دانلود کتاب Christobiography: Memory, History, and the Reliability of the Gospels

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Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
1.1. Jesus in Ancient Historians
1.2. What Can Be Known about Jesus?
1.3. Why Historical-Jesus Research Needs the Gospels
1.4. Default Expectations and the Gospels
1.5. We Know More about Jesus Than We Think: Ancient Biography
1.6. We Know Less about Jesus Than We Want: What History Remembers
1.7. My Procedure
1.8. Conclusion
Part 1. Biographies about Jesus
2. Not a Novel Proposal
2.1. Coming Full Circle
2.2. Implications for Historical Information
2.3. What Were Ancient Biographies?
2.4. A Unique Genre?
2.5. Hysterical History or Knowledgeable Novels?
2.5a. A Romantic Jesus?
2.5b. Novelistic Biographies or Historical Novels?
2.5c. The Cyropaedia, Life of Apollonius, and Alexander Romance
2.5d. The Fabled Aesop
2.5e. Entertaining Novel Hypotheses
2.6. The Lives of the Poets
2.7. Errant Aretalogies?
2.8. Fictionalized Elements in Historical Biographies
2.9. Conclusion
3. Examples and Development of Ancient Biography
3.1. Protobiography and Early Greek Biography
3.1a. Isocrates’s Euagoras
3.1b. Xenophon’s Agesilaus
3.1c. Xenophon’s “Memoirs” about Socrates
3.1d. Aristotelians and Aristoxenus
3.1e. The Hellenistic Era
3.2. Nearly Nepotism: Cornelius Nepos
3.3. Biographies in the Empire
3.3a. Philo’s Life of Moses
3.3b. Josephus’s Historiography
3.3c. Josephus’s Autobiography
3.3d. Tacitus’s Agricola
3.3e. Plutarch’s Lives
3.3f. Suetonius’s Lives of the Caesars
3.3g. Lucian’s Demonax
3.3h. Philostratus’s Lives of the Sophists
3.3i. Diogenes Laertius’s Lives of the Eminent Philosophers
3.4. Later Biographies and Hagiography
3.5. Lives of the Prophets
3.6. Other Early Jewish Sources for the Biographic Form?
3.7. Conclusion
4. What Sort of Biographies Are the Gospels?
4.1. Kinds of Biographies
4.1a. Leo’s Lineage for Biographies: Chronological versus Topical
4.1b. Talbert’s Types, Burridge on Biographies: Functions and Purposes
4.1c. Typologies with Historical Concerns
4.2. Biographies of Sages
4.3. The Reliability of Diogenes Laertius’s Biographies
4.4. More than a Sage
4.5. Conclusion
5. What Did First-Century Audiences Expect of Biographies?
5.1. Adaptations in Biographies
5.2. Biographic Biases
5.2a. Rhetoric and Personal Commitments
5.2b. Biases and Information
5.2c. Bragging or Ragging on Biographees: Balancing Biases
5.2d. The Gospels Honor Jesus
5.3. More Morals, Not Less Lessons
5.4. Interpretations and Information
5.5. Characteristic Care for Character
5.6. Chronic Chronology? Ancient Biographies Were Not All Chronological
5.7. Anecdotes and Chreiai
5.8. Structural Issues
5.9. Plot
5.10. Conclusion
Part 2. Biographies and History
6. Biographies and Historical Information
6.1. Default Expectations
6.2. Biography as a Form of Historical Writing
6.2a. Biography and Historiography
6.2b. A Range of Flexibility
6.3. The Gospels as Historiography?
6.3a. History More than Biography?
6.3b. Biography More than History?
6.3c. An Overlap More Significant than the Difference
6.4. “Biographic Features” Missing in the Gospels?
6.4a. Applying Appearance
6.4b. Background, Birth, and Upbringing
6.5. Can a Biography Take the Form of an Extended Passion Narrative?
6.6. Use of Sources
6.7. Conclusion
7. What Historical Interests Meant in Antiquity
7.1. Concerns for Rhetorical Presentation
7.2. Speaking of Rhetoric . . .
7.3. Balancing Readers’ Enjoyment and Truth
7.4. Buying into Bias?
7.5. Inferring Motives
7.6. History and Agendas
7.6a. Political and National Agendas
7.6b. Historians’ Moral Agendas
7.6c. The Value of Moral Examples
7.6d. Historians’ “Theology”
7.7. Editorial Perspectives and “True” History
7.8. Concerns for Historical Information
7.8a. Historians’ Concern for Accuracy?
7.8b. Investigation
7.8c. Peer Review: Developing Consensus Standards
7.9. Historians Used Sources
7.9a. Examples of Source-Usage
7.9b. Critical Use of Historical Sources
7.9c. Historians and Critical Thinking
7.10. Conclusion
8. Luke-Acts as Biohistory
8.1. A Special Case: Is Luke’s Gospel Historical Monograph or Historical Biography?
8.1a. The Mixture
8.1b. Luke’s Preface
8.1c. Luke’s Claim of “Thorough Familiarity” (Luke 1:3)
8.1d. Luke’s Predecessors
8.1e. Confirmation (Luke 1:4)
8.2. Luke’s History and Rhetoric
8.2a. Luke’s Rhetorical Level?
8.2b. Parallelism
8.3. Apologetic Historiography
8.4. Conclusion
9. Sources Close to the Events
9.1. Legends Rising Early, Retiring Late
9.2. Distrusting the Distant Past?
9.3. Wits about Witnesses
9.4. Reasoning about Recent History
9.5. Narrowing the Gap for Earlier Figures
9.6. Valuing Some Historical Distance for Contemporary History
9.7. The Gospels and Recent Information
9.8. Conclusion
Part 3. Testing the Range of Deviation
10. Case Studies: Biographies of Recent Characters Use Prior Information
10.1. Minimizing Minimalism?
10.2. How to Evaluate Particular Biographies
10.3. Other Comparisons
10.4. The Most Useful Analogies?
10.5. Lives of Otho
10.5a. Objectives and Methods
10.5b. Omitting Omissions
10.5c. Listing Parallels and Some Differences
10.5d. Samples of Differences
10.5e. Differences because of Genre
10.5f. Points of Contact
10.5g. Use of Sources
10.5h. Conclusions regarding Otho Material
10.6. Comparing Other Greek and Roman Biographies
10.7. Comparing Diaspora Jewish Works
10.7a. Josephus versus the Septuagint
10.7b. Josephus versus Josephus
10.8. Conclusion
11. Flex Room: Literary Techniques in Ancient Biographies
11.1. Flexibility in Ancient Biography
11.2. Flexibility in the Gospels
11.3. Acceptable Differences: Philo, Josephus, Plutarch
11.3a. Adjustments in Philo
11.3b. Adjustments in Josephus
11.3c. Adjustments in Plutarch
11.4. Surveying Some Literary Techniques
11.5. Expanding and Abridging
11.6. Composition Practices
11.7. The Degree of Adaptation in the Gospels
11.8. Conclusion
Part 4. Two Objections to Gospels as Historical Biographies
12. What about Miracles?
12.1. Paranormal Experiences in Ancient Sources
12.2. The Early Christian Worldview
12.3. Evidence for Jesus as a Healer
12.4. A Nonbiographic Alternative?
12.5. Miracle Reports Can Come from Eyewitnesses
12.6. Conclusion
13. What about John?
13.1. John’s Distinctiveness
13.2. John versus Mark
13.3. John not-so-versus Mark
13.3a. The Overlap
13.3b. The Differences
13.4. Conclusion
Part 5. Memories about Jesus: Memories before Memoirs
14. Memory Studies
14.1. Fixity and Fluidity
14.2. Everyday Assumptions about Long-Term Memory
14.3. Reconstructive Recollection
14.3a. Nixing Dean’s Faculties? A Neisser Reading
14.3b. Memory Frailties
14.3c. Suggestibility
14.3d. Bias
14.3e. Time Zone Out: Chronological Conflations
14.3f. What Such Limitations Mean
14.4. Verbatim Is Verboten
14.4a. Verbatim Recall Is Very Rare
14.4b. Except for Exceptions . . .
14.5. Functional though Fallible
14.5a. Memory Usually Refers to Something
14.5b. Kinds of Memories Preserved
14.5c. Rehearsal
14.6. Transience and the Longevity of Memories
14.7. Conclusion
15. Jesus Was a Teacher
15.1. Eyewitnesses
15.1a. Evangelists Would Heed Eyewitnesses
15.1b. Apostolic Connections?
15.1c. How Accurate Is Eyewitness Memory?
15.2. The Collective Memory of Eyewitnesses
15.2a. Experiments and Experiences
15.2b. A Telephone Game?
15.2c. Strengths and Weaknesses of Collective Memory
15.2d. Collective Memory and the Overall Portrait of Jesus
15.3. The Sage and His Disciples
15.3a. Passing On Teachings
15.3b. Extraordinary Memory in Antiquity
15.3c. Memory in Ancient Education
15.3d. Ancient Jewish Memory
15.3e. Re-re-re-repeating
15.3f. Taking Note of Note-Taking
15.3g. So What about Jesus and His Disciples?
15.4. What about the Witnesses’ Illiteracy?
15.4a. Was Everyone in the Movement’s First Generation Illiterate?
15.4b. Did They Need to Be Literate to Pass On Information?
15.4c. Memory among Nonelites: General Considerations
15.4d. Memory among Nonelites: Ancient Reports
15.5. What Should Genuine Memories Look Like?
15.6. Conclusion
16. Oral Tradition, Oral History
16.1. Critically Reforming Form Criticism?
16.2. Oral Tradition: Connecting Past and Present
16.3. But a Past Actually Happened
16.4. Examples of Distorted Oral Tradition
16.5. Examples of Tenacious Oral Tradition
16.6. Just the Gist
16.7. Traditional Middle Eastern Memory
16.7a. Some Examples
16.7b. The Role of Prominent Tradents
16.7c. Ancient Mediterranean Memory
16.8. Living Memory
16.8a. Some Eighty Years of Living Memory
16.8b. Mark Comes from the Period of Living Memory
16.9. Expect Variations
16.10. Reticence to Invent Jesus Tradition
16.11. Examples of Early Judean/Galilean Traits
16.12. Memorable Forms
16.13. Sayings Reflecting Jesus’s Environment
16.14. Implications
16.15. Conclusion
17. The Implications of This Study
Bibliography of Secondary Sources Cited
Index of Authors
Index of Subjects
Index of Scripture References
Index of Ancient Sources