257-288 [274]. Type data: holotype ZMUC*. Type locality: Chile.
Corellascidia herdmani Hartmeyer, R. (1900). Nachtrag zu Monascidien von Ternate. Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 25(1): 235-242 [236]. Type data: holotype SMF* (depository uncertain). Type locality: littoral, Ternate, Indonesia.
Rhodosoma ceylonicum Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [302]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.30.4. Type locality: Palk Bay, Sri Lanka.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [313].
PEROPHORIDAE
Fig. 17. a, b, Perophora namei Hartmeyer & Michaelsen, 1928, colony and contracted zooid removed from test; c, Perophora multistigmata Kott, 1952, zooid test. (Scale bars: a = 5.0 mm; b = 0.5 mm; c = 0.2 mm). [from Kott 1985]
Species of the family Perophoridae Giard, 1872 are colonies in which small zooids develop from the mesodermal tissue in the vess...
Embryos are incubated in a brood pouch in the parietal body wall. They are large with ocellus and otolith and antero-median adhe...
The family is well represented in Australian waters by eight species of the exclusively tropical genus Ecteinascidia and six spe...
References
Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1-354
Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662
Goodbody, I. (1994). The tropical western Atlantic Perophoridae (Ascidiacea): 1. The genus Perophora. Bull. Mar. Sci 55(1): 176-192
Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part 2. Ascidiidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 10: 714-726
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653
Wiegmann, A.F.A. (1835). Tunicata. Arch Naturg. 1(1): 309
Ecteinascidia Herdman, 1880
Ecteinascidia diaphanis Sluiter, 1885
Ecteinascidia diaphanis Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 4...
Ecteinascidia hataii Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-150 [1...
Ecteinascidia koumaci Monniot, C. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie I. Phlebobranches du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat....
Ecteinascidia ndouae Monniot, C. (1991). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie VIII. Phlébobranches (suite). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [90]; Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [635].
Ecteinascidia flora Kott, 1952
Ecteinascidia flora Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [316]. Type data: syntypes AM U3903, U3970. Type locality: 28°03´S 113°E, 35 m, WA.
Ecteinascidia imperfecta Tokioka, 1950
Ecteinascidia imperfecta Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-15...
Ecteinascidia remanea Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383 [...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1636].
Ecteinascidia maxima Kott, 1985
Ecteinascidia maxima Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [93]. Type data: holotype QM GH50. Type locality: reef, Sugarloaf, Lord Howe Is., 17 m.
Ecteinascidia nexa Sluiter, 1904
Ecteinascidia nexa Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [11]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU558.5. Type locality: reef, Karkaralong Group, Indonesia.
Eteinascidia hornelli Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [298]...
Ecteinascidia tokaraensis Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal...
Ecteinascidia aequale Monniot, C. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie I. Phlebobranches du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)9A(1): 3-31 [25]. Type data: holotype MNHP P2 ECT.43*. Type locality: lagoon, New Caledonia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [94]; Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [635].
Ecteinascidia rubricollis Sluiter, 1885
Ecteinascidia rubricollis Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind....
Ecteinascidia koumaci Monniot, C. (1987). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie I. Phlebobranches du Lagon. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1637].
Ecteinascidia sluiteri Herdman, 1906
Ecteinascidia sluiteri Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [300]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.30.2. Type locality: off north end Karativo Is., 20-50 m, Sri Lanka.
Ecteinascidia vitta Monniot, C. (1992). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XI. Phlebobranches et Stolidobranches du Plateau des Ches...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1639].
Ecteinascidia thurstoni Herdman, 1890
Ecteinascidia thurstoni Herdman, W.A. (1890). On the genus Ecteinascidia and its relations; with descriptions of two new species...
Perophora Wiegmann, 1835
Perophora clavata Kott, 1985
Perophora clavata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [102]. Type data: holotype QM G12732. Type locality: 2 km off Ninety Mile Beach, Bass Strait, 17 m, VIC.
Perophora hutchisoni Macdonald, 1859
Perophora hutchisoni Macdonald, J.D. (1859). On the anatomical characters of an Australian species of Perophora. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 22: 377-379 [377]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: King Georges Sound, Albany, SW WA.
Perophora boltenina Michaelsen, W. (1922). Ascidiae Ptychobranchiae und Diktyobranchiae von Neusseeland und dem Chatham-Inseln. ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [269].
Perophora longicaulis Kott, 2003
Perophora longicaulis Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1633]. Type data: holotype WAM 206.87. Type locality: SW Long Is., 18 m, Wallabi Group, Houtman\'s Abrolhos, WA.
Perophora modificata Kott, 1985
Perophora modificata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [104]. Type data: holotype QM GH283. Type locality: channel face, Deltaic Reef, northern Great Barrier reef, QLD.
Perophora multiclathrata (Sluiter, 1904)
Ecteinascidia multiclathrata Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [12]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU558.4. Type locality: reef, Nusalaut Is., Indonesia.
Ecteinascidia formosana Oka, A. (1931). Ueber eine neue species von Ecteinascidia aus Formosa. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 7: 173-175 [173]. Type data: syntypes BLIH 203*. Type locality: Hoko-kô, Taiwan (as Formosa).
Perophora orientalis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, A. (1935). A notable case of relation in Perophora. Ark. Zool. 28B(9): 1-6 [6]. Type data: syntypes NHRM 1496*. Type locality: Misaki Biological Station, Japan.
Perophora africana Millar, R.H. (1955). On a collection of ascidians from the Gold Coast. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 123(11): 277-325 [304]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1959.5.27.10*. Type locality: Dix Cove Shore, Gold Coast, W Africa.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus....
Perophora multistigmata Kott, 1952
Perophora multistigmata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [313]. Type data: syntypes AM U3904, AM U3969. Type locality: Dunwich, Moreton Bay, QLD.
Perophora namei Hartmeyer & Michaelsen, 1928
Perophora namei Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [270]. Type data: holotype USNM 5926*. Type locality: near Zamboanga Light, Mindadas, 20 m, Philippines.
Perophora sabulosa Kott, 1990
Perophora sabulosa Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus...
PLURELLIDAE
Fig. 18. Plurella elongata Kott, 1973, portion of zooid in test. (Scale bar = 1.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
In the family Plurellidae Kott, 1973, parts of the body wall along the dorsal mid-line, both anterior and posterior to the atria...
In the genus Plurella Kott, 1973, the male duct divides into distal branches, each expanded into a seminal vesicle to open with ...
In both colonial Plurella and solitary Microgastra the test is sandy, hard and sometimes brittle, and the very thin body wall ge...
Plurella is known from four species, three tropical (Plurella kottae Monniot. F. & C., 1996, P. monogyna Monniot, F. & C., 2000,...
References
Kott, P. (1973). Plurellidae, a new phlebobranchiate family of the Ascidiacea. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 97(4): 258-261
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298
Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. Micronesica 29(2): 133-279
Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2000). Ascidiacea: Plurellidae collected in the Pacific Ocean by the cruises MUSORSTOM, KARUBAR and t...
Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126
Microgastra Kott, 1985
Microgastra granosa (Sluiter, 1904)
Ascidia granosa Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [36]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU267.8. Type locality: 8°30´S 119°07´E, 73 m, Indonesia.
Ascidia lapidosa Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga E...
Ascidia mikrenterica Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [37]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU254. Type locality: 204 m, Indonesia [5°28\'24\"S 132°00\'12\"E].
Ascidia aenigmatica Nishikawa, T. (1986). Some ascidians dredged around the Oki Islands, the Japan Sea. Mem. Natl. Sci. Mus. (To...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Que...
Plurella Kott, 1973
Plurella elongata Kott, 1973
Plurella elongata Kott, P. (1973). Plurellidae, a new phlebobranchiate family of the Ascidiacea. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 97(4): 258-261 [258]. Type data: holotype NMV 164, paratype(s) NMV 165, 166. Type locality: Investigator Strait, SA.
UNPLACED SPECIES
The following names cannot be placed with certainty, for reasons given below, and are listed as Species Inquirendae.
Species Inquirenda
Ascidia aurora Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe ...
Ascidia reticulata Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrol...
Ascidia tumulus Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe...
Ascidia succida Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: ...
Ascidia cylindracea Herdman, W.A. (1880). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger expedition. Part 2. Ascidiidae. P...
STOLIDOBRANCHIA
Like Phlebobranchia, the suborder Stolidobranchia (order Pleurogona) has the gut embedded in the parietal body wall outside the ...
The suborder appears to have evolved from a phlebobranch ancestor through selection for adaptations associated with relatively l...
The genus Cynthia Savigny, 1816 contained sessile ascidians with coriaceous test, four-lobed apertures, branchial folds, simple ...
Colonial forms occur in subfamilies of the Styelidae, but not in Pyuridae or Molgulidae. Changes associated with the evolution o...
The characters relevant at familial level are the body muscles; The numbers of branchial folds and form of the stigmata; the for...
References
Heller, C. (1877). Untersuchungen über die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittlemeeres (3). Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 37(1): 241-275
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
HEXACROBYLIDAE
Fig. 19. Oligotrema psammites Bourne, 1903, individual, removed from test, from ventral surface. (Scale bar = 2.0 mm). [from Kott 1989]
The family Hexacrobylidae Seeliger, 1906 is characterised by a large buccal cavity surrounded by six arms (usually branched) con...
A proposal (Monniot et al. 1975) that the family represents a class of Tunicata separate from the Ascidiacea cannot be sustained...
This is one of the few deep (abyssal) water families so far recorded from the Australian region. Its occurrence in Australian waters has been reviewed by Kott (1989, 1992).
References
Kott, P. (1989). The family Hexacrobylidae Seeliger, 1906 (Ascidiacea, Tunicata). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 27(2): 517-534
Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655
Monniot, C., Monniot, F. & Gaill, F. (1975). Les Sorberacea: une nouvelle classe des tuniciers. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 116: 77-122
Seeliger, O. (1906). Appendicularien und Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 1041-1168 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl.
Asajirus Kott, 1989
Asajirus indicus (Oka, 1913)
Hexacrobylus indicus Oka, A. (1913). Zur Kenntnis der zwei aberranten Ascidien Gattungen Dicopia Sluiter and Hexacrobylus Sluiter. Zool. Anz. 43: 1-10 [6]. Type data: syntypes (probable) IM*. Type locality: near Sri Lanka, 4000 m, Indian Ocean.
Hexacrobylus arcticus Hartmeyer, R. (1923). Ascidiacea, part I. Zugleich eine Übersicht über die Arktische und boreale Ascidienf...
Hexacrobylus eunuchus Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1976). Tuniciers abyssaux du bassin argentin récoltés par \'l\'Atlantis II\'. Bull...
Hexadactylus longitestis Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1990). Revision of the class Sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with description...
Hexadactylus millari Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1990). Revision of the class Sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of...
Hexadactylus seeligeri Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1990). Revision of the class Sorberacea (benthic tunicates) with descriptions of seven new species. Linn. Soc. Zool. 99: 239-290 [281].
Type data: syntypes MNHP H-HEX 17*. Type locality: 3450 m, Comoro Is., Indian Ocean [11°59\'S 45°42\'36\"E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [648].
Oligotrema Bourne, 1903
Oligotrema psammites Bourne, 1903
Oligotrema psammites Bourne, G.C. (1903). Oligotrema psammites; a new ascidian belonging to the family Molgulidae. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 47: 233-272 [233]. Type data: holotype whereabouts unknown. Type locality: near Lifu, 90 m, New Britain.
Hexacrobylus psammatodes Sluiter, C.P. (1905). Zwei merkwürdige Ascidien von der Siboga-Expedition. Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver. (2)9: 325-327 [326]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU564. Type locality: 1158 m, Laut Banda, Indonesia [5°40\'42\"S 120°45\'30\"E].
Sorbera digonas Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1984). Nouvelles Sorberacea (Tunicata) profondes de l\'Atlantique sud et de l\'Océan In...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1989). The family Hexacrobylidae Seeliger, 1906 (Ascidiacea, Tunicata). Mem. Queensl. Mus. 27(2): 517-534 [524]; Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [650].
MOLGULIDAE
Fig. 20. Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1934): a, external appearance of nodose specimen; b, right side of body showing kidney and gonad with clumps of male follicles at proximal end of ovary. (Scales: a = 5.0 mm; b = 2.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The Molgulidae Lacaze-Duthiers, 1877 have a thin but often sand-embedded test, branched branchial tentacles and stigmata coiled ...
Certain species of the Molgulidae, like some Polycarpa (Styelidae), have viviparous larvae and some develop directly without pas...
The family is well represented in Australia by the genus Molgula (12 species), Eugyra (3 species) and a species of Pareugyrioide...
The genera not represented in the Australian fauna are known from polar waters or from deeper abyssal waters (see Kott 1985). Around the Australian coast, deeper waters have not yet been explored adequately for these benthic organisms.
References
Berrill, N.J. (1955). The Origin of Vertebrates. London : Oxford University Press 257 pp.
Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440
Lacaze-Duthiers, F.J.H. (1877). Histoire des ascidies simples des côtes de France Pt 2. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 6: 457-676
Eugyra Alder & Hancock, 1870
Eugyra mammillata Kott, 1985
Eugyra mammillata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-...
Eugyra millimetra Kott, 1985
Eugyra millimetra Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [391]. Type data: syntypes NMV F51475. Type locality: Bass Strait, 5 m, VIC [40°09\'12\"S 147°31\'54\"E].
Eugyra molguloides Sluiter, 1904
Caesira pellucida Macdonald, J.D. (1859). On the anatomical characters of three Australian species of Tunicata referable to Savi...
Eugyra molguloides Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga...
Eugyra moretonensis Kott, P. (1972). Some sublittoral ascidians in Moreton Bay and their seasonal occurrence. Mem. Queensl. Mus....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Que...
Molgula Forbes, 1848
Molgula calvata Sluiter, 1904
Molgula calvata Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [116]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU690.1. Type locality: reef, Saleyer Is., Indonesia.
Molgula reducta Hartmeyer, R. (1922). Miscellanea Ascidiologica. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10: 299-323 [306]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB 3829*. Type locality: Oyster Harbour, 0.75-5.5 m, Albany, WA.
Molgula medusa Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [297]. Type data: syntypes AM Y794, Y1900. Type locality: Oyster Harbour, Albany, WA.
Molgula minuta Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [295]. Type data: syntypes AM Y793. Type locality: reef undercuts, Triggs Is., WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [369].
Molgula diversa Kott, 1972
Molgula diversa Kott, P. (1972). Some sublittoral ascidians in Moreton Bay and their seasonal occurrence. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 16(...
Molgula ellistoni Kott, 1972
Molgula ellistoni Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investigator Strait. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 96(4): 165-196 [190]. Type data: holotype SAMA E907. Type locality: Elliston Bay, SA.
Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
Caesira ficus Macdonald, J.D. (1859). On the anatomical characters of three Australian species of Tunicata referable to Savigny\'s subgenus Caesira. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 22: 367-371 [368]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Shark Bay, WA.
Molgula forbesi Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae; Molgulidae. P...
Molgula martensii Traustedt, M.P.A. (1885). Ascidiae simplices far det Stille Ocean. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1884: 1-160 [19]. Type data: syntypes ZMH K14*, USNM 5557*. Type locality: Dampier Archipelago, WA.
Ascopera nana Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [57]. Type data: syntypes AM U268, G2501. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Molgula godeffroyi Michaelsen, W. (1908). Die Molguliden des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Hamburg. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 25(2): 117-152 [142]. Type data: holotype ZMH*. Type locality: Bowen, QLD.
Molgula mortoni Kesteven, H.L. (1909). Studies on Tunicata no. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34: 276-295 [289]. Type data: holotype AM U559. Type locality: Hobart, 14-40 m, TAS.
Molgula batemani Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [296]. Type data: syntypes AM Y789, Y1884. Type locality: piles and ship\'s hull, Fremantle Harbour, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Que...
Molgula incidata Kott, 1985
Molgula incidata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [377]. Type data: holotype QM GH1806, paratype(s) QM GH1807. Type locality: Mission Beach, QLD.
Molgula malvinensis Ärnbäck., 1938
Molgula malvinensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, A. (1938). Ascidiacea. Further zool. Results Swed. Antarct. Exped. 1901-1 3(4): 1-54 [5]. Type data: syntypes NHRM 1499*. Type locality: Falkland Is., Subantarctic.
Molgula spiralis Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [134]. Type data: holotype AM Y1921. Type locality: Enderby Land, 193 m, Antarctica.
Molgula herdmani Brewin, B.I. (1958). Ascidians of New Zealand, Part 11. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 85(3): 439-453 [451]. Type data: holotype OMNZ*. Type locality: Stewart Is., New Zealand.
Molgula bathamae Millar, R.H. (1982). The marine fauna of New Zealand. Mem. N.Z. Oceanogr. Inst. 85: 1-117 [91]. Type data: holo...
Molgula longivascula Millar, R.H. (1982). The marine fauna of New Zealand. Mem. N.Z. Oceanogr. Inst. 85: 1-117 [93]. Type data: holotype NZOI H-270*, paratype(s) NZOI P-528*. Type locality: near Macquarie Is., 91 m, New Zealand [54°36\'24\"S 158°57\'E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [378].
Molgula manhattensis (DeKay, 1843)
Ascidea manhattensis DeKay, J.E. (1843). Mollusca Part 5. In, DeKay, J.E. (ed.) Natural History of New York. Albany : New York A...
Molgula sordida Stimpson, W. (1852). Several new ascidians from the coast of the United States. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 2...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Name, W.G. (1945). The North and South American ascidians. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 84: 1-476 [385].
Molgula mollis Herdman, 1899
Molgula mollis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [444] [nom. nud.].
Molgula sydneyensis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [444] [nom. nud.].
Molgula mollis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [54]. Type data: syntypes AM G12226, G2052. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Molgula sydneyensis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [55]. Type data: holotype AM U276. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebo- branchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [298].
Molgula mortenseni Michaelsen, 1922
Ctenicella mortenseni Michaelsen, W. (1922). Ascidiae Ptychobranchiae und Diktyobranchiae von Neusseeland und dem Chatham-Inseln...
Molgula rima Kott, 1972
Molgula rima Kott, P. (1972). Some sublittoral ascidians in Moreton Bay and their seasonal occurrence. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 16(2):...
Molgula sabulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidea sabulosa Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé. [614]. Type data: syntypes MNHP S3 MOL.A 178-181. Type locality: Westernport, VIC.
Caesira parasitica Macdonald, J.D. (1859). On the anatomical characters of three Australian species of Tunicata referable to Sav...
Molgula nodosa Hartmeyer, R. (1922). Miscellanea Ascidiologica. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10: 299-323 [304]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB 3827, 3728*. Type locality: Cottesloe Beach, WA.
Molgula janis Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [295]. Type data: syntypes AM Y792, Y1891. Type locality: Victor Harbour, west side of Granite Is., SA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [386].
Molgula sphaera Kott, 1972
Molgula sphaera Kott, P. (1972). Some sublittoral ascidians in Moreton Bay and their seasonal occurrence. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 16(...
Molgula discogona Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3(20): 205-336 [325]. Type data: holotype ZMUC 12.xii.1906*. Type locality: Singapore.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [388].
Pareugyrioides Hartmeyer, 1914
Pareugyrioides exigua (Kott, 1972)
Molgula exigua Kott, P. (1972). Some sublittoral ascidians in Moreton Bay and their seasonal occurrence. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 16(2...
Eugyra flabelligona Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). Steenstrupia 3(20): 205-336 [328].
Type data: holotype ZMUC 5.iv.29*. Type locality: Bali Strait, 70 m, Indonesia [8°23\'S 114°29\'E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [394].
PYURIDAE
Fig. 21. Pyrua spp.: a, Pyrua stolonifera (Heller, 1878), external appearance; b, Pyrua abradata Kott, 1985, gut with arborescent liver, and gonad. (Scale bars: a = 10.0 mm; b = 5.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The family Pyuridae Hartmeyer, 1908 contains robust species with tough fibrous tests, branched branchial tentacles, more than fo...
Siphonal and test armature such as spines, bristles and scale-like thickenings often occur in the surface test, as well as hair ...
Pyuridae are represented in Australian waters by the diverse shallow water genera, namely, Pyura Molina, 1782 (26 species, with ...
References
Hartmeyer, R. (1908). Zur Terminologie der Familien und Gattungen der Ascidien. Zool. Annln. 3: 1-63
Heller, C. (1877). Untersuchungen über die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittlemeeres (3). Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 37(1): 241-275
Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia I. Spencer Gulf, St Vincent Gulf and Encounter Bay. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 96(1): 1-52
Kott, P. (1989). Form and function in the Ascidiacea. Bull. Mar. Sci 45: 253-276
Lacaze-Duthiers, F.J.H. (1877). Histoire des ascidies simples des côtes de France Pt 2. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 6: 457-676
Lahille, F. (1888). Etude systématique des tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 1887(2): 667-677
Molina, G.I. (1782). Animali de Chili. In, Saggio sulla storia naturale de Chili. Bologna : Stamperia di S. Tomaso d\'Aquino 2 1810th Edn 367 pp.
Ritter, W.E. (1913). The simple ascidians from the north-eastern Pacific in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 45: 427-505
Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la classe des Ascidies pp. 1-239. In Mémoires sur les Animaux sans Vertèbres, Pt 2. Paris : G. Dufour.
Van Name, W.G. (1918). Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 100(1): 49-174
Verrill, A.E. & Rathbun, R. (1879). List of marine invertebrata from the New England coast distributed by the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, ser. 1. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 2: 231-232
Claudenus Kott, 1998
Claudenus antipodus (Kott, 1972)
Ctenicella antipoda Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia I. Spencer Gulf, St Vincent Gulf and Encounter Bay. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 96(1): 1-52 [44]. Type data: holotype SAMA E877. Type locality: off Yankalilla Bay, 12-20 m, SA.
Ctenyura Van Name, 1918
Ctenyura tetraplexa Kott, 1985
Ctenyura tetraplexa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [334]. Type data: holotype ZMUC, paratype(s) ZMUC. Type locality: off Cape Howe, 60-100 m, VIC [37°05\'S 150°05\'E].
Ctenyura tortuosa Kott, 1985
Ctenyura tortuosa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-...
Culeolus Herdman, 1881
Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, 1904
Culeolus herdmani Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga ...
Halocynthia Verrill, 1879
Halocynthia dumosa (Stimpson, 1855)
Cynthia dumosa Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 387-388 [388]. Type data: type status unknown USNM (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Cynthia hispida Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. P...
Cynthia crinitistellata Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Cynthia crinitistellata Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [34]. Type data: syntypes AM U273 (G2068), AM G12230. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue...
Halocynthia papillosa (Gunnerus, 1765)
Tethyum coriaceum Bohadsch, J.B. (1761). Bohadsch dequibusdam Animalibus marinis eorumque protietatibus liber. cap. vii (De Teth...
Tethyum papillosum Gunnerus, J.E. (1765). Söe-Pungen (Tethyum sociabile) fulständige beskreven. Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift. 3: 81-10...
Ascidia rustica Risso, A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l\'Europe méridionale. Vol. 4. Paris & Strasb...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G....
Hartmeyeria Ritter, 1913
Hartmeyeria formosa Herdman, 1881
Hartmeyeria formosa Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [58]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1887.2.4.51. Type locality: Torres Strait.
Cynthia spinifera Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Cynthia spinifera Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydne...
Microcosmus acanthifera Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [363].
Herdmania Lahille, 1888
Herdmania fimbriae Kott, 2002
Herdmania fimbriae Kott, P. (2002). The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata) in Australian waters. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool...
Herdmania grandis (Heller, 1878)
Cynthia grandis Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 83-109 [97]. Type data: holotype ZMH*. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Cynthia complanata Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the year...
Microcosmus julinii Drasche, R. von (1884). Ueber einige neue und weniger gekannte aussereuropäische einfache Ascidien. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 48: 369-387 [371]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown*. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Microcosmus draschii Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders, families, sub-families and genera, and analytical keys to the species. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 23: 558-652 [575].
Type data: holotype AM U138. Type locality: Port Stephens, NSW.
Herdmania armata Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383 [337]. Type data: holotype MNHP S2 HER 20. Type locality: 10-18 m, Nivani, Papua New Guinea [10˚47.46\'S 152˚33.08\'E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2002). The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata) in Australian waters. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool. 134: 359-374 [363-365].
Herdmania mentula Kott, 2002
Herdmania mentula Kott, P. (2002). The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata) in Australian waters. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool....
Herdmania momus (Savigny, 1816)
Cynthia momus Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de la ...
Cynthia papietensis Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Herdmania momus curvata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw...
Herdmania contorta Monniot, C. (1992). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie XI. Phlebobranches et Stolidobranches du Plateau des Chest...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1918). Ascidia Ptychobranchia und Dictyobranchia des Roten Meeres. Expedition S...
Herdmania pallida (Heller, 1878)
Cynthia pallida Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 83-109 [96]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMH* (depository uncertain). Type locality: Mauritius, Palau Ils, Tahiti.
Rhabdocynthia ceylonica Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [309]. Type data: holotype BMNH*. Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2002). The genus Herdmania Lahille, 1888 (Tunicata) in Australian waters. J. Linn. Soc. London Zool. 134: 359-374 [369-372].
Microcosmus Heller, 1877
Microcosmus australis Herdman, 1899
Microcosmus australis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [444] [nom. nud.].
Microcosmus australis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [23]. Type data: syntypes AM G2060. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Microcosmus ramsayi Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [25]. Type data: syntypes AM G2061. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [404].
Microcosmus curvus Tokioka, 1954
Microcosmus curvus Tokioka, T. (1954). Contributions to Japanese ascidian fauna VII. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone o...
Microcosmus bitunicatus Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1649].
Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, 1878
Microcosmus distans Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [18]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Jamaica, West Indies.
Microcosmus exasperatus Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [17]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Jamaica, West Indies.
Microcosmus variegatus Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [17]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Antilles, tropical west Atlantic Ocean.
Microcosmus biconvolutus Sluiter, C.P. (1898). Tuniciers récueillis en 1896 par la Chazalie dans la Mers des Antilles. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. 11: 5-34 [26]. Type data: type status unknown ZMA TU618*. Type locality: Schottegat, Curaçao, West Indies.
Microcosmus miniatus Verrill, A.E. (1900). Additions to the Tunicata and Molluscoidea of the Bermudas. Trans. Conneticut Acad. S...
Microcosmus haemisphaerium Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [52]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU635.2*. Type locality: reef, Saleyer Is., Indonesia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [403].
Microcosmus helleri Herdman, 1881
Microcosmus helleri Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulida...
Microcosmus manaarensis Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [311]. Type data: syntypes BMNH 1907.8.30.11* (whereabouts of other syntype(s) unknown). Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Microcosmus goanus Michaelsen, W. (1918). Die Ptychobranchen und Diktyobranchen Ascidien des westlichen Indischen Ozeans. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 35(2): 1-71 [12].
Type data: holotype (probable) ZMH*. Type locality: Delgoa Bay, Maputo, Mozambique (as near Lourenço Marques, Portuguese East Africa).
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [349].
Microcosmus madagascariensis Michaelsen, 1918
Microcosmus madagascariensis Michaelsen, W. (1918). Die Ptychobranchen und Diktyobranchen Ascidien des westlichen Indischen Ozeans. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 35(2): 1-71 [20]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMH*. Type locality: Nossi Bé, Malagasy.
Microcosmus agglutinans Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Austral...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. & Michaelsen, W. (1928). Ascidiae Diktyobranchiae und Ptychobranchiae. Fauna Südwest-Aust. 5: 251-460 [398].
Microcosmus planus Kott, 1975
Microcosmus planus Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and addi...
Microcosmus propinquus Herdman, 1881
Microcosmus propinquus Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgul...
Microcosmus nichollsi Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [290]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1800. Type locality: Flinders Is., VIC.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [353].
Microcosmus pupa (Savigny, 1816)
Cynthia pupa Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples- Système de la ...
Microcosmus pacificus Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (2001). Ascidians from the tropical western Pacific. Zoosystema 23(2): 201-383 [...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [1649].
Microcosmus squamiger Michaelsen, 1927
Microcosmus exasperatus australis Michaelsen, W. (1908). Die Pyuriden (Halocynthiiden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg. ...
Microcosmus claudicans squamiger Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [197] [nom. nov. for Microcosmos exasperatus australis Michaelsen, 1908].
Microcosmus stoloniferus Kott, 1952
Microcosmus stolonifera Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [291]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1798. Type locality: coast of King Is., Bass Strait.
Microcosmus tuberculatus Kott, 1985
Microcosmus tuberculatus Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus....
Pyura Molina, 1782
Pyura abradata Kott, 1985
Pyura abradata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [287]. Type data: holotype QM G10001. Type locality: American River Inlet, Kangaroo Is., SA.
Pyura arenosa (Herdman, 1881)
Cynthia arenosa Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [59]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1887.2.4.52/4. Type locality: Arafura Sea.
Cynthia jacatrensis Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in N...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [289].
Pyura australis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidia australis Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrola...
Pyura australis parvispinatus Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. ...
Pyura confragosa Kott, 1985
Pyura confragosa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [293]. Type data: holotype QM GH366. Type locality: Moreton Is., Moreton Bay, 15 m, QLD.
Pyura crassacapitata Kott, 1985
Pyura crassacapitata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [295]. Type data: holotype QM G11910. Type locality: on black beacon, reef edge, Mudjimbah, Maroochydore, QLD.
Pyura curvigona Tokioka, 1950
Pyura curvigona Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-150 [147] [...
Pyura elongata Tokioka, 1952
Pyura elongata Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed in the Araf...
Pyura fissa (Herdman, 1881)
Cynthia fissa Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [58]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1887.2.4.48-9. Type locality: Bass Strait, VIC.
Pyura gangelion (Savigny, 1816)
Cynthia gangelion Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Halocynthia sansibarica Michaelsen, W. (1908). Die Pyuriden (Halocynthiiden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 25(2): 227-287 [251]. Type data: holotype MGH T 91*. Type locality: Zanzibar.
Pyura obesa Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 1910-1913...
Pyura robusta Hartmeyer, R. (1922). Miscellanea Ascidiologica. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 10: 299-323 [319] [nom. nov. for Pyrua obesa Hartmeyer, 1919].
Pyura albanyensis Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [193]. Type data: holotype MGH K1395. Type locality: Oyster Harbour, Albany, 0.75-5.5 m, WA.
Pyura scoresbiensis Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia I. Spencer Gulf, St Vincent Gulf and Encounter Bay. Trans....
Pyura tongaea Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1976). Les ascidies de la côte du Mozambique. Rev. Zool. Afr. 90(2): 357-393 [381]. Type data: holotype MNHP S2 PYU 21. Type locality: d\'Inhaca, Mozambique.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queen...
Pyura gibbosa (Heller, 1878)
Taxonomic decision for subspecific arrangement: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [302].
Pyura gibbosa draschii Kott, 1972
Pyura pachydermatina draschii Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight...
Pyura gibbosa gibbosa (Heller, 1878)
Cynthia gibbosa Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [27]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMH. Type locality: Bass Strait, VIC.
Pyura irregularis (Herdman, 1881)
Cynthia irregularis Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulida...
Pyura isobella Kott, 1985
Pyura isobella Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [307]. Type data: holotype QM GH1448, paratype(s) QM G8576. Type locality: on rocks, Ulladulla, NSW.
Pyura littoralis (Kott, 1956)
Culeolus littoralis Kott, P. (1956). A new species of ascidian (Genus Culeolus Herdman, Family Pyuridae) from the west coast of ...
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [310] (as Pyura littoralis).
Pyura molguloides (Herdman, 1899)
Cynthia molguloides Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Cynthia molguloides Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [27]. Type data: holotype AM U275. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Pyura tendata Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investigato...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queen...
Pyura navicula Kott, 1985
Pyura navicula Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [314]. Type data: holotype QM GH369. Type locality: Cowan Cowan, Moreton Is., Moreton Bay, 20 m, QLD.
Pyura ostreophila Michaelsen, 1927
Pyura ostreophila Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [195]. Type data: holotype ZMB 3786* (an aggregate of 40 specimens). Type locality: Oyster Harbour, Albany, 0.75-5.5 m, WA.
Pyura rapaformis Kott, 1990
Pyura rapaformis Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. ...
Pyura sacciformis (Drasche, 1884)
Cynthia sacciformis Drasche, R. von (1884). Ueber einige neue und weniger gekannte aussereuropäische einfache Ascidien. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 48: 369-387 [376]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMB 57*. Type locality: Yokohama, Japan.
Cynthia japonica Traustedt, M.P.A. (1885). Ascidiae simplices far det Stille Ocean. Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren. 1884: 1-160 [30]. Type data: holotype ZMUC*. Type locality: Japan.
Cynthia sanderi Traustedt, M.P.A. & Weltner, W. (1894). Bericht über die von Herrn Dr Sander gesammelten Tunicaten. Arch. Naturgesch. 60(1): 10-14 [11]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB 382, 383*. Type locality: Nagasaki, Japan.
Halocynthia jokoboja Oka, A. (1906). Notizen über japanische ascidien 1. Annot. Zool. Jpn. 6(1): 37-52 [47]. Type data: holotype UTZM 338 M22*. Type locality: Tatyama, Japan.
Halocynthia michaelseni Oka, A. (1906). Notizen über japanische ascidien 1. Annot. Zool. Jpn. 6(1): 37-52 [46]. Type data: type status unknown UTZM (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: Ozika Peninsula, Japan.
Hyalocynthia histrix Oka, A. (1930). Ueber eine merkwürdige Cynthiide aus der Bucht von Sagami. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 6: 317-320 [317]. Type data: holotype UTZM 242* (M124). Type locality: Sagami Bay, Japan.
Pyura aspera Tokioka, T. (1949). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna I. Ascidians collected by Prof. Mijadi and Mr Masu...
Pyura masuii Tokioka, T. (1949). Contributions to the Japanese ascidian fauna II. Notes on some ascidians collected chiefly alon...
Pyura plicata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [278]. Type data: holotype AM Y1856. Type locality: on jetty piles, Hamelin Bay, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queen...
Pyura scortea Kott, 1985
Pyura scortea Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [324]. Type data: holotype QM G9666. Type locality: Cockburn Sound, WA.
Pyura spinifera (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidia spinifera Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrola...
Boltenia australiensis Carter, H.J. (1885). Descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, South Australi...
Boltenia tuberculata Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders,...
Cynthia multiradicata Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Cynthia multiradicata Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [30]. Type data: holotype AM U384 (G2065). Type locality: Port Stephens, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [325].
Pyura spinosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidie spinosa Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe...
Cynthia cerebriformis Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [57]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1887.2.4.47. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Cynthia cataphracta Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Cynthia cataphracta Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [31]. Type data: syntypes AM U250 (G2066). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Pyura leeuwinia Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [277]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1840, Y1841. Type locality: north side of Trigg\'s Is., WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [327].
Pyura stolonifera (Heller, 1878)
Cynthia praeputialis Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [12]. Type data: holotype ZMH K93. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Cynthia stolonifera Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [10]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain). Type locality: Simons Bay, South Africa.
Microcosmus herdmani Drasche, R. von (1884). Ueber einige neue und weniger gekannte aussereuropäische einfache Ascidien. Denksch...
Microcosmus coalitus Sluiter, C.P. (1898). Beiträge zur Kenntnis dei Fauna von Südafrica II. Tunicaten. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 11: 1-64 [57]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU603*. Type locality: Port Nolloth, SW coast, South Africa.
Cynthiopsis valdiviae Michaelsen, W. (1904). Die stolidobranchiaten Ascidien der deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. dt...
Halocynthia vanhoeffeni Michaelsen, W. (1904). Die stolidobranchiaten Ascidien der deutschen Tiefsee- Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. \'Valdivia\' 7: 183-260 [197]. Type data: holotype ZMB 1653*. Type locality: Luderitz Bay, South Africa.
Pyura bradleyi Van Name, W.G. (1931). New North and South American ascidians. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 61: 207-225 [221]. Type data: holotype YPM 2934*, paratype(s) AMNH 871*. Type locality: Zorritos, Peru.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1923). Neue und altbekannte ascidien aus dem Reichsmuseum zu Stockholm. Mitt. Z...
Pyura tasmanensis Kott, 1985
Pyura tasmanensis Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [331]. Type data: holotype TMH D1881, paratype(s) TMH D720. Type locality: Neck Canal, Ralph\'s Bay, TAS.
Pyura viarecta Kott, 1985
Pyura viarecta Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [333]. Type data: holotype QM GH1388. Type locality: southern reef slope, Heron Is., 10 m, QLD.
STYELIDAE
Fig. 22. Styelid species, left body wall showing gut and gonads, with scattered endocars: a, Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823); b, Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890). (Scale bars = 2.0 mm). [from Kott 1985]
The family Styelidae Sluiter, 1895 is diverse, containing solitary species (Styelinae) as well as colonial ones, some with cloac...
The best known genera of the solitary Styelinae are Styela Fleming, 1822, with branching male follicles in the body wall around ...
Polycarpa is unusual in having some viviparous species in which the oviducts are directed ventrally or in which the ovaries with...
Like Aplousobranchia (which are almost exclusively colonial), colonial subfamilies Polyzoinae and Botryllinae have viviparous la...
Polyzoinae, characterised by their separately opening atrial apertures, are a diverse subfamily with numerous genera, ranging fr...
The most diverse genera of the Styelinae in Australian waters are Cnemidocarpa (14 species) and Polycarpa (33 species). Both gen...
Polyzoinae, are also well represented by the Polycarpa-like Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904 (10 species of which eight are indig...
References
Berrill, N.J. (1955). The Origin of Vertebrates. London : Oxford University Press 257 pp.
Brewin, B.I. (1946). Ascidians in the vicinty of the Portobello Marine Biological Station, Otago Harbour. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. 76(2): 87-131
Fleming, J. (1822). The Philosophy of Zoology. Vol. 2. Edinburgh and London pp. 508-518.
Gaertner, J. (1774). Zoophyta, quaedam minuta. pp. 24-41 in Pallas, P.S. Specilegia Zoologia. Berolini : G.A. Lange fasc. 10
Gray, J.E. (1868). Note on Oculinaria, a new genus of social Ascidia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868: 564-565
Heller, C. (1877). Untersuchungen über die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittlemeeres (3). Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 37(1): 241-275
Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt II, Ascidiae compositae. Zool. Chall. Exped. 14(38): 1-425
Huntsman, A.G. (1912). Ascidians from the coasts of Canada. Trans. R. Can. Inst. 9: 111-148
Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653
Lacaze-Duthiers, F.J.H. & Délage, Y. (1892). Faune des Cynthiadées de Roscoff et côtes de Bretagne. Mém. pres. div. Sav. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 45(2): 1-319
Lesson, R.P. (1830). Zoologie. pp. 256-279, 433-440 in Lesson, R.P. Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette La Coquille pendant 1822-1825. Paris : P. Pourret Frères Vol. 2(1)
Michaelsen, W. (1904). Revision der compositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21(2): 1-124
Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326
Monniot, C. (1988). Ascidies de Nouvelle-Calédonie IV. Styelidae (suite). Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (4)10A(2): 163-196
Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1987). Les ascidies de Polynésie française. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 136: 1-155
Sabbadin, A. (1979). Ascidian colonial structure and genetics. pp. 433-444 in Larwood, G.L. & Rosen, B.R. (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms. London : Academic Press
Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Archipel. Denkschr. Med.- Naturw. Ges. Jena 8: 163-186; Nachtrag zu den tunicaten: 325-326.
BOTRYLLINAE
Botrylloides Milne-Edwards, 1841
Botrylloides anceps (Herdman, 1891)
Sarcobotrylloides anceps Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-ord...
Botrylloides nigrum magnicoecum Hartmeyer, R. (1912). Die Ascidien der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. \'Valdivia\' 16(3): 223-392 [271]. Type data: holotype NHMW 57816*. Type locality: South Africa.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [276].
Botrylloides firmus (F. Monniot & C. Monniot, 1996)
Botryllus firmus Monniot, F. & Monniot, C. (1996). New collections of ascidians from the western Pacific and Southeastern Asia. ...
Botrylloides leachii (Savigny, 1816)
Botryllus leachii Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Botrylloides albicans Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [304]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Botrylloides rotifera Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [303]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Botrylloides rubrum Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [303]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Botrylloides radiata Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transac...
Botrylloides ramulosa Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transa...
Botrylloides pusilla Alder, J. (1863). Observations on the British Tunicata with descriptions of several new species. Ann. Mag. ...
Botrylloides sparsa Alder, J. (1863). Observations on the British Tunicata with descriptions of several new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3)11: 153-173 [172]. Type data: holotype HMN*. Type locality: St Peters Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands.
Botrylloides clavelina Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [632]. Type data: type status unknown (destroyed with Wimereux Laboratory). Type locality: unknown.
Botrylloides insigne Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [633]. Type data: type status unknown (destroyed with Wimereux Laboratory). Type locality: (on beaches after storms).
Botrylloides prostratum Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [632]. Type data: type status unknown (destroyed with Wimereux Laboratory). Type locality: unknown.
Botrylloides boloniense Giard, A.M. (1875). Laboratoire de Zoologie maritime à Wimereux (Pas-de-Calais). Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. A...
Botrylloides fulgurale Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ...
Botrylloides purpureum Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the ...
Botrylloides tyreum Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the yea...
Botrylloides cyanescens Giard, A.M. (1888). Le Laboratoire de Wimereux en 1888 (recherches fauniques). Bull. Scient. Fr. Belg. 9: 495-496, 512-513 [513]. Type data: type status unknown (destroyed with Wimereux Laboratory). Type locality: English Channel.
Botrylloides parvulus Huitfield-Kaas, H.J. (1896). Synascidiae. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876-1878, 23 Zoology, Tunicata 1...
Sarcobotrylloides espevaerense Huitfield-Kaas, H.J. (1896). Synascidiae. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition 1876-1878, 23 Zoology, T...
Botrylloides leptum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [101]. Type data: syntypes AM U361 (G2120), AM Y1584. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Sarcobotrylloides jacksonianum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [102]. Type data: syntypes AM G2121. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Sarcobotrylloides pannosum Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [105]. Type data: syntypes AM Y2123. Type locality: Port Stephens, NSW.
Botrylloides translucidum Hartmeyer, R. (1912). Die Ascidien der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped. \'Valdivia\' 16(3): 223-392 [272]. Type data: syntypes NHMW 57817, 57818*. Type locality: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.
Botrylloides vinosa Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1912). The British Tunicata III J. Hopkinson, editor. Ray Soc. Publs 8: 1-113 [81]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Japan.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. (1923). Ascidiacea, part I. Zugleich eine Übersicht über die Arktische und boreal...
Botrylloides perspicuus Herdman, 1886
Botrylloides perspicuum Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the...
Botrylloides saccus Kott, 2003
Botrylloides saccus Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611- 1653 [1645]. Type data: syntypes SAMA E2868. Type locality: Peneshaw Jetty, 4-6 m, Kangaroo Is., SA.
Botryllus Gaertner, 1774
Botryllus purpureus (Oka, 1932)
Psammobotrus purpureus Oka, A. (1932). Ueber Psammobotrus purpureus n.g. n.sp., eine mit sand bedeckte Botryllide. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 8: 102-104 [102]. Type data: syntypes UTZM 255 * (S408). Type locality: Japan.
Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766)
Alcyonium schlosseri Pallas, P.S. (1766). Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitaru...
Botryllus stellatus Gaertner, J. (1774). Zoophyta, quaedam minuta. pp. 24-41 in Pallas, P.S. Specilegia Zoologia. Berolini : G.A. Lange fasc. 10 [37]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: shores of Cornwall to Penzance, England.
Alcyonium borlasii Turton, W. (1807). pp. 132, 207-208 in, The British Fauna, containing a compendium of the Zoology of the Brit...
Botryllus polycyclus Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système...
Botryllus gemmeus Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Botryllus minutus Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de...
Aplidium verrucosum Dalyell, J.D. (1839). Edinburgh New Philosophy Journal. 26: 152-158. [155]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Firth of Forth, Scotland.
Botryllus violaceus Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. In...
Botryllus smaragdus Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. In...
Botryllus bivittatus Milne-Edwards, H. (1841). Observations sur les ascidies composées des côtes de la Manche. Mem. Acad. Sci. Inst. Fr. 18: 217-326 [308]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Langrune, (Channel coast) France.
Botryllus rubens Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transaction...
Botryllus castaneus Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transact...
Botryllus virescens Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1848). Tunicata in Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. Transact...
Botryllus gouldii Verrill, A.E. (1871). Descriptions of some imperfectly known and new ascidians from New England. Amer. J. Sci....
Botryllus calendula Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [623]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus pruinosus Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [627]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus aurolineatus Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [629]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus morio Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [629]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus marionis Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [630]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus rubigo Giard, A.M. (1872). Recherches sur les ascidies composées ou synascidies. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 1: 613-662 [631]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Roscoff, France.
Botryllus violatinctus Hartmeyer, R. (1909). Ascidien (continuation of work by Seeliger). pp. 1281-1488 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen u...
Botryllus badius Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1912). The British Tunicata III J. Hopkinson, editor. Ray Soc. Publs 8: 1-113 [70]. Type data: holotype HMN*. Type locality: Isle of Man, England.
Botryllus calyculatus Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1912). The British Tunicata III J. Hopkinson, editor. Ray Soc. Publs 8: 1-113 [70]. Type data: holotype HMN*. Type locality: Peterhead, east coast of Scotland.
Botryllus miniatus Alder, J. & Hancock, A. (1912). The British Tunicata III J. Hopkinson, editor. Ray Soc. Publs 8: 1-113 [76]. Type data: holotype HMN*. Type locality: Falmouth, Cornwall, England.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Hartmeyer, R. (1923). Ascidiacea, part I. Zugleich eine Übersicht über die Arktische und boreale Ascidienfauna auf tiergeographischer Grundlage. Ingolf-Exped. 2(6): 1-365 [344].
Botryllus stewartensis Brewin, 1958
Botryllus stewartensis Brewin, B.I. (1958). Ascidians of New Zealand, Part 11. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans. R....
Parabotryllus nemorus Kott, P. (1975). The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and a...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [269].
Botryllus tuberatus Ritter & Forsyth, 1917
Botryllus tuberatus Ritter, W.E. & Forsyth, R.A. (1917). Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 16: 439-512 [461]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Santa Barbara, California, USA.
Botryllus communis Oka, A. (1927). Zur kenntnis der japanischen Botryllidae. Proc. Imp. Acad. Japan 3(9): 607- 609 [607]. Type data: syntypes (probable) UTZM 4(S33)*, UTZM 87(S184)*, UTZM 108(S15)*, UTZM 336(S175)*, UTZM 364(S1)*. Type locality: Japan.
Botryllus gracilis Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [203]. Type data: syntypes ZMH*. Type locality: South Passage, Dirk Hartog Is., Shark Bay, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [271].
POLYZOINAE
Botryllocarpa Hartmeyer, 1909
Botryllocarpa elongata Kott, 1990
Botryllocarpa elongata Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [283]. Type data: holotype AM Y2122. Type locality: Phillip Is., Bass Strait, VIC.
Chorizocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
Chorizocarpa guttata Michaelsen, 1904
Chorizocarpa guttata Michaelsen, W. (1904). Revision der compositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21(2): 1-124 [104]. Type data: syntypes ZMH, AM Y2012, Y2013 (depository uncertain). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW, to 20 m.
Chorizocarpa michaelseni (Sluiter, 1900)
Synstyela michaelseni Sluiter, C.P. (1900). Berichtigung über eine Synstyela-Art. Zool. Anz. 23: 110 [110]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1081. Type locality: Thursday Is., Torres Strait.
Chorizocarpa sydneyensis (Herdman, 1891)
Chorizocormus sydneyensis Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-or...
Chorizocormus leucophaeus Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-or...
Chorizocormus subfuscus Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orde...
Gynandrocarpa purpurea Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Si...
Gynandrocarpa systematica Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [262].
Eusynstyela Michaelsen, 1904
Eusynstyela grandis Kott, 1990
Eusynstyela grandis Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [276]. Type data: holotype QM GH4281. Type locality: Wistari Reef, Capricorn Group, Great Barrier Reef, QLD.
Eusynstyela latericius (Sluiter, 1904)
Gynandrocarpa latericius Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [94]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU562.1. Type locality: Sarassa Is., 36 m, Indonesia.
Gynandrocarpa (Eusynstyela) imthurni Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [228].
Metandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
Metandrocarpa agitata Kott, 1985
Metandrocarpa agitata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23...
Metandrocarpa indica Kott, 1972
Metandrocarpa indica Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Inve...
Metandrocarpa miniscula Kott, 1985
Metandrocarpa miniscula Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [254]. Type data: syntypes QM GH1500. Type locality: Mission Beach, QLD.
Oculinaria Gray, 1868
Oculinaria australis Gray, 1868
Oculinaria australis Gray, J.E. (1868). Note on Oculinaria, a new genus of social Ascidia. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1868: 564-565 [564]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1861.9.20.12*. Type locality: Fremantle, WA.
Polyandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
Polyandrocarpa abjornseni (Michaelsen, 1927)
Polycarpa abjornseni Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [200]...
Polyandrocarpa australiensis Kott, 1952
Polyandrocarpa australiensis Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. F...
Polyandrocarpa colemani Kott, 1992
Polyandrocarpa colemani Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621- 655 [641]. Type data: holotype QM GH5724, paratype(s) QM GH5392. Type locality: Cook Is., off Queensland border, 9 m, NSW.
Polyandrocarpa lapidosa (Herdman, 1891)
Goodsiria lapidosa Herdman, W.A. (1891). A revised classification of the Tunicata, with definitions of the orders, sub-orders, f...
Polyandrocarpa rollandi Tokioka, 1961
Polyandrocarpa rollandi Tokioka, T. (1961). Ascidians collected during the Melanesian Expedition of the Osaka Museum of Natural ...
Polyandrocarpa simulans Kott, 1972
Polyandrocarpa simulans Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and I...
Polyandrocarpa sparsa Kott, 1985
Polyandrocarpa sparsa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [222]. Type data: holotype QM G9591. Type locality: N Solitary Is., 6 m, NSW.
Polyandrocarpa triggiensis Kott, 1952
Polyandrocarpa triggiensis Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [248]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1301, Y1575. Type locality: north outer reef, Trigg\'s Is., WA.
Polyandrocarpa watsonia Kott, 1985
Polyandrocarpa watsonia Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [225]. Type data: holotype NMV H170. Type locality: 28 km S off Mallacoota Inlet, Rams Head, 6 m, VIC.
Polyzoa Lesson, 1831
Polyzoa exigua Kott, 1990
Polyzoa exigua Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [280]. Type data: holotype QM GH4628, paratype(s) QM GH4629-30. Type locality: Albany, WA.
Polyzoa nodosa Kott, 1990
Polyzoa nodosa Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [282]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2031, paratype(s) QM GH4154. Type locality: Price Is., SA.
Polyzoa violacea (Oka, 1915)
Monobotryllus violacea Oka, A. (1915). Report upon the Tunicata in the collection of the Indian Museum. Mem. Indian Mus. 6: 1-33 [20]. Type data: syntypes IM*. Type locality: Puri, Orissa, on oyster shell, India.
Dictyostyela depressa Oka, A. (1926). On the mode of gemmation in Dictyostyela depressa n.g., n.sp. (Ascidiae Sociales). Proc. I...
Polyzoa sagamiana Tokioka, T. (1953). Ascidians of Sagami Bay. Tokyo : Iwanami Shoten 313 pp. 79 pls [245]. Type data: holotype BLIH 199*. Type locality: Hasaki, off Sazima, Sagami Bay, 16 m, Japan.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [249].
Stolonica Lacaze-Duthiers & Délage, 1892
Stolonica agnata Kott, 1985
Stolonica agnata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [232]. Type data: holotype QM GH723. Type locality: off mouth of Don River, Abbot Point, 15 m, QLD.
Stolonica aluta Kott, 1985
Stolonica aluta Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-44...
Stolonica australis Michaelsen, 1927
Stolonica australis Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [202]. Type data: syntypes ZMH K1522*. Type locality: Middleton Beach, Albany, 5.5-8 m, WA.
Amphicarpa meridiana Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [246]. Type data: holotype QM GH2231, paratype(s) QM G10172. Type locality: Fly Point, Port Stephens, 10 m, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [278].
Stolonica brevigastra Kott, 2003
Stolonica brevigastra Kott, P. (2003). New syntheses and new species in the Australian Ascidiacea. J. Nat. Hist. 37: 1611-1653 [...
Stolonica carnosa Millar, 1963
Stolonica carnosa Millar, R.H. (1963). Australian ascidians in the British Museum (Natural History). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 141(4): 689-746 [735]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1962.1.12.25. Type locality: Cottesloe, WA.
Stolonica diptycha (Hartmeyer, 1919)
Distomus diptychos Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia 19...
Stolonica duploplicata Sluiter, 1913
Stolonica duploplicata Sluiter, C.P. (1913). Ascidien von den Aru-Inseln. Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges. 35: 65-78 [67]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU986. Type locality: Pulu Bambu, Aru Is., 10 m, Indonesia.
Stolonica nodula (Kott, 1985)
Amphicarpa nodula Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [247]. Type data: holotype QM GH702. Type locality: Abbot Point, 20 m, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [279] (as Stolonica nodula).
Stolonica reducta (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela reducta Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [72]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU1050. Type locality: 73 m, Indonesia [8°30\'S 119°07\'30\"E].
Amphicarpa elongata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [236]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1597, Y1599. Type locality: north end of outer reef, Trigg\'s Is., WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 29(1): 267-298 [280].
Stolonica styeliformis Van Name, 1918
Stolonica styeliformis Van Name, W.G. (1918). Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 100(1): 4...
Stolonica truncata Kott, 1972
Stolonica truncata Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Invest...
Symplegma Herdman, 1886
Symplegma arenosa Kott, 1972
Symplegma arenosa Kott, P. (1972). The ascidians of South Australia II. Eastern Sector of the Great Australian Bight and Investi...
Symplegma bahraini C. & F. Monniot, 1997
Symplegma bahraini Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1997). Records of ascidians from Bahrain, Arabian Gulf, with three new species. J....
Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904)
Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi Michaelsen, W. (1904). Revision der compositen Styeliden oder Polyzoinen. Jahrb. Hamb. Wiss. Anst. 21(2): 1-124 [50]. Type data: holotype MGH T205. Type locality: Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico.
Gynandrocarpa quadricornulis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [126]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU562.4. Type locality: Tual Anchorage, Kei Islands, Indonesia.
Symplegma oceania Tokioka, T. (1961). Ascidians collected during the Melanesian Expedition of the Osaka Museum of Natural Histor...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue...
Symplegma rubra Monniot, 1972
Symplegma rubra Monniot, C. (1972). Ascidies stolido- branches des Bermudes. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris (3(57) Zoology)43: 617-643 [622]. Type data: type status unknown* (not found). Type locality: Bermuda.
Symplegma teruakii Kott, 2004
Symplegma teruakii Kott, P. (2004). Ascidiacea (Tunicata) in Australian waters of the Timor and Arafura Seas. Beagle, Rec. Mus. ...
STYELINAE
Asterocarpa Brewin, 1946
Asterocarpa humilis (Heller, 1878)
Styela humilis Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 83- 109 [107]. Type data: type status unknown NHMW (depository uncertain, not found). Type locality: New Zealand.
Styela cerea Sluiter, C.P. (1900). Tunicaten aus dem Stillen Ocean. Zool. Jahrb. Syst. 13: 1-35 [24]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1087. Type locality: d\'Urville Is., New Zealand.
Dendrodoa gregaria Kesteven, H.L. (1909). Studies on Tunicata no. 1. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 34: 276-295 [291]. Type data: syntypes AM U563, U562, ZMB 2562*. Type locality: Hobart, TAS.
Tethyum (Styela) asymmetron Hartmeyer, R. (1912). Die Ascidien der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-Exped...
Cnemidocarpa robinsoni Hartmeyer, R. (1916). Neue und alte Styeliden aus der Sammlung des Berliner Museums. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 8(2): 203-230 [224]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB 2256*. Type locality: Juan Fernandez.
Cnemidocarpa aucklandica Bovien, P. (1922). Ascidiae from the Auckland and Campbell Islands (holosomatous forms). Papers from Dr...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1922). Ascidiae Ptychobranchiae und Diktyobranchiae von Neusseeland und dem Cha...
Cnemidocarpa Huntsman, 1912
Cnemidocarpa aculeata Kott, 1985
Cnemidocarpa aculeata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23...
Cnemidocarpa amphora Kott, 1992
Cnemidocarpa amphora Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [636]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2531, paratype(s) SAMA E2536. Type locality: 200 m offshore, North Point, Sir Joseph Banks Group, 7 m, SA.
Cnemidocarpa barbata Vinogradova, 1962
Cnemidocarpa barbata Vinogradova, N.G. (1962). Ascidiae simplices of the Indian part of the Atlantic. Biological results of the ...
Cnemidocarpa completa Kott, 1985
Cnemidocarpa completa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [124]. Type data: holotype NMV H634. Type locality: Little Squally Cove, Deal Is., 10 m, VIC.
Cnemidocarpa fissa Kott, 1985
Cnemidocarpa fissa Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [125]. Type data: holotype WAM 223.73. Type locality: E side Cockburn Sound, 9-10 m, WA [32°10\'51\"S 115°45\'12\"E].
Cnemidocarpa floccosa (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela floccosa Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Ex...
Cnemidocarpa intestinata Kott, 1985
Cnemidocarpa intestinata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [128]. Type data: holotype QM G9681. Type locality: Gladstone Harbour, 9 m, QLD [24°48\'39\"S 151°13\'19\"E].
Cnemidocarpa irene (Hartmeyer, 1906)
Styela esther Hartmeyer, R. (1906). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der japanischen Ascidienfauna. Zool. Anz. 31: 1-30 [8]. Type data: syntypes ZMB 2799*. Type locality: Fukuura, Sagami Bay, Japan.
Styela irene Hartmeyer, R. (1906). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der japanischen Ascidienfauna. Zool. Anz. 31: 1-30 [7]. Type data: holotype ZMB 2230*. Type locality: Myazu, Wakasa Bay, Japan.
Cnemidocarpa valborgi Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Australia...
Cnemidocarpa hartogi Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [198]...
Cnemidocarpa irma Hartmeyer, R. (1927). Zur Kenntnis phlebobranchiater und dictyobranchiater Ascidien. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 13: 157-194 [168]. Type data: holotype ZMB 3830*. Type locality: NNE of Northpoint of Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, 11-12.5 m, WA.
Styela pavementis Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [226]. Type data: holotype AM Y1696. Type locality: jetty piles, Thompson\'s Bay, Rottnest Is., WA.
Cnemidocarpa legalli Gravier, R. (1955). Ascidies récoltées par le Président Théodore Tissier (campagne de printemps 1951). Revu...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus....
Cnemidocarpa lobata (Kott, 1952)
Styela lobata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3...
Cnemidocarpa longata (Kott, 1954)
Styela longata Kott, P. (1954). Tunicata, Ascidians. Rep. B.A.N.Z. Antarct. Res. Exped. 1(4): 121-182 [145]. Type data: holotype AM Y996. Type locality: off north-east Tasmania.
Cnemidocarpa oligocarpa (Sluiter, 1885)
Styela oligocarpa Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-232 [187]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU1032. Type locality: between Mendanau and Belleton, 12 m, Indonesia.
Cnemidocarpa pedata (Herdman, 1881)
Polycarpa pedata Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [71]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1887.2.4.125. Type locality: Philippines.
Styela whiteleggii Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Styela whiteleggii Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [40]. Type data: syntypes AM U142, U282. Type locality: Port Stephens and Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Name, W.G. (1918). Ascidians from the Philippines and adjacent waters. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus....
Cnemidocarpa personata (Herdman, 1899)
Styela personata Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Styela personata Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [41]. Type data: syntypes AM U144 (G2074). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Tethyum (Styela) godeffroyi Michaelsen, W. (1912). Die Tethyiden (Styeliden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg, nebst nach...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [134].
Cnemidocarpa posthuma Hartmeyer, 1927
Cnemidocarpa posthuma Hartmeyer, R. (1927). Zur Kenntnis phlebobranchiater und dictyobranchiater Ascidien. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl...
Cnemidocarpa radicosa (Herdman, 1882)
Styela radicosa Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1...
Styela etheridgii Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Styela etheridgii Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [38]. Type data: syntypes AM U143 (G2071), AM G12232. Type locality: Port Stephens, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queen...
Cnemidocarpa stolonifera (Herdman, 1899)
Styela stolonifera Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Styela stolonifera Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [42]. Type data: holotype AM U145 (G2075). Type locality: Moreton Bay, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [138].
Cnemidocarpa tribranchiata Kott, 1992
Cnemidocarpa tribranchiata Kott, P. (1992). The Australian Ascidiacea, supplement 2. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 32(2): 621-655 [638]. Type data: holotype SAMA E2533, paratype(s) SAMA E2534. Type locality: Seal Rocks, Encounter Bay, 15 m, SA.
Cnemidocarpa tripartita Kott, 1985
Cnemidocarpa tripartita Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. ...
Monandrocarpa Michaelsen, 1904
Monandrocarpa plana (Kott, 1972)
Monoandrocarpa plana Kott, P. (1972). Notes on some ascidians from Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Port Hacking NSW. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 97(4): 241-257 [250]. Type data: holotype AM Y852. Type locality: off Cronulla, 160 m, NSW.
Polycarpa simplicigona Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tu...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [210].
Polycarpa Heller, 1877
Polycarpa argentata (Sluiter, 1890)
Styela argentata Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Nied...
Styela nutrix Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [86]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU976.18, TU976.19*. Type locality: Haingsisi, reef, Samau Is., Indonesia.
Polycarpa iwayamae Tokioka, T. (1950). Ascidians from the Palao Is. I. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 1(3): 115-150 [143...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [148].
Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidia aurata Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé. [559]. Type data: holotype MNHP S1 POL.B 121*. Type locality: New Guinea.
Polycarpa sulcata Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years...
Styela psoloessa Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Nied...
Styela (Polycarpa) pneumonodes Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Archipel. Denkschr. Med.- Naturw. Ges. Jena 8: 163-186; Nachtrag zu den tunicaten: 325-326. [179].
Type data: syntypes ZMA TU1046*. Type locality: Ambon, Indonesia.
Pandocia (Polycarpa) botryllifera Michaelsen, W. (1912). Die Tethyiden (Styeliden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg, nebs...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolid- obranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [150].
Polycarpa aurita (Sluiter, 1890)
Styela aurita Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederl...
Styela circumarata Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [70]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1108. Type locality: 16-23 m, Indonesia [6°07\'30\"N 120°26\'E].
Polycarpa polyphlebodes Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Austral...
Styela ramificata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [214]. Type data: holotype AM Y1691. Type locality: southside, Peel Is., Moreton Bay, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [152].
Polycarpa biforis (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela biforis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [78]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU101.4. Type locality: 32 m, Indonesia [1°42\'S 130°47\'30\"E].
Polycarpa chinensis (Tokioka, 1967)
Cnemidocarpa chinensis Tokioka, T. (1967). Pacific Tunicata of the United States National Museum. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. 251: 1-242 [188]. Type data: holotype USNM 11799, paratype(s) USNM 11800. Type locality: Hsia-men, China.
Polycarpa clavata Hartmeyer, 1919
Polycarpa aurata clavata Hartmeyer, R. (1919). Ascidien. In, Results of Dr E. Mjöberg\'s Swedish scientific expeditions to Austra...
Polycarpa contecta (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela contecta Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [66]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU1019. Type locality: Banda Is., 18-36 m, Indonesia.
Polycarpa decipiens Herdman, 1906
Polycarpa decipiens Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [324]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.3.20. Type locality: 10 miles N of Cheval Paar, 18 m, Sri Lanka.
Polycarpa sigmilineata Millar, R.H. (1975). Ascidians from the Indo-West Pacific region in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (Tu...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [163].
Polycarpa directa Kott, 1990
Polycarpa directa Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus....
Polycarpa flava Kott, 1985
Polycarpa flava Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [165]. Type data: holotype QM GH48. Type locality: reef, Point Nepean, 16 m, VIC.
Polycarpa fungiformis Herdman, 1899
Polycarpa fungiformis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [446] [nom. nud.].
Polycarpa fungiformis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [43]. Type data: holotype AM U146 (G2081). Type locality: Moreton Bay, QLD.
Polycarpa hartmeyeri Michaelsen, 1927
Polycarpa hartmeyeri Michaelsen, W. (1927). Einige neue westaustralische ptychobranchiate Ascidien. Zool. Anz. 71: 193-203 [199]. Type data: holotype ZMB 3745. Type locality: Shark Bay, 12 m, WA.
Polycarpa lucilla Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [171]. Type data: holotype QM GH1396. Type locality: deep, Abbot Point, 20 m, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1998). Tunicata. pp. 51-259 in Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemichordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata. Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing, Australia Vol. 34 298 pp. [209].
Polycarpa intonata Kott, 1985
Polycarpa intonata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1...
Polycarpa kapala Kott, 1990
Polycarpa kapala Kott, P. (1990). The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Mem. Queensl. Mus. ...
Polycarpa longiformis Tokioka, 1952
Polycarpa longiformis Tokioka, T. (1952). Ascidians collected by Messrs Renzi Wada and Seizi Wada from the Pearl Oyster bed in t...
Polycarpa molguloides Herdman, 1882
Polycarpa molguloides Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the y...
Polycarpa nigricans Heller, 1878
Polycarpa nigricans Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [20]. Type data: holotype ZMH*, paratypes ZMA TU726, ZMB 698*, ZMUC 26/6-1902*, USNM 5558*. Type locality: Mauritius.
Polycarpa nota Kott, 1985
Polycarpa nota Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [176]. Type data: holotype QM GH940. Type locality: reef flat, Heron Is., QLD.
Polycarpa obscura Heller, 1878
Polycarpa obscura Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [22]. Type d...
Styela cryptocarpa Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 16...
Polycarpa bassi Herdman, W.A. (1886). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1...
Styela albomarginata Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Sibo...
Polycarpa unilineata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [246]. Type data: holotype AM Y1776. Type locality: Mackay, 10 m, QLD.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Que...
Polycarpa olitoria (Sluiter, 1890)
Styela olitoria Sluiter, C.P. (1890). Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niede...
Styela solvens Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Malayischen Arc...
Polycarpa seriata Michaelsen, W. (1905). Revision von Heller\'s Ascidien-Typen aus dem Museum Godeffroy. Zool. Jahrb. (Suppl.)8: ...
Styela ascidioides Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [317]. Type data: holotype BMNH 1907.8.30.14*. Type locality: Alentura Paar, Gulf of Manaar, 18-52 m, Sri Lanka.
Pandocia (Polycarpa) madagascariensis Michaelsen, W. (1912). Die Tethyiden (Styeliden) des Naturhistorischen Museum zu Hamburg, ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [180].
Polycarpa ovata Pizon, 1908
Polycarpa ovata Pizon, A. (1908). Ascidies d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 16: 195-248 [211]. Type data: syntypes GMNH T1/88*. Type locality: Ambon (as Amboine), Indonesia.
Polycarpa papillata (Sluiter, 1885)
Styela captiosa Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-232 [202]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1015*. Type locality: between Mendanau and Billiton, 12 m, Indonesia.
Styela papillata Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-...
Styeloides abranchiata Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-232 [219]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU990*. Type locality: between Mendanau and Billiton, 12 m, Indonesia.
Styela (Polycarpa) phaula Sluiter, C.P. (1895). Tunicaten. In, Semon, R. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und den Mala...
Polycarpa attollens Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [446] [nom. nud.].
Polycarpa attollens Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [53]. Type data: holotype AM U149 (G2086). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Polycarpa mutilans Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [319]. Type data: syntypes BMNH 1907.8.30.22*. Type locality: north part of Gulf of Manaat, Sri Lanka.
Polycarpa capricornia Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [239]. Type data: holotype AM Y1747. Type locality: Thursday Is., 6-9 m, QLD.
Polycarpa intestinata Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [238]. Type data: holotype AM Y1750. Type locality: near Point Charles, WA [24°54\'S 113°16\'E].
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [184].
Polycarpa papyra Kott, 1985
Polycarpa papyra Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-4...
Polycarpa pedunculata Heller, 1878
Polycarpa pedunculata Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [24]. Type data: syntypes ZMH* (depository uncertain). Type locality: Bass Strait, VIC.
Polycarpa radicata Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 11(3): 52-88 [74]. Type data: syntypes BMNH*. Type locality: Port Jackson and Twofold Bay, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Michaelsen, W. (1905). Revision von Heller\'s Ascidien-Typen aus dem Museum Godeffroy. Zool. Jahrb. (Suppl.)8: 71-120 [98].
Polycarpa pigmentata Herdman, 1906
Polycarpa pigmentata Herdman, W.A. (1906). Report on the Tunicata. Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries Suppl. Rept. 39: 295-348 [318]....
Polycarpa picteti Pizon, A. (1908). Ascidies d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 16: 195-248 [207]. Type data: holotype GMNH T1/87*. Type locality: Ambon (as Amboine), Indonesia.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [192].
Polycarpa plenovata Kott, 1985
Polycarpa plenovata Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: ...
Polycarpa procera (Sluiter, 1885)
Styela procera Sluiter, C.P. (1885). Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien von der Insel Billiton. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 45: 160-232 [196]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU1047. Type locality: between Mendanau and Billiton, 12 m, Indonesia.
Polycarpa doderleini Hartmeyer, R. (1906). Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der japanischen Ascidienfauna. Zool. Anz. 31: 1-30 [15] [as Polycarpa döderleini]. Type data: syntypes ZMB 2232*. Type locality: Sagami Bay, 100-200 m, Japan.
Polycarpa fristedti Michaelsen, W. (1923). Neue und altbekannte ascidien aus dem Reichsmuseum zu Stockholm. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 40: 1-60 [46]. Type data: holotype NHRM 1486*. Type locality: Sri Lanka.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [196].
Polycarpa reniformis (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela reniformis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [67]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU976.30. Type locality: Sailus Ketjil, Paternoster Is., Indonesia.
Polycarpa rigida Herdman, 1881
Polycarpa longisiphonica Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molg...
Polycarpa rigida Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. ...
Polycarpa sluiteri Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [446] [nom. nud.].
Polycarpa sluiteri Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [46]. Type data: holotype AM U254 (G2083). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [199].
Polycarpa sobria (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela sobria Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga- Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [63]. Type data: syntypes ZMA TU976.32. Type locality: reef, Saloyer Is., Indonesia.
Taxonomic decision for new combination: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 (as Polycarpa sobria).
Polycarpa stirpes Kott, 1985
Polycarpa stirpes Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [202]. Type data: holotype QM G9771. Type locality: between Lizard Is. and Nymph Is., 18-29 m, QLD.
Polycarpa thelyphanes (Sluiter, 1904)
Styela thelyphanes Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga Exped. 56A: 1-126 [68]. Type data: holotype ZMA TU976.33. Type locality: Sulu Archipel, 14 m, Philippines.
Polycarpa tinctor (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Ascidia tinctor Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé. [608]. Type data: syntypes MNHP 51 POL.B 113*. Type locality: Cape Dromedary, NSW.
Polycarpa tinctorella Kott, 1985
Polycarpa tinctorella Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [207]. Type data: holotype ZMUC, paratype(s) ZMUC. Type locality: 60-100 m, off Cape Howe, VIC [37°05\'S 150°05\'E].
Polycarpa viridis Herdman, 1881
Polycarpa viridis Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae....
Polycarpa moebii Michaelsen, W. (1905). Revision von Heller\'s Ascidien-Typen aus dem Museum Godeffroy. Zool. Jahrb. (Suppl.)8: 71-120 [104]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMH*. Type locality: Bass Strait, TAS.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [208].
Styela Fleming, 1822
Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)
Cynthia canopus Savigny, J.C. (1816). Recherches anatomiques sur les ascidies composées et sur les ascidies simples-Système de l...
Styela partita Stimpson, W. (1852). Several new ascidians from the coast of the United States. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 22...
Styela variabilis Hancock, A. (1868). On the anatomy and physiology of the Tunicata. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Zool. 9: 309-346 [318]. Type data: holotype (probable) HMN*, paratype(s) BMNH 00.4.4.90*. Type locality: Herm and Guernsey, Channel Is., UK.
Cynthia stellifera Verrill, A.E. (1871). Descriptions of some imperfectly known and new ascidians from New England. Amer. J. Sci...
Styela canopoides Heller, C. (1877). Untersuchungen über die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittlemeeres (3). Denkschr. Akad. Wi...
Styela partita bermudiensis Van Name, W.G. (1902). The ascidians of the Bermuda Islands. Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 11: 325-412 [338] [as Styela partita var. bermudiensis]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Bermuda.
Styela orbicularis Sluiter, C.P. (1904). Die Tunicaten der Siboga-Expedition. Pt. I, Die socialen und holosomen Ascidien. Siboga...
Styela marquesana Michaelsen, W. (1918). Die Ptychobranchen und Diktyobranchen Ascidien des westlichen Indischen Ozeans. Jahrb. ...
Styela barbaris Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [224]. Type data: holotype AM Y1689. Type locality: southside, Peel Is., 3 m, Moreton Bay, QLD.
Styela rectangularis Kott, P. (1952). Ascidians of Australia. 1. Stolidobranchiata and Phlebobranchiata. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 3(3): 206-333 [224]. Type data: syntypes AM Y1700, Y783. Type locality: jetty piles, or hull of ship, Fremantle, WA.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Kott, P. (1985). The Australian Ascidiacea Pt 1, Phlebobranchia and Stolido- branchia. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 23: 1-440 [112].
Styela clava Herdman, 1881
Styela clava Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Proc...
Styela mammiculata Carlisle, D.B. (1954). Styela mammiculata n.sp., a new species of ascidian from the Plymouth area. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 32(2): 329-334 [329]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Plymouth, UK.
Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823)
Ascidia plicata Lesueur, C.A. (1823). Descriptions of several new species of Ascidia. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 3(1): 2-8 [5]. Type data: holotype ANSP* (depository uncertain). Type locality: on bottom of vessel, Philadelphia Harbour, USA.
Styela gyrosa Heller, C. (1877). Untersuchungen über die Tunicaten des Adriatischen und Mittlemeeres (3). Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien 37(1): 241-275 [255]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMB 2288*. Type locality: Adriatic Sea, Trieste.
Styela pinguis Herdman, W.A. (1898). Note on the Tunicata fauna of Australian seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7(1): 443-450 [445] [nom. nud.].
Styela pinguis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydney, Catalogue 17: 1-139 [40]. Type data: syntypes AM U141 (G2070). Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Name, W.G. (1921). Ascidians of the West Indian region and south-eastern United States. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 44: 283-494 [435].
UNPLACED SPECIES
The following names cannot be placed with certainty, for reasons given below, and are listed here as Species Inquirendae.
Species Inquirenda
Cynthia sabulosa Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7:...
Molgula inconspicua Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila....
Cynthia arcuata Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [11] [may be a...
Polycarpa elata Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [25] [Michaels...
Polycarpa nebulosa Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [24] [Micha...
Polycarpa stimpsoni Heller, C. (1878). Beiträge zur nähern Kenntnis der Tunicaten. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 77(1): 1-28 [23] [has ...
Styela exigua Herdman, W.A. (1881). Preliminary report on the Tunicata of the Challenger Expedition. Cynthiidae, Molgulidae. Pro...
Cynthia laevissima Stimpson, W. (1855). Tunicata in descriptions of some new marine invertebrates. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ...
Cynthia solanoides Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydn...
Molgula recumbens Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, Sydne...
Polycarpa sacciformis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, S...
Type data: holotype AM U249/ G2084. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Polycarpa stephenensis Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, ...
Type data: holotype AM U148/ G2082. Type locality: Port Jackson, NSW.
Halocynthia flynni Herdman, W.A. (1923). Ascidiae simplices. Sci. Rep. Aust. Antarctic Exped. 1911-1914 (C)3(3): 1-35 2 pls [22]...
Polycarpa jacksoniana Herdman, W.A. (1899). Descriptive catalogue of the Tunicata in the Australian Museum. Australian Museum, S...
THALIACEA
Thaliacea are the most speciose of the two planktonic tunicate classes. The geographic ranges of most species are vast, being de...
The class Thaliacea contains the salps and doliolids, both of which have solitary and colonial generations, and the pyrosomids w...
Thaliacea are characterised by their translucent test, branchial and atrial siphons at opposite ends of the body and the atrial ...
Thaliacea are most prolific. In certain seasons some species occur in vast swarms that exclude most other zooplankters from surf...
Most known taxa of the Thaliacea were described from the collections made on one or other of the great European scientific voyag...
In Australian waters, a small plankton collection made by the German expedition to south- western Australia yielded only one tha...
The whereabouts of the majority of the type specimens of thaliacean nominal species occurring in Australian waters are not known...
Cuvier (six species) did not designate types, nor apparently did Forskål (six species), Blainville (four species), Chamisso (fou...
References
Apstein, C. (1904). Salpes d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 12: 649-656 pl. xii
Apstein, C. (1906a). Salpen der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. In, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Tiefsee-Exped. 1898-99 12(3): 245-290
Apstein, C. (1906b). Die Salpen der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition. In, Ergebn. Deutsche Südpol. Exped. 1901-1903 9(1): 155-203
Bone, Q. (1998). The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hauniae : Heineck & Faber 164 pp.
Herdman, W.A. (1888). Report upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. \'Challenger\', during the years 1873-1876. Zool. Chall. Exped. 27(76): 1-166 pls i-xi
Heron, A.C. (1972). Population ecology of a colonizing species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. I. Individual growth rate and generation time. Oecologia 10: 289-293
Heron, A.C. (1972). Population ecology of a colonising species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica II. Population growth rate. Oecologia 10: 294-312
Heron, A.C. (1973). A new type of heart mechanism in the invertebrates. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 53: 425-428
Heron, A.C. (1973). A specialised predator-prey relationship between the copepod Sapphirina angusta and the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 53: 429-435
Heron, A.C. (1975). Advantages of heart reversal in pelagic tunicates. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 55: 959-963
Heron, A.C. (1976). A new type of excretory mechanism in the tunicates. Mar. Biol. 36: 191-197
Heron, A.C. & Benham, E.E. (1983). Individual growth rates of salps in three populations. J. Plankton Res. 6: 811-828
Heron, A.C. & Benham, E.E. (1985). Life history parameters as indicators of growth rate in three salp populations. J. Plankton Res. 7: 365-379
Heron, A.C., McWilliam, P.S. & Dal Pont, G. (1988). Length-weight relation in the salp Thalia democratica and potential of salps as a source of food. Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser. 42: 125-132
Ihle, J.E.W. (1910). Die Thaliaceen der Siboga-Expedition. In, Siboga - Expeditie Monogr. 56d, 58 pp. Leiden.
Lesueur, C.A. (1815). Mémoire sur l\'organisation des Pyrosomes et sur la place qu\'ils semblent devoir occuper dans une classification naturel. Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris 4: 70-74 pl. i
Lohmann, H. (1909). Copelata und Thaliacea. pp. 143-149 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. 2(10) Jena : Fischer
Metcalf, M.M. (1919). Metcalf and Bell upon Salpidae. Science N.Y. 50(1279): 19-20
Neumann, G. (1909). Mitteilung über eine neue Pyrosomen Art der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Zool. Anz. 33(24-25): 792
Neumann, Y (1906). Doliolum. In, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Tiefsee Exped. 12(2): 93-245
Neumann, Y. (1913). Die Pyrosomen und Dolioliden der Deutschen Südpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. In, Ergebn. Deutsche Südpol. Exped. 1901-1903 14(Zool 6): 1-34
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1825). Observations sur les Biphores et les Béroés, faites pendant le voyage aultour du monde de la corvette l\'Uranie, commandée par M. Louis de Freycinet. Ann. Sci. Nat. 16: 28-51
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1833). Zoologie, Zoophytes pp. 304-306. in, Voyage de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1824-1829 Vol. 4. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Russell, F.S. & Coleman, J.S. (1935). The zooplankton IV. The occurrence and seasonal distribution of the Tunicata, Mollusca and Coelenterata. Sci. Repts Gt Barrier Reef Exped. 2(7): 207-234
Seeliger, O. (1895). Appendicularien und Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 97-144 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl. 4-5
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Traustedt, M.P.A. (1893). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. A. Systematische Bearbeitung. In, Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. Humboldt-Stuftung. Vol. 2(E.a.A.): 1-16 pl. I.
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1973). The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea) with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 20: 193-212
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1975). Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of three new species. Beaufortia 23: 105-130
DOLIOLIDAE
Fig. 23. Doliolium denticulatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1834. (Scale bar = 1.0 mm). [after Herdman 1888]
The Doliolidae Bronn, 1862 are the only family in the order Doliolida. All doliolids are free swimming barrel-shaped organisms w...
Doliolids are polymorphic. Fertilisation is external, eggs being liberated through the atrial aperture. Tailed larvae are produc...
Doliolidae are not diverse although both Doliolum denticulatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 and Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin, 1884) ar...
References
Braconnot, J.C. (1963). Etude du cycle annuel des Salpes et Dolioles en rade de Villefranche- sur-Mer. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer 28: 21-36
Bronn, H.G. (1862). Weichthiere. pp. 1281-1772. In, Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier- Reichs. Vol. 3 Suppl. (89-98). Leipzig : C. F. Winter.
Garstang, W. (1933). Report on the Tunicata. 1. Doliolida. Brit. Antarct. \'Terra Nova\' Exped. 1910, Zool. 4: 195-251
Neumann, G. (1935). Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1826-1829, Vol. 3. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Uljanin, B.N. (1884). Die Arten des Gattung Doliolum in Golfe von Neapel und den angrenzen den Meeresabschnitten. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel. pp. 1-140 pls i-xii
Dolioletta Borgert, 1894
Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin, 1884)
Doliolum gegenbauri Uljanin, B.N. (1884). Die Arten des Gattung Doliolum in Golfe von Neapel und den angrenzen den Meeresabschni...
Doliolum tritonis Herdman, W.A. (1888). Report upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. \'Challenger\', during the ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Garstang, W. (1933). Report on the Tunicata. 1. Doliolida. Brit. Antarct. \'Terra Nova\' Exped. 1910, Zool. 4: 195-251 [195].
Doliolum Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Doliolum denticulatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Doliolum denticulatum Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Ast...
PYROSOMATIDAE
Fig. 24. Pyrosoma atlanticum Péron, 1804: a, diagrammatic longitudinal section through colony; b, schematic figure of a zooid. (a, about life size). [a, after Burghause 1914; b, after Metcalf & Hopkins 1919]
The family Pyrosomatidae Lahille, 1888, the only known family of the thaliacean order Pyrosomatida, contains species with free s...
There are two subfamilies, Pyrosomatinae (Pyrosoma Péron, 1804 and Pyrosomella Van Soest, 1979) and Pyrostremmatinae (Pyrostremm...
Pyrosomella differs from Pyrosoma in its strictly parallel rows of zooids. This genus has not been recorded from Australian wate...
References
Garstang, W. (1929). Tunicates. Encyclopedia Britannica 14: 549-555
Lahille, F. (1888). Etude systématique des tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 1887(2): 667-677
Mueller, O.F. (1776). pp. 224-226 in, Zoologiae Danicae. Copenhagen : Prodromus.
Neumann, G. (1935). Thaliacea. pp. 203-500 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)
Péron, F. (1804). Mémoire sur le nouveau genre Pyrosoma. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(12): 437-446 pl. lxxii
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1979). Revised classification of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea) with the description of a new genus. Steenstrupia 5(11): 197-217
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1981). A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). J. Plankton Res. 3(4): 603-631
PYROSOMATINAE
Pyrosoma Péron, 1804
Pyrosoma atlanticum Péron, 1804
Pyrosoma atlanticum Péron, F. (1804). Mémoire sur le nouveau genre Pyrosoma. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4(12): 437-446 pl. lxxii...
Pyrosoma elegans Lesueur, C.A. (1813). Mémoire sur quelques nouvelle espèce d\'animaux mollusques et radiares récueilles dans la ...
Pyrosoma giganteum Lesueur, C.A. (1815). Mémoire sur l\'organisation des Pyrosomes et sur la place qu\'ils semblent devoir occuper...
Pyrosoma rufum Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1824). Zoologie pp. 497-516. in, Le voyage autour du Monde, sur les corvettes de S....
Dipleurosoma ellipticum Brooks, W.K. (1906). The affinities of pelagic tunicates. No. 1. On a new Pyrosoma and Dipleurosoma elli...
Pyrosoma triangulum Neumann, G. (1909). Mitteilung über eine neue Pyrosomen Art der Deutschen Tiefsee Expedition. Zool. Anz. 33(24-25): 792 [792]. Type data: holotype ZMB 2978*. Type locality: South Atlantic Ocean.
Pyrosoma benthica Monniot, C. & Monniot, F. (1966). Un pyrosome benthique: Pyrosoma benthica n.sp. C.R. Seances Acad. Sci. 263(D...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1981). A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). J. Plankton Res. 3(4): 603-631 [612].
PYROSTREMMATINAE
Pyrostremma Garstang, 1929
Pyrostremma spinosum (Herdman, 1888)
Pyrosoma excelsior Perrier, J.O.E. (1886). Les Ascidies. pp. 225-229 in, Les Explorations sous-marines. Bibliothéque des Ecoles ...
Pyrosoma spinosum Herdman, W.A. (1888). Report upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. \'Challenger\', during the ...
Pyrosoma sedentarium Sebastian, V.O. (1971). Pyrosoma sedentarium n.sp.. Bull. Dept. Mar. Biol. Oceanogr. Univ. Cochin 5: 77-79 [77]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Cochin to Puvar, Kerala Coast of India, below 200m.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1981). A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). J. Plankton Res. 3(4): 603-631 [607].
SALPIDAE
The family Salpidae Lahille, 1888 (with subfamilies Cyclosalpinae and Salpinae) is the most diverse of the thaliacean families, ...
Circular muscles surrounding the body are divided into oral, atrial and body muscles. The oral muscle closes the mouth, while th...
The subfamily Cyclosalpinae (Cyclosalpa Blainville, 1827 and Helicosalpa Todara, 1902) in which circular whorls of zooids are pr...
Eleven genera are recognised in the Salpinae, and all are represented in Australian waters. The most commonly occurring species ...
Ihle (1935) reviewed the Salpidae. Van Soest (1974a, 1974b, 1975) has more recently revised many of the genera. Thompson (1945) discussed their occurrence in Australian waters.
References
Blainville, H.M.D. de (1827). Salpa. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26(3): 136-138
Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hauniae : Heineck & Faber 164 pp.
Heron, A.C. (1972). Population ecology of a colonizing species: the pelagic tunicate Thalia democratica. I. Individual growth rate and generation time; II. Population growth rate. Oecologia 10: 289-293
Ihle, J.E.W. (1935). Desmomyaria. pp. 401-544 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Vol. 5(2, 5) Berlin : Walter de Gruyter.
Lahille, F. (1888). Etude systématique des tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 1887(2): 667-677
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Todara, F. (1883). Sopra una nuova forma di Salpa (S. dolicosoma). Atti. Accad. Lincei 8: 41-43
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974a). Taxonomy of the subfamily Cyclosalpinae Yount, 1954, with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 22(288): 17-55
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974b). A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia 22(293): 153-191
Van Soest, R.W.M. (1975). Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of three new species. Beaufortia 23: 105-130
CYCLOSALPINAE
Cyclosalpa Blainville, 1827
Cyclosalpa affinis (Chamisso, 1819)
Salpa affinis Chamisso, A. von (1819). De Animalibus quibusdam e classe Vermium Linnaeana. Circumnavigatione Terrae auspicante c...
Cyclosalpa chamissonis Brooks, W.K. (1893). The genus Salpa. A monograph, with a supplementary paper by Maynard M. Metcalf. Mem....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls [108].
Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, 1905
Cyclosalpa bakeri Ritter, W.E. (1905). The pelagic Tunicata of the San Diego Region, excepting the Larvacea. Univ. Calif. Publ. ...
Cyclosalpa floridana (Apstein, 1894)
Salpa floridana Apstein, C. (1894). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. B. Vertheilung der Salpen. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. Hum...
Cyclosalpa polae Sigl, 1912
Cyclosalpa polae Sigl, M.A. (1912). Cyclosalpa polae, n.sp. aus dem östlichen mittelmeer. Zool. Anz. 39(2): 66-74 [68]. Type dat...
Cyclosalpa sewelli Metcalf, 1927
Cyclosalpa pinnata sewelli Metcalf, M.M. (1927). Seymour Sewell on \'Salps of the Indian Seas\'. Science N.Y. 65: 257 [257] [propo...
Helicosalpa Todara, 1902
Helicosalpa virgula (Vogt, 1854)
Salpa virgula Vogt, C. (1854). Recherches sur les animaux inférieurs de la Méditerranée. Sci. Mém. sur les Tuniciers nageants de...
Salpa dolichosoma Todara, F. (1883). Sopra una nuova forma di Salpa (S. dolicosoma). Atti. Accad. Lincei 8: 41-43 [41]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974). Taxonomy of the subfamily Cyclosalpinae Yount, 1954, with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 22(288): 17-55 [41].
SALPINAE
Brooksia Metcalf, 1918
Brooksia rostrata (Traustedt, 1893)
Salpa rostrata Traustedt, M.P.A. (1893). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. A. Systematische Bearbeitung. In, Ergebn. Plankt...
Iasis Savigny, 1816
Iasis cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804)
Salpa cylindrica Cuvier, G. (1804). Mémoire sur les Thalides (Thalia Browne) et sur les Biphores (Salpa Forskål). Ann. Mus. Hist...
Salpa coerulescens Chamisso, A. von (1819). De Animalibus quibusdam e classe Vermium Linnaeana. Circumnavigatione Terrae auspica...
Salpa elongata Blainville, H.M.D. de (1827). Salpa. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26(3): 136-138 [113]. Type data: syntypes (probable) whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Straits of Gibraltar.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Traustedt, M.P.A. (1885). Spolia Atlantica 1. Bidrag til Kundskab om Salperne. Danske Vid. Selsk. Skrift. 6(2): 337-400 pls i, ii [377].
Ihlea Metcalf, 1919
Ihlea magalhanica (Apstein, 1894)
Salpa magalhanica Apstein, C. (1894). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. B. Vertheilung der Salpen. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. H...
Metcalfina Ihle & Ihle-Landenberg, 1933
Metcalfina hexagona (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Salpa hexagona Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1824). Zoologie pp. 497-516. in, Le voyage autour du Monde, sur les corvettes de S....
Pegea Savigny, 1816
Pegea confoederata (Forskål, 1775)
Salpa confoederata Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Ha...
Salpa gibba Bosc, L.A.G. (1802). Histoire Naturelle des Vers. In, Encyclopédie Méthodique Paris and. Liege : Panckoucke Vol. 2 [...
Salpa octophora Cuvier, G. (1804). Mémoire sur les Thalides (Thalia Browne) et sur les Biphores (Salpa Forskål). Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 360-382 pl. lxviii [379]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Salpa scutigera Cuvier, G. (1804). Mémoire sur les Thalides (Thalia Browne) et sur les Biphores (Salpa Forskål). Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 360-382 pl. lxviii [379]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Salpa vivipara Péron, F. & Lesueur, C.A. (1807). pp. 45-46, & c pls xxx, xxxi (part) in, Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Austra...
Salpa ferruginea Chamisso, A. von (1819). De Animalibus quibusdam e classe Vermium Linnaeana. Circumnavigatione Terrae auspicant...
Salpa femoralis Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe...
Salpa quadrata Herdman, W.A. (1888). Report upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. \'Challenger\', during the yea...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974). A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and...
Ritteriella Metcalf, 1918
Ritteriella amboinensis (Apstein, 1904)
Salpa amboinensis Apstein, C. (1904). Salpes d\'Amboine. Rev. Suisse Zool. 12: 649-656 pl. xii [651]. Type data: syntypes GMNH T1/98 (3 jars). Type locality: near Ambon, Indonesia.
Ritteriella retracta (Ritter, 1906)
Salpa (Cyclosalpa) retracta Ritter, W.E. (1906). Cyclosalpa retracta, a new Salpoid from the coast of Japan. Annot. Zool. Jpn. 6...
Salpa Forskål, 1775
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, 1804
Salpa fusiformis Cuvier, G. (1804). Mémoire sur les Thalides (Thalia Browne) et sur les Biphores (Salpa Forskål). Ann. Mus. Hist...
Salpa runcinata Chamisso, A. von (1819). De Animalibus quibusdam e classe Vermium Linnaeana. Circumnavigatione Terrae auspicante...
Biphora depressa Sars, M. (1829). Bidrag til Söedyrenes Naturhistorie, Forste Haefte. Bergen. 160 pp. [51]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: ?off Norway.
Biphora tricuspidata Sars, M. (1829). Bidrag til Söedyrenes Naturhistorie, Forste Haefte. Bergen. 160 pp. [56]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: ?off Norway.
Salpa coerulea Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe ...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974). A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia 22(293): 153-191 [166].
Salpa maxima Forskål, 1775
Salpa africana Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Haunia...
Salpa maxima Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hauniae ...
Salpa birostrata Blainville, H.M.D. de (1827). Salpa. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26(3): 136-138 [119] [nom. nov. for Salpa maxima Forskål: Quoy & Gaimard, 1824].
Salpa forskalii Lesson, R.P. (1830). Zoologie. pp. 256-279, 433-440 in Lesson, R.P. Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette La Co...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1974). A revision of the genera Salpa Forskål, 1775, Pegea Savigny, 1816 and Ritteriella Metcalf, 1919 (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Beaufortia 22(293): 153-191 [158].
Soestia Kott, 1998
Soestia zonaria (Pallas, 1774)
Holothurium zonarium Pallas, P.S. (1774). In, Spicelegia Zoologica. Pt 10. Berolini : G.A. Lange Vol. 1 41 pp. [26]. Type data: ...
Salpa polycratica Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hau...
Salpa cordiformis Blainville, H.M.D. de (1827). Salpa. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26(3): 136-138 [120]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Straits of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea.
Salpa microstoma Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1827). Observations zoologiques faites à bord de l\'Astrolabe en mai 1826, dans le...
Salpa unicuspidata Blainville, H.M.D. de (1827). Salpa. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 26(3): 136-138 [116]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Straits of Gibraltar.
Salpa nitida Herdman, W.A. (1888). Report upon the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. \'Challenger\', during the years...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Metcalf, M.M. (1918). The Salpidae; a taxonomic study. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. (2)100(2): 5-193 pls i-xiv [100].
Thalia Blumenbach, 1798
Thalia cicar Van Soest, 1973
Thalia cicar Van Soest, R.W.M. (1973). The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea) with descriptions of two new spec...
Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775)
Salpa democratica Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hau...
Salpa mucronata Forskål, P. (1775). Salpa. pp. 112-117 in, Descriptions Animalium …; quae in itinere orientali observavit. Hauni...
Salpa spinosa Otto, A.W. (1823). Beschreibung einiger neuen Mollusken und Zoophyten. Nova Acta Acad. Leop.- Caroe. 11(2): 273-31...
Dubreuillia cirrhosa Lesson, R.P. (1830). Zoologie. pp. 256-279, 433-440 in Lesson, R.P. Voyage autour du Monde sur la Corvette ...
Salpa caboti Desor, P.J.E. (1848). Salpa caboti sp.n. exhibited and described. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 3: 75-76 [75]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Nantucket, Atlantic coast of North America.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Waal, J.P. (1966). Salpa Edwards, 1771 (Pisces): proposed suppression under the Plenary Powers ...
Thalia longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Salpa longicauda Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1824). Zoologie pp. 497-516. in, Le voyage autour du Monde, sur les corvettes de ...
Salpa democratica flagellifera Traustedt, M.P.A. (1885). Spolia Atlantica 1. Bidrag til Kundskab om Salperne. Danske Vid. Selsk....
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Godeaux, J. (1967). Une salpe peu connue, Thalia longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824). Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 97(2): 91-102 [91].
Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, 1975
Thalia rhinoceros Van Soest, R.W.M. (1975). Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with ...
Thalia rhomboides (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Salpa rhomboides Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1824). Zoologie pp. 497-516. in, Le voyage autour du Monde, sur les corvettes de ...
Salpa pyramidalis Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'Astrola...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1973). The genus Thalia Blumenbach, 1798 (Tunicata, Thaliacea) with descriptions of two new species. Beaufortia 20: 193-212 [199].
Thetys Tilesius, 1802
Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802
Thetys vagina Tilesius, W.G. von (1802). Abbildung und Beschreibung eines sonderbaren Seebeutels oder einer neuen Thetys-Species...
Salpa tilesii Cuvier, G. (1804). Mémoire sur les Thalides (Thalia Browne) et sur les Biphores (Salpa Forskål). Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 4: 360-382 pl. lxviii [360]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Salpa costata Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1825). Observations sur les Biphores et les Béroés, faites pendant le voyage aultour...
Salpa herculea Dall, W.H. (1872). Descriptions of sixty new forms of mollusks from the west coast of North America and the north Pacific Ocean. Am. J. Conch. 7: 157-159 [157]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: north Pacific Ocean.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Yount, J.L. (1954). The taxonomy of the Salpidae (Tunicata) of the Central Pacific Ocean. Pac. Sci. 8: 276-330 [314].
Traustedtia Metcalf, 1918
Traustedtia multitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Salpa multitentaculata Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1834). Zoologie, Mollusques pp. 559-626. in, Voyages de découvertes de l\'As...
Salpa hensenii Traustedt, M.P.A. (1893). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. A. Systematische Bearbeitung. In, Ergebn. Plankt...
Salpa verrucosa Apstein, C. (1894). Die Thaliacea der Plankton-Expedition. B. Vertheilung der Salpen. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. Hum...
Salpa radiata Metcalf, M.M. (1918). The Salpidae; a taxonomic study. Bull. U.S. Natl Mus. (2)100(2): 5-193 pls i-xiv [152]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: unknown.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Van Soest, R.W.M. (1975). Observations on taxonomy and distribution of some salps (Tunicata, Thaliacea), with descriptions of three new species. Beaufortia 23: 105-130 [108].
APPENDICULARIA
Fig. 26. Oikopleura albicans (Leuckart, 1854), a commonly occurring appendicularian species: a, dorsal view; b, lateral view. (Scale bar = 0.1 mm). [after T. Prentiss, reproduced with permission, from Alldredge 1976]
Appendicularians are small free swimming planktonic tunicates, their bodies consisting of a short trunk and a tail (containing t...
The early studies of these organisms, begun with Chamisso\'s description of Appendicularia flagellum Chamisso, 1821, were confoun...
Appendiculariadae Brown, 1862 (at family level) and Appendicularia (as a tribe) were the first collective names given to this gr...
Lohmann (1892-1931) and Lohmann & Bückmann (1926) made important contributions to the study of the group, as did Aida (1907-1908...
The classification within the class is generally that originally proposed by Lohmann (1896a) and followed, with minor modificati...
In Australia, the appendicularians of the eastern coast collected by the CSIRO research vessel FRV Warreen between the Tropic of...
As with the thaliaceans, the geographic ranges of most species are great, being defined by the course of the relevant ocean currents rather than by geographic regions. Tokioka (1960) reviewed the geographic distribution of species in the class.
The search for the location of type specimens of the class has been unsuccessful. In particular, the collections of the Humboldt...
References
Aida, T. (1907-1908). Appendicularia of Japanese waters. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 23(5): 1-25 pls i-iv
Alldredge, A. (1978). Appendicularians. Sci. Am. 235: 95-102
Bone, Q. (1998). The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Chamisso, A. von in Chamisso, A. von & Eysenhardt, C.W. (1821). De animalibus quisbusdam e classe Vermium Linneana. In, Circumna...
Deibel, D. (1998). Feeding and metabolism of Appendicularia. pp. 139-150 in Bone, Q. (ed.) The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521
Fenaux, R. (1993). The classification of the Appendicularia (Tunicata): History and current state. Mém. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco. 17: i-vii, 1-123
Fenaux, R., Galt, C.P. & Carpino-Lancre, J. (1990). Bibliographie des Appendiculaires (1821-1989). Mém. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco. 15: i-xix, 1-129
Flood, R. & Deibel, D. (1998). The appendicular house. pp. 105-124 in Bone, Q. (ed.) The Biology of Pelagic Tunicates. New York : Oxford University Press 340 pp.
Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2): 445-499 pls i-xi
Fol, H. (1874). Note sur un nouveau genre d\'Appendiculaires. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. 3(Notes et revue): XLIX-LIII, pl. 18 (figs 1-5)
Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen allegemeine Entwickelungs- geschichte der Organismen. Berlin : G. Reimer 462 pp.
Herdman, W.A. (1882). Report on the Tunicata collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Pt I, Ascidiae simplices. Zool. Chall. Exped. 6(17): 1-296
Huxley, T.H. (1851). Remarks upon Appendicularia and Doliolum, two genera of the Tunicata. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 2: 595-605 pl. xviii
Lahille, F. (1888). Etude systématique des tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 1887(2): 667-677
Leuckart, (1854). Zur Anatomie und Entwicklungeschichte der tunicaten Beschreibung einer Schwaermencker Ascidienlarve (Appendicularia albicans). Zool. Unters Gressen 2: 77-93
Lohmann, H. (1892-1931). Vorberichte über die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. 1(A): 139-149
Lohmann, H. (1896a). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv
Lohmann, H. (1896b). Die Appendicularien der Expedition. Zool. Ergebn. Ges. Erdk. Berlin Gronland-Exped. Bi 20(2): 25-44
Lohmann, H. (1905). Die Appendicularien des arktischen und antarctischen Gebiets, ihr Beziehungen zueinander und zu den arten des Gebietes der warmen Ströme. Zool. Jahrb. (Suppl.)8: 353-382
Lohmann, H. (1909). Copelata und Thaliacea. pp. 143-149 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds) Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. 2(10) Jena : Fischer
Lohmann, H. (1933). Appendicularia. pp. 3-192 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)
Lohmann, H. & Bückmann, A. (1926). Die Appendicularien der Deutschen Südpolar- Expedition 1901 bis 1903. Ergebn. Deutsch. Südp.-Exped. 18(Zool. 10): 63-231
Mertens, C.H. (1830). Beschreibung der Oikopleura, einer neuen Mollusken-Gattung. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Pétersburg 6(1)2: 205-220 2 pls
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1833). Zoologie, Zoophytes pp. 304-306. in, Voyage de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1824-1829 Vol. 4. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Ritter, W.E. (1905). The pelagic Tunicata of the San Diego Region, excepting the Larvacea. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 2(3): 51-112 pls ii, iii
Seeliger, O. (1895). Appendicularien und Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 97-144 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl. 4-5
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Tokioka, T. (1940). Some additional notes on the Japanese appendicularian fauna. Rec. Oceanogr. Works, Japan 11(1): 1-26
Tokioka, T. (1960). Studies on the distribution of appendicularians and some thaliaceans of the North Pacific, with some morphological notes. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. Kyoto Univ. 8(2): 351-443
FRITILLARIIDAE
The members of the family Fritillariidae Seeliger, 1895 (as amended by Lohmann, 1915) have dorsoventrally compressed or spindle-...
The family is represented in Australian waters by seven species of Fritillaria and one of Tectillaria. It has been reviewed by Lohmann (1933) and Fenaux (1993) and its occurrence in Australian waters is documented by Thompson (1945).
References
Fenaux, R. (1993). The classification of the Appendicularia (Tunicata): History and current state. Mém. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco. 17: i-vii, 1-123
Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2): 445-499 pls i-xi
Lohmann, H. (1933). Appendicularia. pp. 3-192 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)
Lohmann, H. & Bückmann, A. (1926). Die Appendicularien der Deutschen Südpolar- Expedition 1901 bis 1903. Ergebn. Deutsch. Südp.-Exped. 18(Zool. 10): 63-231
Quoy, J.R.C. & Gaimard, J.P. (1833). Zoologie, Zoophytes pp. 304-306. in, Voyage de découvertes de l\'Astrolabe 1824-1829 Vol. 4. Paris : Pilet Ainé.
Seeliger, O. (1895). Appendicularien und Ascidien, Tunicata. Manteltiere. pp. 97-144 in Bronn, H.G. Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Leipzig : C.F. Winter Vol. 3 Suppl. 4-5
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Fritillaria Fol, 1872
Fritillaria borealis Lohmann, 1896
Taxonomic decision for subspecific arrangement: Lohmann, H. (1905). Die Appendicularien des arktischen und antarctischen Gebiets...
Fritillaria borealis allongata Lohmann, 1899
Fritillaria borealis allongata Lohmann, H. (1899). Untersuchungen über den Auftrieb des Strasse von Messina mit besonderer Berüc...
Fritillaria borealis intermedia Lohmann, H. (1905). Die Appendicularien des arktischen und antarctischen Gebiets, ihr Beziehunge...
Fritillaria tenebra Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [419]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, winter months, surface, 14.5°C.
Fritillaria pulchrituda Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [437]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, surface, 14.23°C.
Fritillaria artus Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [447]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego.
Fritillaria juncea Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [452]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 13.76°C.
Fritillaria nitida Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [458]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 13.6°C.
Fritillaria gigas Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [464]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego 13.2-13.8°C.
Fritillaria brevicollis Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [477]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 15.0-15.6°C.
Fritillaria claudaria Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [478]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 13.4°C.
Fritillaria borealis mediterranea Vernieres, P. (1933). Essai sur l\'histoire naturelle des Appendiculaires de Banyuls et de Sète...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1940). Some additional notes on the Japanese appendicularian fauna. Rec. Oceanogr....
Fritillaria borealis sargassi Lohmann, 1896
Fritillaria sargassi Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv [51]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: equatorial stream to Cape Verde.
Fritillaria ritteri Aida, T. (1907). Appendicularia of Japanese waters. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 23(5): 1-25 pls i-iv [4]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: near western coast of Kinshu, Japan.
Fritillaria trigonis Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [432]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 13.7°C.
Fritillaria angularis Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [437]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 14.9°C.
Fritillaria diafana Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [440]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, surface, 13.4-14.5°C.
Fritillaria plana Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [453]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 12-15.6°C.
Fritillaria clava Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [459]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 14.5°C.
Fritillaria velocita Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [467]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, surface, 14.4°C.
Fritillaria borealis crassa Vernieres, P. (1933). Essai sur l\'histoire naturelle des Appendiculaires de Banyuls et de Sète. Bull...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1940). Some additional notes on the Japanese appendicularian fauna. Rec. Oceanogr....
Fritillaria formica Fol, 1872
Fritillaria formica Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2...
Fritillaria fraudax Lohmann, 1896
Fritillaria fraudax Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv [35]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMH* (depository uncertain). Type locality: Sargasso Sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Fritillaria haplostoma Fol, 1872
Fritillaria haplostoma Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 2...
Fritillaria abjornseni Lohmann, H. (1909). Copelata und Thaliacea. pp. 143-149 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (eds) Die Fauna...
Fritillaria lohmanni Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [424]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, 13.68-14.82°C.
Fritillaria amygala Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [426]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, 14.98-15.15°C.
Fritillaria campila Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [445]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, 13-17.3°C.
Fritillaria tacita Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [465]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, 14.75°C.
Fritillaria tereta Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [473]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, 14.7°C.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1956). Fritillaria arafoera n.sp. a form of the sibling species: Fritillaria haplostoma-complex (Appendicularia: Chordata). Pac. Sci. 10(4): 403-406 [405].
Fritillaria megachile Fol, 1872
Fritillaria megachile Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21...
Fritillaria dispara Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [472]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region.
Fritillaria macrotrachela Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [438]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego region, surface, 14.2°C.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1940). Some additional notes on the Japanese appendicularian fauna. Rec. Oceanogr....
Fritillaria pellucida (Busch, 1851)
Eurycercus pellucidus Busch, W. (1851). Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwickelung einiger wirbellosen Seethiere. Berlin pp. 118-120 pls i-xvi. [118]. Type data: holotype (probable) ZMB* (depository uncertain). Type locality: Gibraltar.
Fritillaria venusta Lohmann, 1896
Fritillaria venusta Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Append- icularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv [46]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Cape Verde, equatorial and Guinea currents.
Fritillaria bicornis Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Append- icularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pl...
Fritillaria inverta Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [423]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: San Diego, 0-200 m, surface temperature, 20.2°C.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Tokioka, T. (1951). Pelagic tunicates and chaetognaths collected during the cruises to the new Yamoto Bank in the Sea of Japan. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 2(1): 1-25 [14].
Tectillaria Lohmann & Bückmann, 1926
Tectillaria fertilis (Lohmann, 1896)
Fritillaria fertilis Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Expedition. Zool. Ergebn. Ges. Erdk. Berlin Gronland- Exped. Bi...
KOWALEVSKIIDAE
The family Kowalevskiidae Lahille, 1888 is characterised by a short trunk, and lacks both endostyle and heart. The ciliated ring...
One of the two known species is recorded from Australia-being taken only once off southeastern Queensland and once off central New South Wales (Thompson 1945).
References
Lahille, F. (1888). Etude systématique des tuniciers. Compt. Rend. Ass. Fr. Avanc. Sci. 1887(2): 667-677
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Kowalevskia Fol, 1872
Kowalevskia tenuis Fol, 1872
Kowalevskia tenuis Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2)...
OIKOPLEURIDAE
Oikopleuridae have ovoid bodies, straight endostyles, and the spiracles have tubular passages from the internal pharyngeal openi...
Appendicularia flagellum Chamisso, 1821, the first recorded organism of the class, although barely recognisable at family level,...
The family is the most diverse in the class. It is represented in Australian waters by nine species of Oikopleura Mertens, 1830,...
References
Chamisso, A. von in Chamisso, A. von & Eysenhardt, C.W. (1821). De animalibus quisbusdam e classe Vermium Linneana. In, Circumna...
Chun, C. (1887). Die pelagische Thierwelt in grösseren Meerestiefen und ihre Beziehungen zu der Oberflächenfauna. Bibl. Zool., Stuttgart 1(1): 1-66 pls i-v
Chun, C. (1900). pp. 136, 149, 210, 289, 518, 519 in, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Schilderungen von der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Jena : Gustav Fischer 550 pp. 390 figs 46 pls
Fenaux, R. (1993). The classification of the Appendicularia (Tunicata): History and current state. Mém. Inst. Océanogr. Monaco. 17: i-vii, 1-123
Fenaux, R. & Youngbluth, M.J. (1990). A new mesopelagic appendicularian, Mesochordaeus bahamasi gen. nov., sp. nov. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 70: 755-760
Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2): 445-499 pls i-xi
ICZN Opinions 68-77. (1922). Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 73(1): 1-73
Lohmann, H. (1892). Vorberichte über die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. 1(A): 139-149
Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.-Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv
Lohmann, H. (1933). Appendicularia. pp. 3-192 in Kükenthal, W. & Krumbach, T. (eds) Handbuch der Zoologie. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter Vol. 5(2)
Mertens, C.H. (1830). Beschreibung der Oikopleura, einer neuen Mollusken-Gattung. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St Pétersburg 6(1)2: 205-220 2 pls
Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls
Vogt, C. (1854). Recherches sur les animaux inférieurs de la Méditerranée. Sci. Mém. sur les Tuniciers nageants de la mer de Nice. Mém. Inst. Genèvois 2(3): 1-102 pls v-x
BATHOCHORDAEINAE
Bathochordaeus Chun, 1900
Bathochordaeus charon Chun, 1900
Bathochordaeus charon Chun, C. (1900). pp. 136, 149, 210, 289, 518, 519 in, Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Schilderungen von der...
OIKOPLEURINAE
Althoffia Lohmann, 1892
Althoffia tumida Lohmann, 1892
Althoffia tumida Lohmann, H. (1892). Vorberichte über die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 1(A): 139-149 [147]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Sargasso Sea, Atlantic Ocean.
Megalocercus Chun, 1887
Megalocercus huxleyi (Ritter, 1905)
Oikopleura huxleyi Ritter, W.E. In, Ritter, W.E. & Byxbee, E.S. (1905). The pelagic Tunicata. Rep. Sci. Res. Expl. Trop. Pac. St...
Oikopleura megastoma Aida, T. (1907). Appendicularia of Japanese waters. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 23(5): 1-25 pls i-iv [11]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Japan.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Ihle, J.E.W. (1908). Oikopleura megastoma Aida, identisch mit Megalocercus huxleyi (Ritter). Zool. Anz. 32: 775-776 [775].
Oikopleura Mertens, 1830
Oikopleura albicans (Leuckart, 1854)
Appendicularia albicans Leuckart, (1854). Zur Anatomie und Entwicklungeschichte der tunicaten Beschreibung einer Schwaermencker ...
Oikopleura cophocerca Gegenbaur, 1855
Oikopleura (Vexillaria) cophocerca Gegenbaur, C. (1855). Bemerkungen über die organisation der appendicularian. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 6(4): 406-427 [408]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: Messina, Mediterranean Sea.
Oikopleura cornutogastra Aida, 1907
Oikopleura cornutogastra Aida, T. (1907). Appendicularia of Japanese waters. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 23(5): 1-25 pls i-iv [15]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: off Japan.
Oikopleura dioica Fol, 1872
Vexillaria flabellum Mueller, J. (1846). Bericht über einige neue Theirformen der Nordsee. Müllers Arch. Anat. Phys. Wiss. Med. ...
Oikopleura dioica Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2):...
Vexillaria speciosa Eisen, A.G. (1874). Vexillaria speciosa n. sp. ett bidrag till Appendiculariornas Anatomi. K. Sven. Vetensk....
Oikopleura malmii Hartmann, R. (1878). Einige Mittheilungen über Appendicularien. Sitzungs-Ber. Ges. naturforsch. Freunde Ber. 1878: 97-100 [100]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Kattegat.
Oikomicron mitrateton Swainson, G. (1890). Append- icularia, with its \'haus\'. Int. J. Microsc. Nat. Sci. (3)4: 10-19 [18]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Irish Sea.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Lohmann, H. (1895). Ueber die Verbreitung der Appendicularien im Atlantischen Oceane. Verh. Ges...
Oikopleura fusiformis Fol, 1872
Oikopleura fusiformis Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21...
Oikopleura intermedia Lohmann, 1896
Oikopleura intermedia Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv [62]. Type data: syntypes (probable) ZMB* (depository uncertain). Type locality: ?Atlantic Ocean.
Oikopleura microstoma Aida, T. (1907). Appendicularia of Japanese waters. J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 23(5): 1-25 pls i-iv [14]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Japan.
Oikopleura tortugensis Kellner, K. (1908). On Oikopleura tortugensis, a new appendicularian from the Tortugas, Florida, with not...
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Lohmann, H. (1913). Die Appendicularien (Ausbeute von Kükenthal und Hartmeyer in Westindien). Z...
Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt, 1854)
Appendicularia longicauda Vogt, C. (1854). Recherches sur les animaux inférieurs de la Méditerranée. Sci. Mém. sur les Tuniciers...
Oikopleura spissa Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(2):...
Oikopleura velifera Langerhans, P. (1880). Über Madeira\'s Appendicularien. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 34: 144-146 pl. vi [145]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Madeira, NE Atlantic Ocean.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Lohmann, H. (1896). Die Appendicularien der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebn. Plankt.- Exped. 2(E.C.): 1-148 pls i-xxiv [59].
Oikopleura rufescens Fol, 1872
Oikopleura rufescens Fol, H. (1872). Etudes sur les Appendiculaires du détroit de Messine. Mém. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Genève 21(...
Stegosoma Chun, 1888
Stegosoma magnum (Langerhans, 1880)
Oikopleura magnum Langerhans, P. (1880). Über Madeira\'s Appendicularien. Zeit. Wiss. Zool. 34: 144-146 pl. vi [145]. Type data: type status and whereabouts unknown. Type locality: Madeira, NE Atlantic Ocean.
Stegosoma pellucidum Chun, C. (1887). Die pelagische Thierwelt in grösseren Meerestiefen und ihre Beziehungen zu der Oberflächen...
Megalocercus diegensis Essenberg, C.E. (1926). Copelata from the San Diego Region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 28(22): 399-521 [508]. Type data: type status unknown. Type locality: off San Diego, California.
Taxonomic decision for synonymy: Thompson, H. (1945). Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Melbourne : Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 196 pp. 75 pls [52].
TAXONOMIC DECISION
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INDEX of TAXA
APPENDIX I
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ACT Australian Capital Territory
alt. altitude
Art. Article
Bd Band
E east, eastern
ed. / eds editor / editors
edn edition
emend. emendation
fasc. fascicule
fig. / figs figure / figures
ft feet
ICZN International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Is. / Ils Island / Islands
km kilometre
Lfg Lieferung
livr. livraison
m metre
ms manuscript
Mt / Mtn / Mts Mount / Mountain / Mountains
N north, northern
Nat. Natural
Natl National
no. number
nom. nov. nomen novum (new replacement name)
nom. nud. nomen nudum (not an available name)
nov. comb. nova combinatio (new combination)
ns new series
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
p. / pp. page / pages
pl. / pls plate / plates
pt / pts part / parts
QLD Queensland
S south, southern
SA South Australia
ser. series
sp. / spp. species
TAS Tasmania
Tom. Tome / Tomus
var. variety
Verl. Verlag
VIC Victoria
Vol. Volume
W west, western
WA Western Australia
[name] square brackets enclosing a valid or available name indicate a qualification of the use of that name in the context in which it appears.
* an asterisk associated with type data indicates the type(s) has not been seen by the author; an asterisk associated with a distribution or an ecological descriptor implies that the information has not been confirmed.
G male(s)
E female(s)