دانلود کتاب Chapman and Nakielny's Guide to Radiological Procedures

فهرست مطالب :

Front Cover
GUIDE TORADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
GUIDE TORADIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
1 - General notes
RADIOLOGY
Methods
Indications
Contraindications
Risk due to radiation
Risk due to the contrast medium
Risks due to the technique
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient preparation
Preliminary Images
Technique
Images
Additional Techniques or Modifications of Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the anaesthetic
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Radioactive Injections
Activity Administered
Equipment
Technique
Patient positioning
Images
Aftercare
Radiation safety
Complications
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Patient Preparation
Intravenous Contrast Medium
Oral Contrast Medium
Pelvic Scanning
Computed Tomography Colonography
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Patient Preparation
SAFETY IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Effects Due to Magnetic Fields
Static field
Biological effects
Nonbiological effects
Gradient field
Biological effects
Nonbiological effects
Radiofrequency field
Noise
Inert Gas Quench
Intravenous Contrast Medium
Recommendations for Safety
Controlled and restricted access
Implants
Pregnancy
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Patient Preparation
Abdomen
Pelvis
Endoscopic
Children
2 - Intravascular contrast media
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOGRAPHIC AGENTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS WATER-SOLUBLE CONTRAST MEDIA
TOXIC EFFECTS ON SPECIFIC ORGANS
Venous
Arterial
Soft-Tissue Toxicity
Cardiovascular Toxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Thyroid Function
IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS
Fatal Reactions
Nonfatal Reactions
MECHANISMS OF IDIOSYNCRATIC CONTRAST MEDIUM REACTIONS
PROPHYLAXIS OF ADVERSE CONTRAST MEDIUM EFFECTS
Iodinated Contrast in Pregnancy and Lactation
CONTRAST AGENTS IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM OF ACTION
GADOLINIUM
Dose
Adverse Reactions
Acute adverse reactions
Delayed adverse reactions
Precautions for prevention of adverse reactions
Acute adverse reactions
Delayed adverse reactions
GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST AGENTS
Positive Agents
Negative Agents
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents in Pregnancy and Lactation
CONTRAST AGENTS IN ULTRASONOGRAPHY
3 - Gastrointestinal tract
Introduction to Contrast Media
Water-Soluble Contrast Agents
Indications
Complications
Gases
Barium
Advantages
Disadvantages
Complications
Pharmacological Agents
Hyoscine-N-Butylbromide (Buscopan)
Indications
Adult dose
Advantages
Side effects
Contraindications
Aftercare
Glucagon
Indications
Adult dose
Advantages
Side effects
Contraindications
Aftercare
Metoclopramide (Maxolon)3
Indications
Adult dose
Advantages
Side effects
Contraindications
Aftercare
Contrast Swallow
Indications: Suspected Oesophageal Pathology
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Barium Meal
Methods
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Modification of Technique for Young Children
Aftercare
Complications
Small Bowel Follow-Through
Methods
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Additional Images
Aftercare
Complications
Small-Bowel Enema
Advantage
Disadvantages
Indications and Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Modification of Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Barium Enema
Methods
Indication
Contraindications
Absolute
Relative
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
For 3 days prior to examination
On the day prior to examination
On the day of the examination
Technique
Exposures
Aftercare
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Barium Enema5
Complications (All Are Rare)
Enema Variants
The ‘Instant’ Enema
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Air Enema
Indications
Technique
Reduction of an Intussusception
Methods
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Investigations
Contrast Medium
Technique
Pneumatic reduction
Ultrasound reduction10
Barium reduction (no longer recommended)
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Contrast Enema in Neonatal Low Intestinal Obstruction
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Contrast Medium
Technique
Sinogram
Retrograde Ileogram
Indications
Technique
Colostomy Enema
Indications
Technique
Loopogram
Indications
Contrast
Technique
Images
Herniogram
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Contrast Medium
Technique
Images
Complications
Evacuating Proctogram
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Technique
Films
Coeliac Axis, Superior Mesenteric and Inferior Mesenteric Arteriography
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Technique
Coeliac axis
Superior mesenteric artery
Late-phase visceral arteriography
Inferior mesenteric artery
Ultrasound of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Transabdominal Examination of the Lower Oesophagus and Stomach
Indications
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Equipment
Technique
Small Bowel
Indications
Technique
Appendix
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Large Bowel
Indications
Endoluminal Examination of the Anus
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Endoluminal Examination of the Rectum
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Indications
Intraluminal Contrast Agents
Intravenous Contrast
Bolus timing
Computed Tomographic Colonography
Indications
Bowel Preparation
Technique
Complications
Aftercare
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Agents
Motion Artefacts
Pulse Sequences
Techniques
Suspected perianal fistula
Local staging of anorectal cancer
Small-bowel magnetic resonance enteroclysis
Small-bowel magnetic resonance enterography
Radionuclide Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Study
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Physiological test1: adults and older children
Milk scan1: infants and younger children
Provocation with abdominal compression2: adults and older children
Analysis
Additional Technique: Oesophageal Transit
Aftercare
Complications
Radionuclide Gastric-Emptying Study
Indications
Contraindication
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
Radionuclide Meckel’s Diverticulum Scan
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Radionuclide Imaging of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Alternative Investigative Imaging Modalities
Labelled White Cell Scanning in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
4 - Liver, biliary tract and pancreas
METHODS OF IMAGING THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
METHODS OF IMAGING THE PANCREAS
PLAIN FILMS
ULTRASOUND OF THE LIVER
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Additional Views
Hepatic veins
Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Common bile duct
Spleen
ULTRASOUND OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILIARY SYSTEM
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Additional Views
Assessment of gallbladder function
Intrahepatic bile ducts
Extrahepatic bile ducts
Postcholecystectomy
ULTRASOUND OF THE PANCREAS
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY TREE
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
Single-phase (portal phase) contrast-enhanced computed tomography
Multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Contraindications
Indications
Technique
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PANCREAS
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE LIVER
Indications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pulse Sequences
Diffusion Weighted Imaging
Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Liver Imaging
Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Liver-specific contrast agents
Magnetic resonance angiography
MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE PANCREAS
Indications
Technique
ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Pancreas
Bile Ducts
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Pancreas (using fine focal spot)
Bile ducts
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
Local
Distant
INTRAOPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
POSTOPERATIVE (T-TUBE) CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Imaging
Technique
Images
Delayed Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
Local
Generalized
INTERNAL BILIARY DRAINAGE
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Media
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Transhepatic
Endoscopic
Aftercare
Complications
PERCUTANEOUS EXTRACTION OF RETAINED BILIARY CALCULI (BURHENNE TECHNIQUE)
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
ANGIOGRAPHY
COELIAC AXIS, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC AND INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Technique
Coeliac axis
Superior mesenteric artery
Late-phase visceral arteriography
Inferior mesenteric artery
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF LIVER AND SPLEEN
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Alternative Investigative Imaging Modalities
RADIONUCLIDE HEPATOBILIARY AND GALLBLADDER RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Additional Techniques
Cholecystokinin and morphine provocation
Quantitative analysis
Aftercare
Complications
INVESTIGATION OF SPECIFIC CLINICAL PROBLEMS
THE INVESTIGATION OF LIVER TUMOURS
Investigation
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
THE INVESTIGATION OF JAUNDICE
Investigations
Obstructive jaundice
Nonobstructive jaundice
THE INVESTIGATION OF PANCREATITIS
PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS
5 - Urinary tract
PLAIN FILM RADIOGRAPHY
Indications
Technique
INTRAVENOUS EXCRETION UROGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Adult dose
Paediatric dose
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Images
Technique
Images
Additional Images
Variation
ULTRASOUND OF THE URINARY TRACT
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE URINARY TRACT
Indications
Techniques
Standard diagnostic computed tomography
Renal lesion characterization computed tomography
Adrenal lesion characterization computed tomography
Computed tomography kidneys, ureters, bladder
Computed tomography urogram (CTU)
Variations
Computed tomography angiography
Indications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE URINARY TRACT
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE PROSTATE
Technique/Example Protocol
MAGNETIC RESONANCE UROGRAPHY
Indications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE ADRENALS
Indications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE RENAL ANGIOGRAPHY
MICTURATING CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
ASCENDING URETHROGRAPHY IN THE MALE
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Aftercare
Complications Due to the Technique
RETROGRADE PYELOURETEROGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
In the operating theatre
In the x-ray department
Aftercare
Complications
CONDUITOGRAM
Indications
Contrast
Technique
PERCUTANEOUS RENAL CYST PUNCTURE AND BIOPSY
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Complications
PERCUTANEOUS ANTEGRADE PYELOGRAPHY AND NEPHROSTOMY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Patient position
Identifying the collecting system prior to the definitive procedure
Site/plane of puncture
Techniques of puncture and catheterization
Aftercare
Complications
PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Patient position
Methods of opacification of the collecting system
Puncture of the collecting system
Dilatation
Removal/disintegration
Aftercare
Complications
Immediate
Delayed
RENAL ARTERIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast medium
Flush aortic
Selective renal artery injection
Equipment
Technique
Femoral artery puncture
STATIC RENAL RADIONUCLIDE SCINTIGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
DYNAMIC RENAL RADIONUCLIDE SCINTIGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Additional techniques
Aftercare
Complications
DIRECT RADIONUCLIDE MICTURATING CYSTOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Alternative
6 - Image guided ablation techniques for cancer treatment
TYPES OF ABLATIVE TECHNOLOGY
RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
Background Information
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Imaging Guidance Technique
Postprocedural Care/Imaging/Follow-Up
MICROWAVE ABLATION
Background Information
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Imaging Guidance Technique
Postprocedural Care/Imaging/Follow-Up
CRYOABLATION
Background Information
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Imaging Guidance Technique
Postprocedural Care/Imaging/Follow-Up
IRREVERSIBLE ELECTROPORATION
Background Information
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Imaging Guidance Technique
Postprocedural Care/Imaging/Follow-Up
KEY CHALLENGES
7 - Reproductive system
Methods of Imaging in the Female Reproductive System
Methods of Imaging the Male Reproductive System (Scrotum and Testes)
HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
ULTRASOUND OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Reporting Gynaecological Ultrasound
Contrast Medium
ULTRASOUND OF THE SCROTUM
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Indications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Indications
Artifacts
Pulse Sequences
Scrotal Magnetic Resonance
GYNAECOLOGICAL MALIGNANCY
CERVICAL CANCER
Staging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences
Follow-Up
UTERINE CARCINOMA
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging
Follow-Up
OVARIAN CANCER
OMENTAL BIOPSY
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
PET COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
UTERINE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
Clinical Indications
Contraindications
Consent, Counselling and Communication
Procedure
Complications
Follow-Up
8 - Respiratory system
Methods of Imaging the Respiratory System
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE THORAX
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-GUIDED LUNG BIOPSY
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications2–4
METHODS OF IMAGING PULMONARY EMBOLISM
RADIONUCLIDE LUNG VENTILATION/PERFUSION IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications (To Perfusion Imaging)
Radiopharmaceuticals
Perfusion
Ventilation
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Perfusion
Ventilation
81mKr gas
99mTc-DTPA aerosol
Images
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY EMBOLI
Technique
Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography—Enhanced Scan of Pulmonary Arterial System1
PULMONARY ARTERIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications1
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Technique
Additional Techniques
Complications
MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF PULMONARY EMBOLI
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PET AND PET-CT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9 - Heart
ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Technique
Image Acquisition
CORONARY ARTERIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Image
Technique
Image Acquisition
Complications
CARDIAC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Beta-Blockers
Nitrates
Technique
Scan Protocol
Plain computed tomography heart
Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Scan
Contrast administration
Retrospective scan
Prospective scan
Single-beat acquisition
CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE
Indications
Contraindications
Relative Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Technique
Localizer images
Thoracic overview, cardiac morphology
Functional imaging
Tissue characterization
Myocardial perfusion
Dobutamine stress imaging
Early gadolinium enhancement
Late gadolinium enhancement
Flow quantification
Magnetic resonance angiography
RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY
Indications
Gated blood-pool study1
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
RADIONUCLIDE MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals1,2
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Stress regimen
99mTc-MIBI or tetrofosmin rest/stress test
2-Day protocol (stress/rest)
1-Day protocol (stress/rest)
201Tl stress/rest test
Images
Single photon emission computed tomography
Analysis12
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
10 - Arterial system
NONINVASIVE IMAGING
VASCULAR ULTRASOUND
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY
PERIPHERAL (LOWER LIMB) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare and Complications
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
VASCULAR ACCESS
Patient Preparation
Equipment for Vascular Access
Ultrasound
Needle
Guidewires
Vascular Sheaths
Catheters
Taps and Connectors
Relative Contraindications
Technique (Fig. 10.2)
Aftercare
GENERAL COMPLICATIONS OF CATHETER TECHNIQUES
Due to the Anaesthetic
Due to the Contrast Medium
Due to the Technique
Local
Distant
ANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
ANGIOPLASTY
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
STENTS
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complication
CATHETER-DIRECTED ARTERIAL THROMBOLYSIS
Indications
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
VASCULAR EMBOLIZATION
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique Principles
Aftercare
Complications
THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL AORTIC STENT GRAFTS
Indications
Equipment
Preparation
Principles
Aftercare
Complications
11 - Venous system
ULTRASOUND
Duplex
Colour Doppler
LOWER LIMB VENOUS ULTRASOUND
Indications
Equipment
Technique
UPPER LIMB VENOUS ULTRASOUND
Indications
Equipment
Technique
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE
PERIPHERAL VENOGRAPHY
LOWER LIMB
Method
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
UPPER LIMB
Method
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
CENTRAL VENOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
INFERIOR VENA CAVOGRAPHY
Indications
Contrast Medium
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
PORTAL VENOGRAPHY
Methods
Indications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Superior mesenteric angiography
For trans-splenic approach
Images
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
Due to the catheter
TRANSHEPATIC PORTAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Technique
VENOUS INTERVENTIONS
VENOUS ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTS
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
Indications
GONADAL VEIN EMBOLIZATION
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
INFERIOR VENA CAVA FILTERS
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
THROMBOLYSIS
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique1
Aftercare
Complications
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Indications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
12 - Radionuclide imaging in oncology and infection
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING
2-[18F]FLUORO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY SCANNING
Indications (Oncology)
General
Specific
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Technique
Other Applications
Coronary artery disease
Neurology
Imaging of Infection and Inflammation
OTHER PET RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
18F-CHOLINE
Technique
18F-FLUORIDE
68GALLIUM-LABELLED PHARMACEUTICALS
67GALLIUM RADIONUCLIDE TUMOUR IMAGING
RADIOIODINE METAIODOBENZYLGUANIDINE SCAN
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
LYMPH NODE AND LYMPHATIC CHANNEL IMAGING
RADIOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND
Advantages
Disadvantages
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Advantages
Disadvantages
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Advantages
Disadvantages
RADIOGRAPHIC LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY
RADIONUCLIDE LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Analysis
Aftercare
Complications
Other Techniques—Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography5
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
13 - Bones and joints
Imaging Modalities
MUSCULOSKELETAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING—GENERAL POINTS
ARTHROGRAPHY—GENERAL POINTS
ARTHROGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Conventional/computed tomography arthrography
Magnetic resonance arthrography
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Images
Radiographic Views
Aftercare
Complications
Due to the contrast medium
Due to the technique
Other
ARTHROGRAPHY—SITE-SPECIFIC ISSUES
KNEE
Fluoroscopic Technique
HIP
Fluoroscopic Technique
Ultrasound Technique
Radiographic Views in the Paediatric Hip Arthrogram
SHOULDER
Technique
Anterior (fluoroscopic guided)
Posterior (fluoroscopic guided)
Posterior (ultrasound guided)
ELBOW
Technique
Single contrast
Double contrast
WRIST
Technique
Radiocarpal joint
Midcarpal joint
ANKLE
Technique
TENDON IMAGING
Methods of Imaging Tendons
GENERAL POINTS
ULTRASOUND OF THE PAEDIATRIC HIP
Indications
Technique
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Static (Graf) method
Dynamic method
Hip-joint effusion
Slipped femoral capital epiphysis
THERMOABLATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMOURS
Introduction
Thermocoagulation
Indications
Rationale
Contraindications
Equipment
Procedure
Biopsy
Thermoablation
Post Radiofrequency Ablation Care
Complications
RADIONUCLIDE BONE SCAN
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Standard
Three-phase
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
Competing modalities
14 -
Brain
Methods of Imaging the Brain
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE BRAIN
Indications
Technique
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN
Indications
Technique
IMAGING OF INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
IMAGING OF GLIOMAS
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
IMAGING OF ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING OF THE BRAIN
CONVENTIONAL RADIONUCLIDE BRAIN SCANNING (BLOOD–BRAIN BARRIER IMAGING)
REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Patient Preparation
Technique
201THALLIUM BRAIN SCANNING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceutical
Equipment
Technique
Analysis
Aftercare
DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER LIGANDS
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Aftercare
ULTRASOUND OF THE INFANT BRAIN
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Methods
Technique
Coronal
Sagittal
CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Preparation
Technique
Contrast Medium
Contrast Medium Volume
Projections
Films
Aftercare
15 -
Spine
Methods of Imaging the Spine
IMAGING APPROACH TO BACK PAINAND SCIATICA
CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE SPINE
MYELOGRAPHY
CONTRAST MEDIA
CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY
Indications
Lateral Cervical C1/2 Puncture Versus Lumbar Injection
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Radiographic Views
Aftercare
LUMBAR MYELOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Images
Technique
Radiographic Views
Additional Technique
THORACIC MYELOGRAPHY
CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY BY LUMBAR INJECTION
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY MYELOGRAPHY
PAEDIATRIC MYELOGRAPHY
Aftercare
Complications
LUMBAR DISCOGRAPHY
Aims
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Radiographs
Technique
Radiographic Views
Computed Tomography Postdiscogram
Patient Interrogation
Aftercare
Complications
INTRADISCAL THERAPY
FACET JOINT/MEDIAL BRANCH BLOCKS
Indications
Equipment
Technique
PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBRAL BIOPSY
Indications
Contraindications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Aftercare
Complications
BONE AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES
NERVE ROOT BLOCKS
LUMBAR SPINE
CERVICAL SPINE
16 -
Lacrimal system, salivary glands, thyroid and parathyroids
Methods of Imaging the NasolacrimalDrainage Apparatus
DIGITAL SUBTRACTION AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Images
Aftercare
Complications
References
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF LACRIMAL SYSTEM
Methods of Imaging the Salivary Glands
ULTRASOUND
CONVENTIONAL AND DIGITAL SUBTRACTION SIALOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Contrast Medium
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Preliminary Images
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Technique
Images
Aftercare
Complications
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SIALOGRAPHY
CONTRAST ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Methods of Imaging the Thyroid andParathyroid Glands
ULTRASOUND OF THYROID
Contraindications
Patient Preparation
Equipment
Technique
ULTRASOUND OF PARATHYROID
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID
Indications
RADIONUCLIDE THYROID IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Images
Analysis
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
Other Techniques
RADIONUCLIDE PARATHYROID IMAGING
Indications
Contraindications
Radiopharmaceuticals
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Additional Techniques
Aftercare
Complications
17 -
Breast
METHODS OF IMAGING THE BREAST
MAMMOGRAPHY
Indications
Not Indicated
Equipment
Technique
References
Further Reading
ULTRASOUND
Indications
Not Indicated
Equipment
Technique
Additional Technique
References
Further Reading
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Indications
Technique
References
Further Reading
RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING
Intraoperative Sentinel Node Identification
Positron Emission Tomography Scanning
Reference
Further Reading
IMAGE-GUIDED BREAST BIOPSY
Indications
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Complications
PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION
Equipment
Patient Preparation
Technique
Further Reading
18 -
Role of the radiographer and the nurse in interventional radiology
ROLE OF THE RADIOGRAPHER IN INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
Preprocedural Role
In Theatre
ROLE OF THE NURSE IN INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
References
Further Reading
19 -
Patient consent
INTRODUCTION
VOLUNTARINESS
INFORMATION
Who?
When?
What?
CAPACITY
ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY
SUPPORTING PATIENTS IN DECISION MAKING
ACTING FOR A PERSON WHO LACKS CAPACITY
DOCUMENTING ASSESSMENT OF CAPACITY
SHARED DECISION MAKING
References
20 -
Sedation and monitoring
SEDATION
Preparation
Equipment
Preassessment
Analgesic drugs
LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
INHALATIONAL ANALGESIA
INTRAVENOUS ANALGESIA
SEDATIVE DRUGS
Sedation of Children
Complications of Sedation
References
Further Reading
MONITORING
Equipment
Technique
SEDATION AND MONITORING FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
RECOVERY AND DISCHARGE CRITERIA
Further Reading
21 -
Medical emergencies
EQUIPMENT
RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
LARYNGOSPASM
BRONCHOSPASM
ASPIRATION
PNEUMOTHORAX
CARDIOVASCULAR EMERGENCIES
HYPOTENSION
TACHYCARDIA
BRADYCARDIA
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
CONTRAST MEDIA REACTION
LOCAL ANAESTHETIC TOXICITY
I - Average effective dose equivalents for some common examinations
II - Dose limits – the Ionising Radiation Regulations 19991
III - The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 with the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 2006 and the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) (Amendment) Regulations 20111
1. Commencement
2. Glossary of [some of the] terms
3. These Regulations apply to the following medical exposures
4. Duties of the employer
5. Duties of the practitioner, operator and referrer
6. Justification of Individual Medical Exposures
7. Optimization
8. Clinical audit
9. Expert advice
10. Equipment
11. Training
12. Enforcement
13. Defence of due diligence
SCHEDULE 1
SCHEDULE 2
A. Radiation production, radiation protection and statutory obligations relating to ionizing radiations
B. Diagnostic radiology, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
IBC