دانلود کتاب Chemistry of Aromatherapeutic Oils 3rd Edition

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables Acknowledgments Foreword Introduction 1 What is Chemistry? Atomic theory of elements Rutherford’s atomic model Types of atoms found in essential oils Structure of a hydrogen atom Structure of a carbon atom Structure of an oxygen atom Bonding Atoms that don’t bond Types of bonding Symbols, formulae and chemical drawings Chemical formulae Drawing chemical structures Chemical names Functional group names Further reading 2 Plants and Essential Oils Plant classification How to write botanic names Plant anatomy Essential oil storage structures Plant physiology Photosynthesis Secondary products How plants make essential oil molecules Terpenoid molecules Monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Phenols and phenyl propanoids Non-terpenoid aliphatic molecules Heterocyclic compounds Variation in essential oil composition Chemotype and effects of geo-climatic location Harvesting time A brief overview of the essential oil industry Further reading 3 Terpenes Physical characteristics of terpenoid molecules Polarity Solubility Molecular structure and information Monoterpenes Structure Distribution of monoterpenes in common essential oils Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the human body Therapeutic effects of monoterpenes Essential oils with high percentages of monoterpenes Sesquiterpenes Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of sesquiterpenes Essential oils with high percentages of sesquiterpenes Further reading 4 Functional groups Alcohols Monoterpenols Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of monoterpenols Essential oils with high percentages of monoterpenols Sesquiterpenols Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of sesquiterpenols Essential oils with high percentages of sesquiterpenols Phenols Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of phenols Essential oils with high percentages of phenols Aldehydes Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of aldehydes Essential oils with high percentages of aldehydes Ketones Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of ketones Essential oils with high percentages of ketones Acids and esters Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of acids and esters Essential oils with high percentages of esters Phenyl methyl ethers Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of phenyl methyl ethers Essential oils with high percentages of phenyl methyl ethers Cyclic ethers or oxides Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of oxides Essential oils with high percentages of cyclic ethers 1,8-cineole Lactones Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of lactones Essential oils with high percentages of lactones Coumarins Structure Naming Solubility Volatility Reactivity Toxic effects on the body Therapeutic effects of coumarins Essential oils with high percentages of coumarins Summary of hazardous and therapeutic properties of functional groups Further reading 5 The pharmacology of essential oils Pharmacodynamics Binding affinity and specificity Selectivity Drug potency and efficacy Plasma concentration Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Pharmacokinetic pathway of essential oils Determining the therapeutic dosage range of essential oils Interactions of essential oils with pharmaceutical drugs Pharmacological targets of essential oil constituents Interactions with lipophilic cell membranes Solvent effects on cholesterol Anti-oxidant effects Anticoagulant effects Effects on excretion Interaction with glutathione Enzyme effects Inhibition of nuclear transcription factors Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes Induction of adenylate cyclase Induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes Interactions with UDP-glucuronyl transferase Inhibition of mevalonate pathway Inhibition of isoprenylation enzymes Acetylcholinesterase inhibition Interactions with DNA and developmental processes Phototoxicity Hyperplasia Developmental defects Cell membrane ion channel effects Calcium ion flow inhibition Antispasmodic effects Receptor interactions Histamine receptors Antagonism of H1 receptors Agonism of H1 receptors Oestrogen receptors Neurotransmitter effects Psychopharmacology Indirect effects of essential oils on mood and cognition via the olfactory pathway The limbic system, mood, odour conditioning and memory Summary of health conditions and applicable pharmacodynamic effects of essential oil molecules Further reading 6 Quality control Quality control of essential oils Adulteration How can we be sure we are buying good quality oils? Physical measures of essential oil quality Effects of extraction method on essential oil quality Degradation of essential oils 7 Isomers and naming Geometric isomers Enantiomers Chirality Optical activity of enantiomers Systematic chemical nomenclature Further reading 8 Molecular structures Common monoterpenes Common sesquiterpenes Common monoterpenols Common sesquiterpenols Common phenols Common aldehydes Common ketones Common esters Common ethers Common cyclic ethers and oxides Common lactones Common coumarins Common furocoumarins Appendix: Ready reference list of essential oils Notes Index