دانلود کتاب Chamorro Grammar

فهرست مطالب :

Front cover
Title pages
Table of Contents
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 The Chamorro language and its speakers
1.2 Language vitality
1.3 Linguistic history
1.4 Previous descriptions
1.5 Aims of this book
1.6 Sources of data
2 Predicates
2.1 Minimal clauses
2.2 The form of predicates
2.2.1 Aspect
2.2.1.1 Form
2.2.1.2 Meaning and use
2.2.2 Mood and agreement
2.2.2.1 Transitive verbs
2.2.2.2 Intransitive verbs and adjectives
2.2.2.3 Agreement revisited
2.2.3 More on mood
2.2.3.1 The m/f alternation
2.2.3.2 Meaning and use
2.2.4 Time in a language without tense
2.3 Further reading
3 Clauses
3.1 Predicates, arguments, and adjuncts
3.2 Grammatical relations
3.2.1 Subject
3.2.2 Direct object
3.2.3 Obliques
3.3 A brief survey of adjuncts
3.3.1 Location in space
3.3.2 Location in time
3.3.3 Duration
3.3.4 Frequency
3.3.5 Manner
3.3.6 Further types
3.3.7 A note on frequency and manner
3.4 Word order
3.4.1 The predicate and its arguments
3.4.1.1 When the predicate is a verb or adjective
3.4.1.2 When the predicate is a noun or preposition
3.4.2 Adjuncts
3.4.3 Summary
3.5 Further reading
4 More about clauses
4.1 Negation, tense-aspect-mood, and word order
4.2 Tense-aspect-mood markers
4.2.1 Form
4.2.2 Meaning and use
4.2.2.1 Para
4.2.2.2 Ginin
4.2.2.3 Siña
4.2.2.4 Debi (di)
4.3 A closer look at nonverbal predicates
4.3.1 Predicates that are nouns
4.3.2 Predicates that are prepositions
5 Case marking and prepositions
5.1 Case marking
5.1.1 Form
5.1.1.1 Basics
5.1.1.2 Combined with an article or demonstrative
5.1.1.3 Noun phrases with no case marking
5.1.1.4 Weak noun phrases in the oblique case
5.1.2 Use
5.1.2.1 Unmarked case
5.1.2.2 Oblique case
5.1.2.3 Local case
5.2 Prepositions
5.3 Local nouns
5.4 Directional nouns
5.5 Further reading
6 Noun phrases
6.1 Nouns and noun phrases
6.1.1 Number
6.1.1.1 Form
6.1.1.2 Meaning and use
6.1.2 Gender
6.2 Determiners
6.2.1 Articles
6.2.1.1 Form
6.2.1.2 Meaning and use
6.2.2 Demonstratives
6.2.3 Numerals
6.2.4 Quantifiers
6.2.4.1 Kada
6.2.4.2 Todu
6.2.4.3 Bula, meggai, and other quantificational adjectives
6.2.4.4 Palu
6.2.5 The classification of determiners
6.2.6 Combinations of determiners
6.2.7 Other types of determiners
6.3 Further reading
7 More about noun phrases
7.1 Possessors
7.1.1 Form
7.1.2 Meaning and use
7.1.3 Dependent nouns
7.1.4 Prenominal possessors
7.2 Other arguments and adjuncts
7.3 Modifiers
7.3.1 The linker
7.3.2 Adjective and adjective phrase modifiers
7.3.3 Noun phrase modifiers
7.3.4 Modifiers of names
7.3.5 Relative clauses
7.3.6 Summary
7.4 Word order
7.5 Noun phrase ellipsis
8 Pronouns
8.1 Overview
8.2 Independent pronouns
8.3 Weak pronouns
8.4 Null pronouns
8.4.1 Basics
8.4.2 Null pronouns and agreement
8.4.3 Further issues
8.5 Further reading
9 Indefinite pronouns
9.1 Overview
9.2 General indefinites
9.2.1 Form
9.2.2 Meaning and use
9.2.2.1 In questions
9.2.2.2 In negative sentences
9.2.2.3 In conditionals and comparatives
9.2.2.4 In free choice contexts
9.2.2.5 In concealed conditionals
9.3 Other ways to express indefiniteness
9.3.1 Noun phrase ellipsis in existential sentences
9.3.2 Indefinite implicit arguments
9.3.2.1 In antipassive clauses
9.3.2.2 In passive clauses
10 Passive and antipassive
10.1 Overview
10.2 Passive
10.2.1 Passive verbs
10.2.2 Passive clauses
10.2.2.1 Grammatical relations
10.2.2.2 Word order
10.2.2.3 More on -in- versus ma-
10.2.2.4 Passive clauses in discourse
10.3 Antipassive
10.3.1 Antipassive verbs
10.3.2 Antipassive clauses
10.3.2.1 Grammatical relations
10.3.2.2 Word order
10.3.2.3 Antipassive clauses in discourse
10.4 Further reading
11 Applicatives
11.1 Overview
11.2 Derived from intransitive verbs or adjectives
11.2.1 Applicative verbs
11.2.2 Applicative clauses
11.2.2.1 Grammatical relations
11.2.2.2 Word order
11.2.2.3 Antipassive and wh-agreement
11.3 Derived from transitive verbs
11.3.1 Applicative verbs
11.3.2 Applicative clauses
11.3.2.1 Grammatical relations
11.3.2.2 Word order
11.3.2.3 Antipassive and wh-agreement
11.4 False applicatives
11.5 Concealed applicatives
12 Causatives
12.1 Overview
12.2 Causative verbs
12.2.1 Derived from intransitive verbs or adjectives
12.2.2 Derived from transitive verbs
12.2.3 Derived from other verb types
12.2.3.1 Passives
12.2.3.2 Antipassives
12.2.3.3 Reciprocals
12.2.3.4 Impersonals
12.3 Causative clauses
12.3.1 Grammatical relations
12.3.2 Word order
12.3.3 Further patterns
12.3.3.1 Passives of causatives
12.3.3.2 Antipassives of causatives
12.3.3.3 Applicatives of causatives
12.3.3.4 Reciprocals of causatives
12.3.4 Differences from other transitive clauses
12.3.4.1 Reflexive objects
12.3.4.2 Wh-agreement
12.3.5 Causatives versus applicatives
12.4 Special uses of the causative prefix
12.4.1 The verb na’lågu
12.4.2 Evaluative adjectives
12.4.3 The conjunction muna’
12.5 Further reading
13 Reflexives and reciprocals
13.1 Background
13.2 Reflexive clauses
13.2.1 Form
13.2.1.1 The reflexive use of personal pronouns
13.2.1.2 Optional reflexive morphology
13.2.2 Reflexive clauses vs. other clauses
13.2.2.1 Information packaging
13.2.2.2 Causatives
13.3 Reciprocal clauses
13.3.1 Reciprocal verbs
13.3.2 Grammatical relations
13.4 Further reading
14 Other types of predicates
14.1 Overview
14.2 Impersonal verbs and adjectives
14.2.1 Weather verbs
14.2.2 Existential verbs
14.2.3 Quantificational adjectives
14.3 Verbs of possession
14.3.1 Basics
14.3.2 Incorporation
14.3.3 Grammatical relations
14.3.4 The extra noun phrase
14.3.5 Word order
14.4 Transitive verbs with the marking of nouns
14.5 Further reading
15 Imperatives, exclamatives, and interjections
15.1 Overview
15.2 Imperatives
15.2.1 Affirmative imperatives
15.2.2 Negative imperatives
15.2.2.1 Mungnga
15.2.2.2 Cha’-
15.3 Exclamatives
15.4 Interjections
16 Information packaging
16.1 Overview
16.2 The person-animacy restriction
16.3 The third plural restriction
16.4 The specificity restriction
16.5 Further reading
17 Negation
17.1 Overview
17.2 Basics
17.3 Negative concord
17.4 Negation and scope
17.5 Negative ‘even’
17.6 Negation and ellipsis
17.7 Further reading
18 Adverbs
18.1 Overview
18.2 Form
18.3 Meaning
18.4 Word order
18.4.1 Phonologically dependent adverbs
18.4.2 Other adverbs
18.5 Adverb meaning and word order
19 Coordination
19.1 Overview
19.2 Conjunctions
19.3 Coordination of sentences
19.4 Coordination of words
19.5 Coordination of phrases
19.6 Coordinate verb phrases and word order
19.7 Comitative constructions
19.7.1 Comitative prepositional phrases
19.7.2 The plural pronoun construction
20 Embedded clauses
20.1 Overview
20.2 Complementizers and conjunctions
20.2.1 Complementizers
20.2.2 Subordinating conjunctions
20.3 Argument clauses
20.3.1 Basics
20.3.2 Details
20.4 Adverbial clauses
20.4.1 Introduced by a complementizer
20.4.2 Introduced by a subordinating conjunction
20.4.2.1 Basics
20.4.2.2 Details
20.5 Embedded clauses introduced by the definite article
21 Infinitives and reduced clauses
21.1 Overview
21.2 Infinitive clauses
21.2.1 Infinitive predicates
21.2.2 Structure and function
21.3 Raising
21.4 Control
21.4.1 Into infinitive clauses
21.4.2 Into finite clauses
21.5 Control versus raising
21.6 Reduced clauses
21.6.1 The embedded predicate
21.6.2 Structure and function
21.6.3 The higher predicate
21.6.4 Sentences with an implicit argument
21.7 Further reading
22 Questions
22.1 Overview
22.2 Polar questions and alternative questions
22.3 Constituent questions: basics
22.3.1 Questions of the predicate
22.3.2 Questions of arguments
22.3.3 Questions of adjuncts
22.4 Wh-agreement and complementizer agreement
22.4.1 Wh-agreement
22.4.1.1 With a subject
22.4.1.2 With an object
22.4.1.3 With an oblique
22.4.1.4 With an adjunct
22.4.2 Complementizer agreement
22.5 Constituent questions in complex sentences
22.5.1 Embedded questions
22.5.2 Long-distance questions
22.6 Further reading
23 Focus
23.1 Overview
23.2 The emphatic particle
23.3 Syntactic focus: basics
23.4 Syntactic focus and agreement
23.4.1 Wh-agreement
23.4.2 Complementizer agreement
23.5 Syntactic focus in complex sentences
23.5.1 Embedded focus
23.5.2 Long-distance focus
23.6 Syntactic focus, constituent questions, and clefts
23.7 Further reading
24 Relative clauses
24.1 Overview
24.2 Basics
24.2.1 Location within the clause
24.2.2 Internal structure
24.3 Relative clauses and agreement
24.3.1 Wh-agreement
24.3.2 Complementizer agreement
24.4 In necessarily indefinite noun phrases
24.5 Long-distance relative clauses
24.6 Related constructions
24.6.1 Embedded clause modifiers introduced by na
24.6.2 Existential verbs as determiners
24.6.3 Time adverbs marked with the linker
25 Comparison
25.1 Overview
25.2 Degree morphemes
25.2.1 Form
25.2.2 Meaning and use
25.3 Comparatives
25.3.1 Comparative morphemes
25.3.2 Comparative sentences
25.4 Other ways of expressing comparison
25.4.1 Superlatives
25.4.2 Equatives
26 Topics and anaphora
26.1 Overview
26.2 Two types of topics
26.2.1 Inner topics
26.2.1.1 Form and function
26.2.1.2 Inner topics and anaphora
26.2.1.3 Topic versus focus
26.2.2 Outer topics
26.3 Conditions on anaphora
26.3.1 The basic condition
26.3.2 The subject condition
26.4 Further reading
27 Parts of speech
27.1 Overview
27.2 Topping and Dungca’s approach
27.3 Further evidence
27.3.1 Nouns versus other content words
27.3.2 Verbs versus other content words
27.3.3 Summary
27.4 Conversion
27.4.1 Noun-to-verb
27.4.2 Noun-to-adjective
27.4.3 Summary
27.5 Further reading
28 Word formation
28.1 Overview
28.2 Derived nouns
28.2.1 Agentive nouns
28.2.1.1 Reduplication plus umlaut
28.2.1.2 -dót
28.2.2 Nouns of location
28.2.3 án-
28.3 Derived aspectual predicates
28.3.1 ké’-
28.3.2 -ñaihun
28.4 Other derived verbs and adjectives
28.4.1 é’- and ó’-
28.4.2 fa’-
28.4.3 há-
28.4.4 -in-
28.4.5 man-/fan-
28.4.6 mí-
28.4.7 mina’-
28.4.8 -un
28.4.9 Conversion
28.5 Word formation for local and directional nouns
28.6 Event nominalizations
28.6.1 Form
28.6.2 Structure and distribution
28.7 Nicknames
29 Sounds and spelling
29.1 Distinctive sounds
29.1.1 Vowels
29.1.2 Consonants
29.2 Spelling: basics
29.3 Syllables
29.3.1 Basics
29.3.2 Glides
29.3.2.1 After a vowel
29.3.2.2 Before a vowel
29.3.3 Geminates
29.3.3.1 Distribution
29.3.3.2 Geminates formed from voiced stops
29.3.3.3 Geminates formed from affricates and palatals
29.4 Stress and intonation
29.4.1 Stress
29.4.2 Intonation
29.5 The distribution of Chamorro vowels
29.5.1 Mid and high vowels
29.5.1.1 In indigenous roots
29.5.1.2 In borrowed roots
29.5.2 Vowels in affixed words
29.5.2.1 Low vowels
29.5.2.2 Mid and high vowels
29.5.3 The Rota dialect
29.5.4 Minimal words
29.5.5 Summary
29.6 Spelling: the official orthographies
29.6.1 The CNMI orthography
29.6.2 The Guam orthography
29.6.3 Illustration of the differences
29.7 More on glottal stop
29.8 Further reading
30 More sound patterns
30.1 Overview
30.2 Umlaut
30.3 Gemination
30.4 Nasal substitution
30.4.1 In plural nouns
30.4.2 In denominal verbs
30.4.3 In intransitive verbs and adjectives
30.4.4 In antipassive verbs
30.5 Interaction with reduplication
References
Index of words
Index of subjects
Back cover