دانلود کتاب Clinical and Radiological Examination of the Foot and Ankle: The Path to Definitive Diagnosis

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Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: General Principles and Basics
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Prerequisites
1.2.1 Consent, Rapport, and Other Important Aspects
1.2.2 Adequate Exposure
1.3 The Foot and Ankle Examination
1.3.1 Analysis of Gait and Walking Aids
1.4 Analysis of Footwear
1.5 General Physical Examination
1.6 Systemic Examination
1.7 Examination of the Musculoskeletal System
1.7.1 Inspection (Look)
1.7.2 Palpation (Feel)
1.7.3 Movements and Measurements (Move)
1.7.4 Special Tests
1.7.5 Neuromuscular Examination, Vascular Status, and Regional Lymph Nodes
1.7.6 Examination of Adjacent Joints
1.8 Conclusion
References
2: Biomechanics of the Foot and Ankle
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Functional Anatomy
2.2.1 Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
2.2.2 Subtalar Joint
2.2.3 Midtarsal Joint
2.2.4 Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
2.2.5 Arches of the Foot
2.2.6 Ligaments
2.2.6.1 Medial Ligaments
2.2.6.2 Lateral Ligaments
2.2.6.3 Syndesmotic Ligaments
2.2.7 Plantar Aponeurosis
2.3 Biomechanics of the Foot and Ankle
2.3.1 Ankle Kinematics
2.3.2 Subtalar Joint Kinematics
2.3.3 Combined Motion of the Ankle, Subtalar, and Midtarsal Joint
2.3.4 Tarsal and Tarsometatarsal Mechanisms
2.3.5 Kinetics and Weight-Bearing
2.3.6 Stability of Ankle and the Foot
2.3.7 Muscle Control
2.3.8 Gait Cycle
2.4 Biomechanics in a Clinical Setting
2.4.1 Physical Examination
2.4.2 Biomechanical Disorders and Injuries
2.4.3 Clinical Implications
2.4.4 Future of Biomechanics
References
3: Clinical Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle
3.1 Tibiotalar (Talocrural) Joint
3.1.1 Medial Collateral Ligament Complex of the Ankle Joint
3.1.2 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex of the Ankle Joint
3.1.3 Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
3.2 The Inferior Tibiofibular Joint
3.3 The Talocalcaneal Joint
3.4 Hindfoot
3.5 Midfoot
3.6 Ligaments of the Foot
3.6.1 Calcaneonavicular Joint Ligaments and Acetabulum Pedis
3.6.2 Superomedial Calcaneonavicular Ligament
3.6.3 Inferior Calcaneonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)
3.6.4 Bifurcate Ligament (Chopart Ligament)
3.6.5 Talocalcaneonavicular Joint Ligaments
3.7 Tibialis Anterior and Posterior Tendons
3.7.1 Tibialis Anterior Tendon
3.7.2 Tibialis Posterior Tendon
3.8 Peroneal Tendons
3.8.1 Peroneus Longus
3.8.2 Peroneus Brevis
3.8.3 Peroneus Tertius
3.8.4 Peroneal Tendon Pathology
3.9 Important Neurovascular Structures of the Foot Ankle
3.9.1 Superficial Peroneal Nerve
3.9.2 Deep Peroneal Nerve
3.9.3 Tibial Nerve
3.9.4 Dorsalis Pedis Artery
3.9.5 Posterior Tibial Artery
3.10 Plantar Fascia
3.11 Balance of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Foot Muscles and Related Deformities
3.11.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles of Lesser Toes
3.11.2 Deformities of the Lesser Toes
3.12 Nerve Entrapment Syndromes of Ankle and Foot
3.12.1 The Tarsal Tunnel and Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
3.12.2 Baxter’s Neuropathy
References
4: Radiological Assessment of Foot and Ankle
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Radiographs
4.2.1 Radiographic Projections
4.2.2 Radiographic Projections: Ankle
4.2.3 Radiographic Projections: Foot
4.3 Computed Tomography (CT)
4.4 Ultrasonography
4.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.6 Summary
References
5: Basics of Pedobarography
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Fundamentals
5.2.1 Historical Background and Evolution of Pedobarographic Techniques
5.2.2 Types of Pedobarographic Systems
5.3 Conducting a Pedobarographic Examination
5.3.1 Examination Protocol
5.3.2 Parameters and Data Analysis
5.4 Clinical Applications
5.4.1 Another Aspect of Foot and Ankle Ailments
5.4.1.1 Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU)
5.4.1.2 Foot Posture
5.4.1.3 Chronic Ankle Instability
5.4.2 Orthotic Design
5.4.3 Treatment Selection and Monitoring
5.5 Limitations and Considerations
5.5.1 Lack of Standardization
5.5.2 Inter-Device Discrepancy
5.5.3 Limited Data Interpretation
5.5.4 Calibration
5.6 Future Directions in Pedobarography
References
6: General Examination of the Ankle
6.1 General Principles
6.2 Inspection of the Ankle
6.3 Sitting Examination
6.3.1 Palpation and Manipulation of the Ankle
6.3.2 Ligament Examination
6.3.2.1 Anterior Drawer Test
6.3.2.2 Varus Stress Test (Talar Tilt)
6.3.2.3 Syndesmosis Examination
6.3.2.4 Squeeze Test
6.3.2.5 External Rotation Test
6.3.2.6 Deltoid Ligament Examination (Medial Ankle Instability)
6.3.3 Muscle Examination
6.3.4 Neurologic Examination
6.4 Standing Examination
6.4.1 Alignment
6.4.2 Instability
6.5 Gait Examination
6.5.1 Muscle Balance and Dynamic Deformity Analysis
6.5.2 Neurologic Conditions
6.5.3 Shoe Examination
References
7: General Examination of the Foot
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparing for the Examination
7.3 Physical Examination
7.3.1 Inspection
7.3.1.1 Forefoot
7.3.1.2 Midfoot
7.3.1.3 Hindfoot
7.3.2 Palpation
7.3.3 Range of Motion and Muscle Strength
7.3.3.1 Special Tests
Heel Raise Test
Anterior Drawer Test
Coleman Block Test
Silfverskiöld Test
Tests for Morton’s Neuroma
7.4 Examination for Nerve Entrapment Syndromes
7.4.1 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
7.4.2 Jogger’s Foot
7.4.3 Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
7.4.4 Baxter’s Neuropathy
7.5 Neurovascular Examination
7.6 Inspection of Footwear
7.7 Examination of Other Systems
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Ankle Instability
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Clinical Examination
8.2.1 Common Clinical Findings and Their Significance
8.2.2 Techniques for Clinical Examination and Their Significance
8.2.2.1 Lateral Ankle Ligamentar Complex Tests
8.2.2.2 Syndesmosis Tests
8.2.2.3 Deltoid Ligament Tests
8.3 Radiological Examination
8.3.1 Common Radiological Findings and Their Significance
8.3.1.1 Lateral Ankle Ligamentar Complex
8.3.1.2 Syndesmosis
8.3.1.3 Deltoid Ligament
References
9: Peroneal Tendon Disorders
9.1 Peroneal Tendon Pathology and Anatomical–Biomechanical Characteristics
9.2 Clinical Examination
9.2.1 Common Clinical Findings and Their Significance
9.2.1.1 Medical History
9.2.1.2 Inspection
9.2.1.3 Alignment Assessment
9.2.1.4 Palpation
9.2.1.5 Muscle Strength
9.2.2 Techniques for Clinical Examination Including Special Tests and Maneuvers
9.2.2.1 Peroneal Compression Test
9.2.2.2 Peroneal Luxation Test
9.3 Radiological Examination
9.3.1 Imaging Modalities
9.3.1.1 Plain Radiograph (X-Rays)
9.3.1.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
9.3.1.3 Ultrasound (US)
9.3.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI)
9.3.2 Radiological Findings
References
10: Achilles Tendon Disorders
10.1 Anatomy of the Achilles Tendon
10.2 Biomechanics
10.3 Achilles Tendon Pathologies and Their Clinical Evaluation
10.3.1 Acute Tears
10.3.2 Posttraumatic Achilles Tendon Lacerations
10.3.3 Chronic Rupture
10.3.4 Achilles Tendinosis
10.3.4.1 Isolated Tendinosis
10.3.4.2 Insertional Tendinosis
10.3.4.3 Non-insertional Tendinosis
10.3.4.4 Achilles Tendon Paratenonitis
10.3.4.5 Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
10.4 Conclusion
References
11: Heel Pain
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Potential Sources of Heel Pain
11.2.1 Diagnosing the Source of Pain
11.3 History
11.4 Clinical Examination
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Clinical Evaluation
12.3 Staging of Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity
12.4 Imaging Modalities
12.4.1 Radiographs
12.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
12.4.3 Ultrasound
12.4.4 Computed Tomography and Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography
References
13: Cavovarus Foot
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Definition of Cavovarus and Etiological Factors
13.2 Pathoanatomy
13.3 Clinical Examination
13.3.1 Common Clinical Findings and Their Significance
13.3.1.1 Inspection
13.3.1.2 Neurological Examination
13.3.1.3 Motor Examination
13.3.1.4 Evaluation of Range of Motion
13.3.1.5 Assessment of Hindfoot Varus
13.3.1.6 Evaluation of Ankle Stability
13.3.2 Techniques for Clinical Examination Including Special Tests and Maneuvers
13.4 Radiological Examination
13.4.1 Common Radiological Findings and Their Significance
13.4.2 Specific Measurements for Each Radiological Modalities, Cut-Off Points with References from Literature, Tables Are Encouraged to Summarize the Normal Values
References
14: Hallux Disorders
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hallux Valgus
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 History and Physical Examination
14.2.3 Radiological Examination
14.3 Hallux Rigidus
14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 History and Physical Examination
14.3.3 Radiological Examination
14.4 Hallux Varus
14.4.1 Introduction
14.4.2 History and Physical Examination
14.4.3 Radiological Examination
14.5 Sesamoiditis
14.5.1 Introduction
14.5.2 History and Physical Examination
14.5.3 Radiological Examination
14.6 Turf Toe
14.6.1 Introduction
14.6.2 History and Physical Examination
14.6.3 Radiological Examination
References
15: Lesser Toe Disorders
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mallet Toe
15.3 Hammer Toe
15.4 Claw Toe
15.5 General Physical Examination
15.6 General Radiographic Examination
15.7 Metatarsophalangeal Joint Instability
15.7.1 Etiology
15.7.1.1 Hyperextension of the MTP Joint
15.7.1.2 The Wear and Tear of a Static Structure
15.7.2 Clinical Symptoms
15.7.3 Physical Examinations
15.7.4 Radiographic Evaluation
15.8 Plantar Keratosis
15.8.1 Anatomical Factors [47, 48]
15.8.2 Secondary Keratosis [49]
15.8.3 Physical Examination
15.9 Corns
15.9.1 Causes and Clinical Symptoms
15.9.1.1 Hard Corn
15.9.1.2 Soft Corn
15.10 Bunionette
15.11 Freiberg Infraction
15.11.1 Physical Examination
15.11.2 Radiographic Evaluation
References
16: Foot and Ankle Trauma
16.1 Symptoms
16.2 Inspection
16.3 Palpation
16.4 Evaluation of Joint Range of Motion
16.5 Neurovascular Evaluation
16.6 Special Tests
16.6.1 Stability Evaluation
16.7 Syndesmosis Injury Evaluation
16.8 Imaging
16.9 Plain Radiography
16.10 Common Radiologic Findings in Foot and Ankle Trauma
16.11 Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Ultrasonography
References
17: The Diabetic Foot
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Etiopathogenesis
17.3 History
17.4 Physical Examination and Basic Tests
17.5 Radiologic Evaluation
17.6 Charcot Neuroarthropathy
17.7 Determination of the Risk Level
References
18: Entrapment Neuropathies
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Nerve Anatomy
18.3 Posterior Tarsal Tunnel
18.4 Anterior Tarsal Tunnel
18.5 Distal Tarsal Tunnel
18.6 Knot of Henry
18.7 Biomechanics
18.8 Clinical Examination
18.8.1 General Examination
18.8.2 Tibial Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.3 Medial Calcaneal Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.4 The Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.5 The Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.6 The Inferior Calcaneal Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.7 Interdigital Nerve Entrapment (Morton’s Neuroma) Examination
18.8.8 Deep Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.9 Superficial Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.10 Sural Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.8.11 Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Examination
18.9 Radiological Examination
References
19: Ankle Impingement
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Anterior
19.1.2 Posterior
19.2 Clinical Examination
19.2.1 Common Findings
19.2.2 Anterior
19.2.3 Posterior
19.2.4 Additional Physical Exam
19.2.5 Imaging
19.2.5.1 X-ray
19.2.5.2 CT
19.2.5.3 MRI
19.2.5.4 Other Imaging
19.3 Treatment
19.3.1 Conservative
19.3.2 Surgical
19.4 Conclusion
References
20: Cartilage Disorders of the Ankle
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Osteochondral Defects
20.2.1 Etiology
20.2.2 Clinical Examination
20.2.3 Radiological Examination
20.2.3.1 Conventional Radiography
20.2.3.2 Computed Tomography
20.2.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
20.2.3.4 Alternative Imaging Methods
20.3 Ankle Osteoarthritis
20.3.1 Etiology
20.3.2 Clinical Examination
20.3.3 Radiological Examination
References
21: Emerging Technologies in the Diagnosis of Foot and Ankle Pathologies
21.1 Artificial Intelligence and Computer-Assisted Diagnosis
21.2 New Imaging Technologies
21.2.1 Weight-Bearing CT Scan
21.2.2 Portable Handheld X-Ray and Ultrasound Devices
21.2.3 Needle Arthroscopy
21.3 Virtual and Augmented Reality Technologies
21.4 Wearable Devices and Sensor Technologies
21.5 Conclusion
References