دانلود کتاب Classical geometry : Euclidean, transformational, inversive, and projective

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Content: Preface v PART I EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY 1 Congruency 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Congruent Figures 6 1.3 Parallel Lines 12 1.3.1 Angles in a Triangle 13 1.3.2 Thales' Theorem 14 1.3.3 Quadrilaterals 17 1.4 More About Congruency 21 1.5 Perpendiculars and Angle Bisectors 24 1.6 Construction Problems 28 1.6.1 The Method of Loci 31 1.7 Solutions to Selected Exercises 33 1.8 Problems 38 2 Concurrency 41 2.1 Perpendicular Bisectors 41 2.2 Angle Bisectors 43 2.3 Altitudes 46 2.4 Medians 48 2.5 Construction Problems 50 2.6 Solutions to the Exercises 54 2.7 Problems 56 3 Similarity 59 3.1 Similar Triangles 59 3.2 Parallel Lines and Similarity 60 3.3 Other Conditions Implying Similarity 64 3.4 Examples 67 3.5 Construction Problems 75 3.6 The Power of a Point 82 3.7 Solutions to the Exercises 87 3.8 Problems 90 4 Theorems of Ceva and Menelaus 95 4.1 Directed Distances, Directed Ratios 95 4.2 The Theorems 97 4.3 Applications of Ceva's Theorem 99 4.4 Applications of Menelaus' Theorem 103 4.5 Proofs of the Theorems 115 4.6 Extended Versions of the Theorems 125 4.6.1 Ceva's Theorem in the Extended Plane 127 4.6.2 Menelaus' Theorem in the Extended Plane 129 4.7 Problems 131 5 Area 133 5.1 Basic Properties 133 5.1.1 Areas of Polygons 134 5.1.2 Finding the Area of Polygons 138 5.1.3 Areas of Other Shapes 139 5.2 Applications of the Basic Properties 140 5.3 Other Formulae for the Area of a Triangle 147 5.4 Solutions to the Exercises 153 5.5 Problems 153 6 Miscellaneous Topics 159 6.1 The Three Problems of Antiquity 159 6.2 Constructing Segments of Speci-c Lengths 161 6.3 Construction of Regular Polygons 166 6.3.1 Construction of the Regular Pentagon 168 6.3.2 Construction of Other Regular Polygons 169 6.4 Miquel's Theorem 171 6.5 Morley's Theorem 178 6.6 The Nine-Point Circle 185 6.6.1 Special Cases 188 6.7 The Steiner-Lehmus Theorem 193 6.8 The Circle of Apollonius 197 6.9 Solutions to the Exercises 200 6.10 Problems 201 PART II TRANSFORMATIONAL GEOMETRY 7 The Euclidean Transformations or Isometries 207 7.1 Rotations, Re-ections, and Translations 207 7.2 Mappings and Transformations 211 7.2.1 Isometries 213 7.3 Using Rotations, Re-ections, and Translations 217 7.4 Problems 227 8 The Algebra of Isometries 231 8.1 Basic Algebraic Properties 231 8.2 Groups of Isometries 236 8.2.1 Direct and Opposite Isometries 237 8.3 The Product of Re-ections 241 8.4 Problems 246 9 The Product of Direct Isometries 253 9.1 Angles 253 9.2 Fixed Points 255 9.3 The Product of Two Translations 256 9.4 The Product of a Translation and a Rotation 257 9.5 The Product of Two Rotations 260 9.6 Problems 263 10 Symmetry and Groups 269 10.1 More About Groups 269 10.1.1 Cyclic and Dihedral Groups 273 10.2 Leonardo's Theorem 277 10.3 Problems 281 11 Homotheties 287 11.1 The Pantograph 287 11.2 Some Basic Properties 288 11.2.1 Circles 291 11.3 Construction Problems 293 11.4 Using Homotheties in Proofs 298 11.5 Dilatation 302 11.6 Problems 304 12 Tessellations 311 12.1 Tilings 311 12.2 Monohedral Tilings 312 12.3 Tiling with Regular Polygons 317 12.4 Platonic and Archimedean Tilings 323 12.5 Problems 330 PART III INVERSIVE AND PROJECTIVE GEOMETRIES 13 Introduction to Inversive Geometry 337 13.1 Inversion in the Euclidean Plane 337 13.2 The Effect of Inversion on Euclidean Properties 343 13.3 Orthogonal Circles 351 13.4 Compass-Only Constructions 360 13.5 Problems 369 14 Reciprocation and the Extended Plane 373 14.1 Harmonic Conjugates 373 14.2 The Projective Plane and Reciprocation 383 14.3 Conjugate Points and Lines 393 14.4 Conics 399 14.5 Problems 406 15 Cross Ratios 409 15.1 Cross Ratios 409 15.2 Applications of Cross Ratios 420 15.3 Problems 429 16 Introduction to Projective Geometry 433 16.1 Straightedge Constructions 433 16.2 Perspectivities and Projectivities 443 16.3 Line Perspectivities and Line Projectivities 448 16.4 Projective Geometry and Fixed Points 448 16.5 Projecting a Line to In-nity 451 16.6 The Apollonian Definition of a Conic 455 16.7 Problems 461 Bibliography 464 Index 469