دانلود کتاب Cellular Migration and Formation of Axons and Dendrites: Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience

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Cellular Migration and Formation of Axons and Dendrites
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1. Development of neuronal polarity in vivo
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Axon initiation in vitro versus in vivo
1.2.1 Axon initiation in vitro
1.2.2 Axon initiation in vivo
1.3 Distinction between cues regulating axon specification versus axon growth
1.4 Extracellular cues regulating neuronal polarization and axon initiation
1.4.1 Netrin-1 and Wnt control axon initiation in Caenorhabditis elegans
1.4.2 Polarized emergence of the axon in retinal ganglion cells of Xenopus
1.4.3 Extracellular cues underlying the emergence of axon and dendrites in mammalian neurons
1.5 Intracellular pathways underlying neuronal polarization
1.5.1 Role of protein degradation and local translation in axon specification and axon growth
1.5.2 Role of cytoskeletal dynamics in axon initiation and growth
1.5.3 Major signaling pathways involved in axon initiation and growth
1.5.3.1 LKB1 and its downstream kinases SAD-A/B and MARK1-4
1.5.3.2 PAR3-PAR6-APKC
1.5.3.3 Ras- and Rho-family of small GTPases
1.5.3.4 PI3K and PTEN signaling during axon specification
1.5.3.5 AKT/protein kinase B
1.5.3.6 GSK3 and axon specification
1.6 Conclusion and future directions
References
2. Role of the cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking in axon-dendrite morphogenesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Developmental stages
2.3 Role of cytoskeleton in establishment of neuronal polarity
2.3.1 Actin
2.3.2 Actin dynamics during axon formation
2.3.3 Microtubules
2.3.4 Microtubules dynamics during axon formation
2.3.5 Cytoskeletal dynamics during dendritic growth and arborization
2.3.6 Subcellular cytoskeletal specializations
2.4 The role of (membrane) trafficking during neuronal polarization
2.4.1 Trafficking during early neuronal development
2.4.2 Motor protein-based transport in axons and dendrites
2.4.3 The secretory and endosomal pathway
2.4.4 RNA transport and local translation
2.4.5 Barriers for the segregation of functional domains
2.4.6 Protein stabilization and degradation
2.5 Maintaining neuronal polarity
2.6 Future work on neuronal morphogenesis
References
3. Axon growth and branching
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Cell biological mechanisms
3.2.1 Growth cones: structure and function
3.2.2 Regulation of cytoskeleton assembly
3.2.2.1 Actin
3.2.2.2 Microtubules
3.2.3 Interaction between F-actin and microtubules
3.2.4 Membrane trafficking and axonal transport
3.2.5 Protein translation and stability
3.3 Extracellular regulation of axon growth and branching during neural development
3.3.1 Nerve growth factor and neurotrophic factors
3.3.2 Guidance molecules: netrin, slit, semaphorin, ephrin, and wnt
3.3.3 Cell adhesion molecules: permissive or instructive
3.3.4 Glial cells and myelination
3.3.5 Neural activity
3.3.6 Additional axon branching molecules
3.4 Intracellular signaling mechanisms that mediate axon growth and branching
3.4.1 Rho family small GTPases: linking receptors to the cytoskeleton
3.4.2 Calcium
3.4.3 Cyclic nucleotides as second messengers and modulators
3.5 Concluding remarks
References
4. Axon guidance: Netrins
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Netrins and their receptors
4.2.1 Netrin discovery and structure
4.2.2 Netrin receptors
4.2.3 Interactions with other signaling systems
4.2.4 Netrin functional domains and interactions with receptors
4.3 Netrin function in axon guidance and cell migration
4.3.1 Mammalian spinal cord
4.3.1.1 Guidance by midline-derived Netrin-1 in the spinal cord
4.3.1.2 Guidance by ventricular zone-derived Netrin-1 in the spinal cord
4.3.1.3 Synergy between Netrin-1 from floor plate and from ventricular zone in the spinal cord
4.3.1.4 Interpreting the guidance defects caused by loss of Netrin-1 in the spinal cord
4.3.2 Mammalian hindbrain
4.3.2.1 In hindbrain, Netrin-1 from ventricular zone is more important than from floor plate
4.3.2.2 Control of neuronal cell migration by Netrin-1 in the hindbrain
4.3.3 Guidance of other classes of mammalian axons and cells: attraction, repulsion, and modulation
4.3.4 Invertebrate systems
4.3.4.1 Attraction and repulsion by UNC-6 in Caenorhabditis Elegans
4.3.4.2 Attraction and repulsion by Netrins in Drosophila
4.4 Beyond axon and cell guidance: additional roles for Netrins in the nervous system
4.5 Involvement of Netrin signaling in disorders of the nervous system
4.6 Netrins: players outside the nervous system
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Axon guidance: semaphorin/neuropilin/plexin signaling
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structural features
5.3 Mechanisms of intracellular signaling
5.4 Function in neural circuit development
5.5 Semaphorins, plexins, and neuropilins in neurological disorders
5.5.1 Autism spectrum disorder
5.5.2 Kallmann\'s syndrome
5.5.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
5.5.4 Late-onset neurodegenerative diseases
5.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
6. Ephrin/Eph signaling in axon guidance
6.1 The setting of the play
6.1.1 Ephs and ephrins
6.1.2 Rules of interaction
6.1.3 Fundamental action modes
6.1.4 Phylogeny
6.2 Mechanisms of ephrin/Eph signaling in axon guidance
6.2.1 Biophysical aspects
6.2.1.1 Membrane distribution
6.2.1.2 Cis interactions
6.2.1.3 Trafficking
6.2.2 Biochemical aspects
6.2.2.1 Signal transduction of forward signaling
6.2.2.2 Signal transduction of reverse signaling
6.3 Ephrins and Ephs in invertebrate axon guidance
6.3.1 Caenorhabditis elegans
6.3.2 Insects
6.4 Binary ephrin/Eph signaling-pathfinding
6.4.1 Peripheral pathfinding-limb bud innervation
6.4.2 Pathfinding in the spinal cord
6.4.3 Pathfinding in the brain stem-auditory system
6.4.4 Central pathfinding
6.4.4.1 Optic chiasm
6.4.4.2 Corpus callosum and anterior commissure
6.5 Proportional ephrin/Eph signaling-mapping
6.5.1 Olfactory wiring
6.5.2 Retinotectal/retinocollicular projection
6.5.2.1 Mechanisms of mapping along the anterior-posterior axis
6.5.2.2 Mechanisms of mapping along the dorsoventral axis
6.5.2.3 Computational modeling
6.5.3 Retinogeniculate projections
6.5.4 Thalamocortical projections
6.5.5 Corticocollicular projections
6.6 Ephrins and Ephs in regeneration
6.7 Perspectives and open questions-``curtain down and nothing settled\'\'
Acknowledgments
References
7. Axon guidance: Slit-Robo signaling
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Slits and their receptors
7.2.1 Slit discovery and structure
7.2.2 Identification of the slit receptor robo
7.2.3 Slit and Robo interactions
7.2.3.1 Regulation of Slit-Robo interactions
7.3 Slit-Robo function in midline crossing
7.3.1 Spatial expression patterns of Slit and Robo
7.3.2 Posttranscriptional Robo regulation
7.3.3 Regulation of Robo protein expression at the midline
7.3.3.1 Drosophila and vertebrate midlines
7.3.3.2 Caenorhabditis elegans midline
7.3.4 Regulation of Robo signaling at the midline in vertebrates
7.3.5 Slit-Robo signaling for exiting the midline
7.4 Modulation of Slit-Robo signaling
7.4.1 Transcriptional control
7.4.2 Regulation of Slit-Robo signaling by metalloprotease cleavage
7.4.3 Regulation of Slit-Robo signaling by ubiquitination
7.5 Signaling downstream of Robo
7.5.1 Rho family of small GTPases
7.5.2 Abelson tyrosine kinase
7.5.3 Actin-interacting proteins
7.6 Beyond the midline: additional roles for Slit-Robo in the nervous system
7.6.1 Lateral positioning
7.6.2 Cell migration and cell polarity
7.6.3 Dendritic and axonal outgrowth and branching
7.7 Slit-Robo contribution to axon targeting in a complex target field
7.8 Involvement of Slit-Robo in disorders of the nervous system
7.9 Conclusion
References
8. Nonconventional axon guidance cues: Hedgehog, TGF-β/BMP, and Wnts in axon guidance
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Morphogens as axon guidance cues
8.2 Sonic hedgehog in axon guidance
8.2.1 Canonical Shh signaling
8.2.2 Shh is a chemoattractant for spinal cord commissural axons
8.2.3 Shh binding to Boc attracts commissural axons through a noncanonical signaling pathway to modulate the growth cone cytoskeleton
8.2.4 Shh guides axons along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord
8.2.5 14-3-3 proteins regulate a cell-intrinsic switch from Shh-mediated attraction to repulsion of commissural axons after midli ...
8.2.6 Shh guides contralateral and ipsilateral retinal ganglion cell axons
8.2.7 Shh is a chemoattractant for midbrain dopaminergic axons
8.2.8 Shh binding to Gas1 repels enteric axons
8.3 TGF-β superfamily members in axon guidance
8.3.1 Canonical bone morphogenetic protein signaling
8.3.2 BMP7:GDF7 repels spinal cord commissural axons
8.4 Wnts in axon guidance
8.4.1 Canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling
8.4.2 Wnt5 repels commissural axons from the Drosophila posterior commissure via derailed, a Ryk tyrosine kinase family member
8.4.3 Wnt5, complexed with derailed, repels Drosophila mushroom body axons
8.4.4 Wnt binding to Ryk repels axons of the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism
8.4.5 Wnt binding to Fz attracts postcrossing commissural axons via protein kinase C ζ and planar cell polarity signaling
8.4.6 Wnt binding to Fz regulates dopaminergic axon guidance through planar cell polarity signaling
8.4.7 Wnt3 mediates mediolateral retinotectal topographic mapping
8.4.8 Wnts guide axons of Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensory neurons and D-type motoneurons via Fz-type receptors
8.4.9 The Wnt ligand CWN2 regulates Caenorhabditis elegans motor neuron axon guidance through a Ror-type receptor CAM-1
8.5 Cross-talk between axon guidance cues
8.5.1 Shh induces the response of commissural axons to semaphorin repulsion during midline crossing
8.5.2 Shh regulates Wnt signaling in postcrossing commissural axons
8.5.3 The TGF-β family member unc-129 regulates Unc6/Netrin signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
8.6 Conclusions and perspectives
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Glossary
Acknowledgments
References
9. Axon regeneration
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anatomy of the spinal cord
9.3 Spinal cord injury repair: a complex problem
9.4 Axon regeneration in the injured central nervous system versus peripheral nervous system
9.4.1 Intrinsic mechanisms of dorsal root ganglion neuron axon regeneration
9.5 Extrinsic mechanisms: inhibitors of central nervous system axon regeneration
9.6 Extrinsic mechanisms: growth factors
9.6.1 The anatomical substrate of neurorepair
9.7 Axon regeneration in the retinofugal system
9.8 Lessons learned from an evolutionary perspective
9.8.1 Immune-mediated neurorepair mechanisms
9.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10. Axon maintenance and degeneration
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Essentials of axonal transport in axon maintenance
10.2.1 Cellular components that are transported along the axons
10.2.2 Regulations of microtubule stability and organization during axon maintenance
10.2.3 Defects in motor proteins cause axon degeneration
10.2.4 Role of mitochondria transport in axon maintenance
10.2.5 Membrane transport and insertion are essential for axon maintenance
10.3 Proteasome and autophagy pathways in axonal homeostasis
10.3.1 Ubiquitin-proteasome system in axon maintenance
10.3.2 Role of autophagy/lysosome pathway in maintaining axonal homeostasis
10.4 Role of glial cells in axon maintenance
10.5 Maintaining axon track positions and other structural features
10.6 Axon pruning and axon degeneration
10.6.1 Developmental axon pruning
10.6.2 Pathological axon degeneration
10.6.3 Molecular mechanisms of pathological axon degeneration
References
11. Dendrite development: invertebrates
11.1 Structure and anatomy of invertebrate dendrites
11.2 Methods for studying dendrite morphology in Drosophila
11.3 Anatomical background for key model systems in which dendritic morphogenesis is studied in invertebrates
11.3.1 Drosophila dendritic arborization sensory neurons
11.3.2 Drosophila motoneurons
11.3.3 Drosophila olfactory projection neurons
11.3.4 Caenorhabditis elegans PVD neurons
11.4 Cell biology of dendritic growth
11.4.1 Microtubule polarity differs between dendrites and axons
11.4.2 Dynein-dependent trafficking controls dendritic branching
11.4.3 Role of the secretory pathway and Golgi outposts in dendritic elaboration
11.5 Transcriptional control of dendritic morphology
11.5.1 Control of dendrite morphological identity of Drosophila PNS neurons
11.5.2 Transcriptional control of dendritic targeting of olfactory PNs
11.5.3 Chromatin remodeling factors and dendritic development
11.6 Posttranscriptional control of dendritic development
11.6.1 Control of mRNA translation in dendritic development
11.6.2 miRNAs in dendritic development
11.7 Control of dendritic field formation I: guidance and targeting
11.7.1 Slit and netrin signaling during midline dendritic guidance
11.7.2 A combinatorial ligand-receptor complex guides dendritic branches
11.7.3 Coarse and specific control of PN dendritic targeting
11.7.4 Glial control of dendritic targeting
11.8 Control of dendritic field formation II: dendritic self-avoidance and tiling
11.8.1 Interactions between dendrites generate evenly covered territories
11.8.1.1 Dendritic self-avoidance
11.8.1.2 Dendritic tiling
11.8.2 Scaling growth of arbors and maintenance of evenly covered territories
11.9 Dendritic remodeling
11.9.1 Transforming growth factor-β signaling and ecdysone receptor expression during dendritic remodeling
11.9.2 Sox14 and mical function downstream of ecdysone receptor
11.9.3 Signaling mechanisms for dendritic pruning
11.9.3.1 Ubiquitin-proteasome system
11.9.3.2 Caspases
11.9.4 The cell biology of dendritic pruning
11.9.4.1 Microtubule disassembly
11.9.4.2 Local endocytosis and compartmentalized calcium transients
11.9.5 Similarities between dendrite pruning and injury-induced axon degeneration
11.9.6 Similarities and differences in dendrite development, dendrite regrowth after pruning, and dendrite regeneration after injury
11.10 Concluding remarks
See also
References
12. Dendrite development: vertebrates
12.1 The structure and function of vertebrate dendrites
12.1.1 Methods for manipulating and studying dendrite morphology in vertebrates
12.2 The cell biology of dendritic growth
12.2.1 Regulators of the microtubule network in dendrite formation
12.2.2 Regulators of the actin cytoskeleton
12.2.3 Dendrite elaboration requires a satellite secretory pathway
12.2.4 RNA translation in dendrites
12.2.5 Powering dendrite growth
12.2.6 Intracellular cascades that translate extrinsic signals into changes in dendrite structure
12.3 Control of dendritic field formation I: size
12.3.1 Afferent-derived neurotrophins limit size
12.3.2 Control of arbor size by neurotransmission
12.3.3 Activity-dependent mechanisms that influence dendrite growth and stabilization
12.4 Control of dendritic field formation II: shape
12.4.1 Apical dendrite initiation and outgrowth of cortical pyramidal neurons
12.4.2 Activity-dependent orientation of dendrite growth in the somatosensory cortex
12.4.3 Positional cues shape asymmetric dendritic arbors in the mouse retina
12.5 Control of dendritic field formation III: targeting and synapse selectivity
12.5.1 Formation of a Proto-IPL by retinal amacrine cells
12.5.2 Laminar targeting of retinal dendrites is coordinated by adhesive and repellent cues
12.5.3 Transcriptional control of laminar-specific targeting of dendrites in retina
12.5.4 Local recognition mechanisms to control synapse selectivity
12.5.5 An integrated, multistep model for synaptic wiring in the retina IPL
12.6 Space-filling mechanisms to optimize dendritic field distribution
12.6.1 Tiling and mosaics
12.6.2 Dendrite self-avoidance
12.7 Emergence of dendrite compartmentalization
12.7.1 Subcellular patterning of synaptic inputs along dendritic domains
12.7.2 Patterning the membrane excitability of dendritic compartments
12.8 Neurodevelopmental disorders: the price of poor dendritic development?
12.9 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
13. Cell polarity and initiation of migration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Migratory behaviors during radial migration in the developing cerebral cortex
13.2.1 Bipolar migrating neurons along the radial glial fibers: locomotion
13.2.2 Radial glial fiber-independent mode of migration: somal translocation and terminal translocation
13.2.3 Multipolar migration
13.2.4 Transformation from multipolar migrating neurons to bipolar locomoting neurons
13.2.5 Departure from the ventricular zone: differences in migratory behavior between direct progeny of the apical progenitors in ...
13.2.6 Behaviors of the progenitor cells in the subventricular zone
13.3 Molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation of migration and cell polarity during migration
13.3.1 Coupling between neuronal differentiation and migration
13.3.2 Controlling the initiation of radial migration
13.3.3 Regulation of multipolar migration
13.3.4 Extracellular molecules that affect migrating cells
13.4 Conclusion
See also
List of abbreviations
Glossary
Supplementary data
References
14. Nucleokinesis
14.1 Nucleokinesis: introduction
14.2 The nucleus
14.2.1 The nuclear membrane and nuclear pores
14.3 Chromatin
14.4 Membraneless organelles in the nucleus
14.5 Higher order structure of the nucleus
14.6 Diseases
14.6.1 Cohesinopathies
14.6.2 Affecting the nuclear envelope
14.7 Interactions between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton
14.7.1 The LINC complex, structure
14.8 The LINC complex, function
14.9 The LINC complex in nuclear positioning
14.10 The link between the nucleus and the centrosome
14.11 The LINC complex in nucleokinesis
14.12 Nucleokinesis during interkinetic nuclear movement
14.13 Microtubule binding motors
14.13.1 Dynein
14.13.2 Kinesin Kif1a
14.14 Cytoskeleton dynamics as nuclear drivers
14.15 Collective mechanisms for nuclear migration
14.15.1 Intercellular signaling
14.15.2 Mechanical interactions
14.16 The role of INM during neurodevelopment
14.17 INM summary
14.18 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
15. Radial migration in the developing cerebral cortex
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Production of cortical projection neurons
15.3 Organization of the neocortex
15.4 Trajectory of migrating neurons in the developing brain
15.5 Modes of migration
15.6 Radial migration in the developing human neocortex
15.7 Factors that regulate the radial migration of cortical neurons
15.7.1 Secreted molecules
15.7.1.1 Reelin
15.7.1.2 Semaphorins
15.7.2 Neurotransmitters
15.7.2.1 GABA
15.7.2.2 Glutamate
15.7.2.3 ATP
15.7.3 Adhesion molecules
15.7.3.1 Integrins
15.7.3.2 Gap junctions
15.7.4 Cytoskeletal regulators
15.7.4.1 Lis1
15.7.4.2 Doublecortin
15.7.4.3 Filamin A (FLNA/FLN1)
15.7.4.4 Cdk5
15.7.5 Transcription factors
15.7.5.1 Pax6
15.7.5.2 Tbr2
15.7.5.3 Neurogenins
15.8 Summary
References
16. Mechanisms of tangential migration of interneurons in the developing forebrain
16.1 Birth of distinct interneuron subtypes and onset of their migration from the subpallium
16.2 Molecular cues drawing the path of cortical interneuron migration
16.3 Molecular cues controlling the integration of interneurons into the cortical migratory streams
16.4 Molecular cues controlling the intracortical dispersion of interneurons
16.5 Signals dictating the arrest of interneuron migration within the cortical wall
16.6 Role of subpallial transcription factors in the tangential migration of interneurons into the cortex
16.7 Cell-intrinsic regulation of cortical interneuron migration
16.8 Dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton during interneuron migration
16.9 Regulation of the tangential migration of interneurons in the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb
16.10 Molecular regulation of the migration of striatal interneurons
16.11 Evolutionary perspective of the tangential migration
16.12 Conclusions and perspectives
List of acronyms and abbreviations
References
17. Migration in the hippocampus
17.1 Overview of hippocampal structure and lamination
17.1.1 Terminology important for studying hippocampal structure
17.2 Developmental specification of hippocampal fields
17.2.1 The basic developmental scheme of the hippocampus
17.2.2 The cortical hem
17.2.3 The cortical hem organizes the hippocampal fields
17.2.4 The role of canonical Wnt signaling in hippocampal development
17.3 Migration of Cajal-Retzius cells in the hippocampus
17.3.1 What are Cajal-Retzius cells?
17.3.2 What are the functions of Cajal-Retzius cells?
17.3.3 What are the origins of Cajal-Retzius cells?
17.3.4 The cortical hem is the major source of Cajal-Retzius cells for the dorsal telencephalon
17.3.5 The extent of the cortex covered by hem-derived Cajal-Retzius cells
17.3.6 Recruitment of hem-derived Cajal-Retzius cells to the meninges
17.3.7 Tangential dispersion of Cajal-Retzius cells in the marginal zone
17.4 Migration of hippocampal pyramidal neurons
17.5 Migration of hippocampal interneurons
17.5.1 Cellular and distributional diversity of interneurons in the hippocampus
17.5.2 Origins and migration of hippocampal interneurons
17.6 Migration of neural progenitors and granule cells in the dentate gyrus during development
17.6.1 The basic developmental scheme of the dentate gyrus
17.6.2 Migration of granule neurons to form the granule cell layer
17.6.3 Emergence and migration of long-lived neural stem cells and establishment of subgranular zone
17.7 Conclusions
References
18. Hindbrain tangential migration
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Tangential migration: a historical overview
18.3 Molecular mechanisms controlling the tangential migration of precerebellar neurons
18.3.1 Influence of the midline on tangentially migrating precerebellar neurons
18.3.2 Why do PCN neurons migrate near the pial surface?
18.4 Molecular mechanisms controlling the tangential migration of facial motor neurons
18.4.1 Origin and migration of facial motor neurons
18.4.2 The caudal migration of FBM neurons
18.4.2.1 The planar cell polarity pathway
18.4.2.2 Other molecules controlling FBM caudal migration
18.4.3 Role of chemoattraction and chemorepulsion
18.4.4 Role of the meninges in the tangential migration of FBM neurons
18.5 Ending tangential migration
18.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Neuronal migration in the developing cerebellar system
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Part I. Diverse migration pathways and guidance cues during cerebellar system development
19.1.1.1 Distinct cerebellar germinal zones: the ventricular zone and rhombic lip
19.1.1.1.1 Early patterning
19.1.1.1.2 The rhombic lip and Atoh1 domain define the glutamatergic lineage
19.1.1.1.3 The ventricular zone and Ptf1a domain define the GABAergic lineage
19.1.1.1.4 Other Rh1 derivatives
19.1.1.2 Migration of purkinje cells
19.1.1.3 Migration of minor ventricular zone derivatives: Pax2-positive interneurons, basket cells, golgi cells, and stellate cells
19.1.1.4 Migration of precerebellar nuclei
19.1.1.5 Migration of upper rhombic lip derivatives
19.1.1.5.1 Deep cerebellar nuclei
19.1.1.5.2 Granule neuron progenitors and cerebellar granule neurons
19.1.1.5.3 Unipolar brush cells
19.1.2 Part II. The cytoskeletal organization of cerebellar granule neurons
19.1.2.1 Cerebellar granule neuron migration diversity after the establishment of the secondary germinal zone
19.1.2.2 The road to the two-stroke motility paradigm
19.1.2.3 The roles of the microtubule cytoskeleton and associated motors
19.1.2.4 The role of the actin cytoskeleton
19.1.2.5 The role of microtubule-actin cross talk
19.1.3 Part III. The facets of cerebellar granule neuron polarity: timing cell recognition, differentiation, germinal zone exit, a ...
19.1.3.1 Cerebellar granule neuron recognition/adhesion: the contribution of astrotactins and the siah2-Pard3-JamC pathway
19.1.3.2 The Zeb1-Pard6/3A transcriptional pathway
19.1.3.3 The foxo polarization pathway
19.1.4 Part IV. Migration deficits in cerebellar medulloblastomas: the effects of perturbed migration pathways are no longer limit ...
Acknowledgments
References
20. Neuronal migration of guidepost cells
Chapters cited
20.1 An introduction to guidepost cells
20.1.1 Neuronal migration in the context of axonal tracts formation
20.1.2 Defining the notion of guidepost cells
20.2 Role of neuronal migration in the formation of the lateral olfactory tract
20.2.1 Anatomy and development of the lateral olfactory tract
20.2.2 Diffusible guidance cues in the pathfinding of lateral olfactory tract axons
20.2.3 Roles of guidepost ``lot cells\'\'
20.2.4 Tangential migration of lot cells: specification, routes, and molecular mechanisms
20.2.5 Fate of lot cells
20.3 Hippocampal Cajal-retzius cells in the formation of axonal connections
20.3.1 Anatomy and development of the hippocampus and entorhinohippocampal projections
20.3.2 Cajal-Retzius cells as putative guidepost neurons for the formation of entorhinal projections
20.3.3 Toward a more generic role of Cajal-Retzius cells as guideposts?
20.4 Migration of neuronal guidepost cells in the formation of thalamocortical connections
20.4.1 Anatomy and development of thalamocortical and corticofugal axons
20.4.2 Pioneer cortical subplate axons in the pathfinding of thalamocortical projections
20.4.3 Origin and migration of subplate neurons
20.4.4 The subpallium is a major intermediate target for thalamocortical axons
20.4.5 Guidepost cells in the diencephalic and subpallial pathfinding of thalamocortical projections
20.4.6 Migration of guidepost corridor cells: routes and guidance cues
20.4.7 Fate of guidepost cells for thalamocortical projections
20.5 Neuronal migration of guidepost cells in the formation of the corpus callosum
20.5.1 Anatomy and development of the corpus callosum
20.5.2 Roles of glial cells in the development of the corpus callosum
20.5.3 Tangentially migrating neurons in the development of the corpus callosum
20.6 Neuronal migration of guidepost cells and evolution of brain wiring
20.6.1 Tangential migration of guidepost neurons: a hallmark of the telencephalon?
20.6.2 Neuronal migration of guidepost cells in the evolution of the internal capsule
20.7 Towards an integration of migrating guidepost neurons in normal and pathological brain development
20.7.1 Guidepost neurons in the shaping of axonal tract organization and topography
20.7.2 Integrating tangential neuronal migration of guideposts in normal and pathological brain development
20.8 Conclusions
References
21. Neuronal migration in the postnatal brain
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Regulation of neuronal migration in the normal brain
21.2.1 Migratory scaffolds
21.2.1.1 Neighboring cells in the neuronal chain
21.2.1.2 Astrocytes
21.2.1.3 Blood vessels
21.2.2 Directional control from the V-SVZ toward the OB
21.2.3 Migration termination in the OB
21.3 Regulation of neuronal migration in the injured brain
21.3.1 Migratory scaffolds in the injured brain
21.3.1.1 Neighboring cells in the neuronal chain
21.3.1.2 Astrocytes
21.3.1.3 Blood vessels
21.3.1.4 Radial glial cells
21.3.2 Directional control toward a lesion
21.3.3 Enhancement of neuronal migration as a strategy for endogenous neuronal regeneration
21.4 Postnatal neuronal migration in primates
21.5 Summary
References
22. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms of neuronal migration
22.1 Introduction to neuronal migration
22.1.1 Different ways to migrate: ``I did it my way\'\'
22.2 Transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of neuronal migration
22.2.1 Radial migration
22.2.1.1 Radial migration: locomotion
22.2.1.2 Radial migration: translocation
22.2.1.3 Subtypes of neocortical radial glia; outer radial glia and the somal translocation mode of migration
22.2.1.3.1 Interplay of transcription factors and radial migration guidance cues
22.2.1.3.2 Posttranscriptional events in radial migration: the role of RNA-binding proteins, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA
22.2.1.4 RNA-binding proteins
22.2.1.5 lncRNAs
22.2.1.6 MicroRNAs
22.2.2 Tangential migration: transcriptional and posttranscriptional control
22.2.2.1 Interplay of transcription factors and tangential migration guidance cues
22.2.2.1.1 Posttranscriptional events in tangential migration: the role of RNA-binding proteins and microRNA
22.3 Conclusion and future directions
List of acronyms and abbreviations
References
23. Migration of myelin-forming cells in the CNS
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Genesis of myelin-producing cells during development
23.1.2 Oligodendrocyte precursor cells: born to migrate
23.2 Migratory paths followed by oligodendrocyte progenitor and precursor cells
23.3 Chemokinetic factors: the motility of oligodendrocyte precursors
23.4 Adhesion and chemotactic mechanisms: how the movement of oligodendrocyte precursors is guided?
23.4.1 Adhesion and surface molecules
23.4.2 Secreted factors
23.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
24. Coordination of different modes of neuronal migration and functional organization of the cerebral cortex
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Arealization of the cortex
24.1.2 Cortical columns constitute cortical areas
24.1.3 Minicolumns constitute columns
24.2 Migration of related projection neurons into the same minicolumn
24.2.1 Early lack of evidence that sister projection neurons migrate into the same minicolumn
24.2.2 Sister projection neurons migrate into the same minicolumn and intersynapse
24.3 Integration of projection neurons into cortical minicolumns
24.3.1 Migratory scaffolds restrict tangential movement of projection neurons
24.3.2 Molecular signaling limits tangential movement of projection neurons during multipolar stage
24.4 Integration of interneurons into cortical columns
24.4.1 Interneuron subtypes areally distribute via tangential migration
24.4.2 Do sister interneurons migrate into the same minicolumn?
24.4.3 Sister interneurons preferentially intersynapse
24.4.4 Regulating the timing of the shift from tangential to radial migration
24.4.5 Projection neurons attract migrating interneurons into cortical plate
24.4.6 Radial glial cells trigger a shift in migration mode
24.5 Genetic and cellular mechanisms controlling shifts in migratory modes
24.6 Conclusion
List of abbreviations
References
25. The impact of different modes of neuronal migration on brain evolution
25.1 Types of neuronal migration in vertebrate brain development-radial and tangential migration shaping vertebrate brains
25.2 The impact of radial migration on brain evolution
25.2.1 Evolution of radial migration
25.2.2 Radial migration on laminar brains
25.2.3 Radial migration on elaborated brains
25.2.4 The influence of radial migration on pallial internal circuitry
25.2.4.1 Somal translocation
25.2.4.2 Glial-guided locomotion
25.2.4.3 Evolutionary origin of glial-aided locomotion
25.3 The impact of tangential migration on brain evolution
25.3.1 Pallial interneurons and the modulation of brain circuits
25.3.1.1 Conserved features of tangential migration of pallial interneurons in vertebrates
25.3.1.2 Divergence in tangential migratory routes of pallial interneurons
25.3.1.3 Diversifying complexity of GABAergic subtypes
25.3.2 Glutamatergic tangential contributions as developmental scaffolds
25.3.3 Tangential migration shaping brain connections-guidepost neurons in evolution
25.3.4 Tangential migrations along the central nervous system
25.4 Conclusions
Glossary
References
26. Neuronal migration disorders
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Types of malformations
26.2.1 Pachygyria
26.2.2 Lissencephaly
26.2.3 Cobblestone lissencephaly
26.2.4 Subcortical band heterotopia
26.2.5 Periventricular heterotopia
26.2.6 Polymicrogyria
26.2.7 Mammalian target of rapamycin complex pathway-related malformations
26.2.8 Microcephaly
26.3 Identified mutations and mechanisms in neuronal migration disorder
26.3.1 Mutations in microtubule-associated proteins (LIS1, DCX, KIF5C, KIF2A, DYNC1H1, and EML1)
26.3.2 Tubulin mutations (TUBA1A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, TUBG1, TUBA8, and TUBB5)
26.3.3 Periventricular heterotopia and mutations in FLNA, ARFGEF2, C6orf70, FAT4, DCHS1, and MOB2
26.3.4 Variant lissencephalies and mutations in ARX and RELN
26.3.5 Cobblestone malformations and mutations in dystroglycan genes
26.3.6 Focal cortical dysplasias and dysplastic megalencephaly and mutations in mTOR, PIK3CA, DEPDC5, AKT3, NPRL3, and PIK3R2
26.4 Summary and concluding remarks
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z