دانلود کتاب Clinical Investigations at a Glance

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Preface\nAcknowledgements\nAbbreviations\nPart 1: Overview of tests\n 1: Investigations and interpreting tests\n The result\n Confidentiality\n Repeating tests\n Specificity and sensitivity\n Receiver operator characteristic curves\n Measures of disease probability\n Normal range\n Incidental findings: none of us are ‘normal’\n 2: Screening tests\n The condition\n The screening test\n The treatment\n The screening programme\n Examples of screening tests\n Examples of conditions where screening is controversial or lacking in definite evidence of benefit\n Examples of conditions where population screening is not generally recommended\n Limitations of screening\n 3: Consent for investigations\n Consenting to investigations\n Implicit, assumed, oral or written consent?\n Consent from surrogate decision-makers\n Request forms\n How will the test affect the patient?\n Consequences of test results\n Further testing\n 4: Risks of tests\n Radiation\n Contrast\n Blood tests and needles\n Endoscopic investigations\n Biopsies\n Tests are not treatments\n 5: Genetic tests\n 6: Principles of radiological investigations\n Plain X-ray\n CT\n Ultrasound\n Radionuclide scans\n MRI\n 7: Cytology and histopathology tests\n Cytology and cytopathology\n Frozen section histopathology\n Usual histopathology\n 8: Presenting at radiology and histopathology meetings\n 9: Requesting tests\n Other relevant conditions\n Economic considerations\n Labelling specimen containers\n Pre-investigation preparation\n Using the correct specimen containers and specimen handling\n 10: Therapeutic drug monitoring\n Which drugs need monitoring?\n Indications for therapeutic drug monitoring\n Sample collection\n Timing of samples\n What information is required for interpretation of drug concentration?\n 11: Investigations in resource-limited settings\n Clinical investigation in resource-limited settings\n Set up basic simple tests in resource-limited area\n Point-of-care testing\n 12: Tests for outpatient, inpatient and patients in intensive care\n Intensive-care patients\n Regular investigations\n Diagnostic tests\n Complications\n Monitoring\n Hospital inpatients\n Outpatient testing\nPart 2: Common presentations\n 13: Chest pain\n Initial investigations\n Further investigations\n 14: Acute abdominal pain\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopic investigations\n Laparoscopy and exploratory laparotomy\n 15: Headache\n Neuroimaging\n Lumbar puncture\n Laboratory investigations\n 16: Nausea and vomiting\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological imaging\n Upper GI endoscopy\n Investigating gut motility disorder\n 17: Diarrhoea\n Acute diarrhoea\n Chronic diarrhoea\n 18: Constipation\n Clinical evaluation\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopic investigations\n Physiological testing\n 19: Haematemesis and melaena\n Laboratory investigations\n Upper GI endoscopy\n Imaging\n 20: Rectal bleeding\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopic investigations\n Laparotomy\n 21: Dyspepsia\n Diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection\n Endoscopy\n Radiology investigation\n Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)\n Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)\n 22: Dysphagia\n Initial clinical evaluation\n Investigations for suspected oropharyngeal dysphagia\n Investigations for suspected oesophageal dysphagia\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological imaging\n Manometry\n Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy\n 23: Weight loss\n First-line investigations\n Second-line investigations\n 24: Obesity\n Clinical evaluation\n Laboratory investigations\n Genetic testing\n Investigations for fat mass and distribution\n Investigations for obesity-related complications\n 25: Fatigue\n Clinical evaluation\n First-line investigations\n Second-line investigations\n 26: Coma and impaired consciousness\n Initial stabilisation\n Initial investigation\n CT of the brain\n MRI and vascular imaging\n Lumbar puncture\n EEG\n 27: Preoperative investigations for elective surgery\n 28: Syncope\n Initial investigation\n Risk stratification\n Suspected cardiac syncope\n Suspected reflex-mediated syncope: tilt-table testing\n Suspected cerebrovascular syncope\n 29: Back pain\n Radiological investigations\n Laboratory investigations\n 30: Peripheral oedema\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Other investigations\n 31: Jaundice\n Clinical investigation\n Laboratory investigations\n Imaging\n Liver biopsy\n 32: Meningitis\n Clinical evaluation\n Initial laboratory investigations\n LP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis\n Neuroimaging\n 33: Anaemia\n Initial investigation\n Underlying cause of anaemia\n Microcytic anaemia\n Macrocytic anaemia\n Normocytic anaemia\n 34: Lymphadenopathy\n Basic laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Lymph node biopsy\n 35: Cough\n Laboratory investigations\n Pulmonary function tests\n CXR\n CT\n Bronchoscopy\n Gastro-oesophageal investigations\n 36: Haemoptysis\n Laboratory investigations\n CXR\n CT\n Bronchoscopy\n Bronchial angiography\n 37: Palpitations and cardiac arrhythmias\n Initial clinical investigation\n Further investigation\n 38: Red eye\n Conjunctivitis\n Inflammatory eye disorders\n Glaucoma and other local causes of red eye\n Foreign body, trauma and others\n 39: Vertigo\n Initial evaluation\n 40: Urinary tract infection\n Uncomplicated UTI\n Complicated UTI\n UTI in pregnancy\n Asymptomatic bacteriuria\n Catheter-associated UTI\n 41: Haematuria\n Urinalysis\n Urine microscopy and culture\n Urine protein measurement\n Urine cytology\n Ultrasound\n CT urogram\n MRI\n Cystoscopy\n 42: Attempted suicide and self-poisoning\n Attempted suicide\n Acute poisoning\n Paracetamol overdose\n 43: Immunosuppressed patients\n Monitoring during treatment with immunosuppressive drugs\n Infections in immunosuppressed patients\n Malignancy in immunosuppressed patients\n 44: Diagnosing death\n Diagnosis and confirmation of death using somatic criteria\n Diagnosis and confirmation of death using circulatory criteria\n Diagnosis and confirmation of death using neurological criteria\n 45: Shock\n Basic investigations for all patients presenting with shock\n Further investigations for specific type of shock\n Physiological monitoring\n 46 Trauma\n Initial clinical evaluation\n Spinal trauma\n Head trauma\n Thoracic trauma\n Cardiac trauma\n Abdominal trauma\n Peripheral vascular injuries\n Trauma in pregnancy\n Ankle injury\n Knee injury\n Hip injury\n Thoraco-lumbar spine injury\n Shoulder injury\n Elbow injury\n Wrist injury\n Facial and orbital injury\n 47: Alcohol-use disorder\n Investigations for identifying problem drinking\n Investigation of patients with alcohol dependence\n Investigation of alcohol-related complications\n 48: Eating disorders\n Initial basic investigations\n Further investigations for selected patients\n Refeeding syndrome\n 49: Seizure\n Clinical evaluation\n Laboratory investigations\n Brain imaging\n EEG\n Video–EEG monitoring\n 50: Muscle weakness\n Investigations for muscle disorders\n Investigations for neuromuscular junction disorders\n 51: Visual loss\n Acute visual loss\n Gradual visual loss\n 52: Hearing loss\n Clinical investigation\n Otoscope examination\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\nPart 3: Conditions\n 53: Heart failure\n Laboratory investigations\n Initial investigations for suspected heart failure\n Further investigation\n 54: Peripheral arterial disease\n Ankle–brachial index (ABI)\n Duplex arterial ultrasound\n CT angiography (CTA)\n Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)\n Arteriography\n Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)\n Investigating vascular risk factors\n 55: Infective endocarditis\n General investigations\n Microbiologic investigations\n Anatomical investigations\n 56: Aortic disease\n Initial investigations\n Diagnostic imaging\n Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA)\n 57: Hypertension\n Diagnosis\n Investigations for target organ damage and cardiovascular risk factors\n Investigations for secondary hypertension\n Resistant hypertension\n Hypertensive emergencies\n 58: Hyperlipidaemia\n Indications for investigation or screening hyperlipidaemia\n Genetic causes\n 59: Pneumonia\n General laboratory investigations\n Microbiological tests\n CXR\n Chest CT\n Bronchoscopy\n Hospital-acquired pneumonia\n 60: Asthma\n Diagnosis\n Measurement of airflow\n Bronchial provocation tests\n Tests for allergens\n Other tests\n Investigations during an exacerbation of asthma\n 61: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\n Investigation for patients with suspected COPD\n Investigations of comorbidities\n Investigations for acute exacerbations of COPD\n 62: Pleural effusion\n Initial investigations\n Further investigations\n 63: Pneumothorax\n CXR\n Chest CT\n Ultrasound\n Other investigations\n 64: Pulmonary embolism\n Arterial blood gas (ABG)\n D-dimer\n Other biomarkers\n ECG\n Echocardiography\n CXR\n CTPA\n Ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy\n Pulmonary angiography\n Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)\n Lower extremity venous ultrasound\n Considerations in pregnant patients\n 65: Pulmonary hypertension\n Laboratory investigations\n ECG\n Echocardiography\n Pulmonary function tests\n CXR\n Ventilation–perfusion lung scan (V/Q scan)\n HRCT and CTPA\n Cardiac MRI and pulmonary angiography\n Right heart catheterisation\n 66: Pulmonary nodules\n Investigations for a solitary pulmonary nodule\n 67: Interstitial lung disease\n CXR\n High-resolution chest CT\n Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and ABG\n Bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial lung biopsy\n Lung biopsy\n Other investigations\n 68: Sleep disorders\n Sleep apnoea\n Narcolepsy\n Restless leg syndrome\n Diagnostic investigations\n 69: Ascites\n General laboratory investigations\n Ascitic fluid analysis\n Radiological investigations\n Liver biopsy\n Endoscopy\n Echocardiography\n 70: Intestinal obstruction\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Sigmoidoscopy\n 71: Malabsorption\n Initial laboratory investigations\n Further investigations for underlying cause\n Investigations that can confirm malabsorption\n 72: Inflammatory bowel disease\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopic investigations\n 73: Irritable bowel syndrome\n Initial investigations\n Second-line investigations\n 74: Colorectal cancer\n Diagnostic investigations\n Staging investigation\n Molecular biomarker\n Surveillance after curative treatment\n Colorectal screening\n 75: Liver mass\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Biopsy\n Hepatomegaly\n 76: Cirrhosis\n Investigations for establishing diagnosis and severity of cirrhosis\n Radiological investigations\n Investigating the underlying cause of cirrhosis\n Investigating complications of cirrhosis\n 77: Liver function tests\n Indications for testing\n Interpretation of results\n Prothrombin time\n 78: Acute pancreatitis\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopic investigations\n 79: Acute kidney injury\n Clinical and laboratory investigations\n Urine examination\n Radiological investigations\n Renal biopsy\n 80: Chronic kidney disease\n Laboratory investigations\n Urine investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Kidney biopsy\n 81: Metabolic acid–base disorders\n Metabolic acidosis\n Metabolic alkalosis\n 82: Potassium disorders\n Hyperkalaemia\n Hypokalaemia\n 83: Sodium disorders\n Hyponatraemia\n SIADH\n Hypernatraemia\n 84: Calcium disorders\n Hypercalcaemia\n Initial investigations\n Other investigations\n Hypocalcaemia\n 85: Proteinuria\n Detecting and quantifying proteinuria\n Diagnostic evaluation of proteinuria\n Nephrotic syndrome\n Non-nephrotic-range proteinuria\n Orthostatic proteinuria\n 86: Renal mass\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Renal mass biopsy\n Active surveillance\n 87: Kidney stones\n Baseline investigations\n Metabolic investigations\n Stone analysis\n 88: Renal artery stenosis\n Who should be investigated for RAS?\n Basic laboratory investigations\n Investigations for anatomical assessment of RAS\n Investigations for functional assessment\n 89: Diabetes mellitus: diagnosis\n Screening\n Diagnostic tests\n Investigations to determine type 1 or type 2 diabetes\n Monitoring\n Tests for hyperglycaemia during pregnancy\n 90: Diabetes mellitus: complications\n Investigations for diabetes-related emergencies\n Investigations for diabetes-related complications\n 91: Diabetes insipidus\n Basic laboratory investigations\n Water deprivation test\n Radiological investigations\n 92: Thyroid disorders\n Hypothyroidism\n Hyperthyroidism\n Goitre\n Thyroid nodules\n Thyroid cancer\n 93: Thyroid function tests\n Indications for TFTs\n Interpretation of TFTs for diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction\n Monitoring thyroxine treatment\n Monitoring treatment for hyperthyroidism\n Sick euthyroid syndrome\n Pituitary disease\n 94: Hypopituitarism\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Investigations for underlying causes\n Follow-up investigations\n 95: Acromegaly\n Diagnostic investigations: assessment of GH\n Radiological and visual field investigations\n Investigations for monitoring\n Investigations for coexisting illnesses\n 96: Hyperprolactinaemia\n Prolactin level and laboratory investigations\n MRI\n Visual field testing\n Follow-up investigations\n 97: Adrenal insufficiency\n Basic investigations\n To establish adrenal insufficiency\n The cause of adrenal insufficiency\n Treatment monitoring\n 98: Adrenal incidentaloma\n Investigations for functional status of adrenal incidentaloma\n Assessment of malignant potential\n Follow-up of adrenal incidentaloma\n 99: Cushing’s syndrome\n Investigations to confirm hypercortisolism\n Investigating the cause of Cushing’s syndrome\n Investigation after pituitary surgery\n Other investigations\n 100: Phaeochromocytoma\n Biochemical tests for establishing the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma\n Investigations to localise phaeochromocytoma\n Genetic testing\n 101: Primary hyperaldosteronism\n Basic biochemical investigations\n Screening investigations\n Confirmatory investigation\n Subtype investigation\n Post-adrenalectomy investigations\n 102: Male hypogonadism\n Confirm the diagnosis of hypogonadism\n Differentiate primary and secondary hypogonadism\n Radiological investigation\n Investigations for the consequence of hypogonadism\n Investigations before testosterone replacement therapy and treatment monitoring\n Population screening\n 103: Infertility\n Initial infertility assessment\n Investigating female infertility (Figure 103.1)\n Investigating male infertility (Figure 103.2)\n 104: Erectile dysfunction\n Laboratory investigations\n Specific investigations\n 105: Amenorrhoea\n Primary amenorrhoea\n Secondary amenorrhoea\n Spontaneous premature ovarian failure\n 106: Hirsutism\n Androgen studies (Table 106.2)\n Other investigations (Table 106.2)\n 107: Polycystic ovary syndrome\n Initial investigations (Box 107.1)\n Other investigations for metabolic syndrome\n 108: Pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy\n Pre-eclampsia\n Further investigations in selected patients\n HELLP syndrome\n Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy\n 109: Pregnancy\n Routine investigations\n Antenatal tests for Down’s syndrome\n 110: Pyrexia of unknown origin\n Initial investigations\n Further investigations\n Other considerations\n 111: Leucopenia and febrile neutropenia\n Leucopenia\n Febrile neutropenia\n 112: Illness in returned travellers\n Fever in returned travellers\n Diarrhoea in returned travellers\n 113: Sepsis\n Blood culture\n Laboratory investigations\n Body fluids cluture\n Radiology\n Biopsy\n Prostheses and devices\n 114: Sepsis: testing for infectious diseases\n 115: Osteomyelitis\n Laboratory investigations\n Blood culture\n Radiological investigations\n 116: Sexually transmitted diseases\n 117: Tuberculosis\n Tests for suspected active pulmonary TB\n Tests for suspected latent tuberculosis\n Tests for extrapulmonary TB\n Follow-up tests\n 118: HIV\n Initial screening and confirmatory tests\n Investigations for newly diagnosed HIV\n Follow-up investigations\n Investigations for drug resistance and antiretroviral therapy adverse effects\n Investigations for diagnosing AIDS-defining illnesses\n 119: Leucocytosis\n Diagnostic evaluation\n Neutrophilia\n Eosinophilia\n Basophilia\n Lymphocytosis\n Monocytosis\n 120: Myelodysplastic syndromes\n Initial clinical investigations\n Bone marrow biopsy\n Flow cytometry immunophenotyping\n Cytogenetic findings\n Prognostic evaluation\n 121: Erythrocytosis\n Initial investigations (Box 121.1)\n Second-line investigations (Box 121.1)\n Other investigations\n 122: Haemolytic anaemia\n Investigations to confirm haemolysis\n Investigating the cause of haemolytic anaemia\n 123: Leukaemia\n Initial investigations to establish the diagnosis of acute or chronic leukaemia\n Specialised investigations\n Other baseline investigations in the management of leukaemia\n 124: Lymphoma\n Confirm the diagnosis\n Staging and preparation for treatment\n Prognosis\n Monitoring late effects of treatment\n 125: Multiple myeloma\n Initial investigations\n Investigations to confirm the diagnosis\n Investigations of myeloma-related organ involvement\n 126: Platelet disorders\n Thrombocytosis\n Thrombocytopenia\n 127: Bleeding disorders\n Approach to investigation for bleeding disorders\n Initial investigations\n Second-line investigations\n Investigations for VWD\n 128: Thrombophilia\n Why investigate thrombophilia?\n Who should be investigated?\n When is the best time to investigate thrombophilia?\n What are the appropriate tests for thrombophilia?\n Thrombophilia and arterial thrombosis\n 129: Breast cancer\n Screening for breast cancer\n Initial diagnostic investigations\n Investigations for breast cancer staging\n Investigations for general health status\n Follow-up investigations\n 130: Spinal cord compression\n Radiological investigations\n Laboratory investigations\n 131: Cancer of unknown primary\n Initial laboratory investigations\n Tumour markers\n Histopathology study\n Radiological investigations\n Endoscopy\n 132: Tumour markers\n Screening asymptomatic populations\n Clinically useful tumour markers in diagnosis and monitoring (Table 132.1)\n Molecular tumour markers\n 133: Ovarian cancer\n Initial investigation\n Radiological investigation\n Tissue diagnosis\n Screening\n 134: Prostate cancer\n Initial investigations\n Staging investigations\n Surveillance\n Monitoring recurrent disease\n Screening for early prostate cancer\n 135: Stroke\n Initial investigations\n Investigations of vascular risk factors\n Investigations of complications in the recovery phase\n Investigations for TIA\n 136: Haemorrhagic stroke\n Intracranial haemorrhage\n Subarachnoid haemorrhage\n 137: Brain abscess\n Neuroimaging\n Microbiology investigations\n 138: Encephalitis\n Neuroimaging\n Lumbar puncture and CSF analyses\n Electroencephalography (EEG)\n Brain biopsy\n Other laboratory investigations\n 139: Brain tumours\n MRI of the head\n CT of the head\n Cerebral biopsy\n Laboratory investigations\n Lumbar puncture\n Investigations for specific conditions\n 140: Multiple sclerosis\n Laboratory investigations\n MRI\n Lumbar puncture\n Neurophysiological studies\n Pretreatment investigations\n 141: Spinal cord disorders\n Radiographic investigation\n Lumbar puncture and CSF fluid analysis\n Other investigations\n 142: Peripheral neuropathy\n Clinical investigation\n 143: Movement disorders\n Investigation of tremor\n Investigation for Parkinsonism\n Investigation for Huntington’s disease\n Investigation for Wilson’s disease\n 144: Septic and crystal arthropathies\n Septic arthritis\n Infection associated with prosthetic joints\n Gout\n Pseudogout\n 145: Osteoarthritis\n Radiological investigations\n Laboratory investigations\n Synovial fluid aspiration\n 146: Spondyloarthropathies\n Ankylosing spondylitis\n Reactive arthritis and Reiter’s syndrome\n Psoriatic arthritis\n Spondyloarthropathy associated with IBD\n 147: Scleroderma and Raynaud’s phenomenon\n Scleroderma\n Raynaud’s phenomenon\n 148: Rheumatoid arthritis\n Laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n Aspiration of synovial fluid\n Investigations for disease monitoring\n Investigations of extra-articular disease\n 149: Systemic lupus erythematosus\n Immunological investigations\n Investigations for specific organ/system involvement in SLE\n 150: Sjögren’s syndrome\n Diagnostic investigations\n Investigation and monitoring for extraglandular manifestations\n 151: Vasculitis\n Basic investigations\n Specific types of vasculitis\n 152: Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis\n Polymyalgia rheumatica\n Giant-cell arteritis\n 153: Osteoporosis\n Bone densitometry\n Indications for bone densitometry test\n Laboratory investigations\n Bone turnover markers\n 154: Dementia\n Initial clinical evaluation\n Testing for cognitive impairment\n Basic laboratory investigations\n Radiological investigations\n 155: Delirium\n Review medications\n Laboratory investigations\n Lumbar puncture\n EEG\n Radiological investigations\n 156: Falls\n Laboratory investigations (Box 156.2)\n ECG\n Radiological investigations\n Other investigations\n 157: Urinary incontinence\n Classification\n Clinical evaluation\n Initial investigations\n Urodynamic and other investigations\n 158: Allergy and anaphylaxis\n Non-specific markers of allergy\n Allergen-specific IgE in-vitro tests\n Skin-prick testing\n Oral food challenge testing\n Anaphylaxis\n 159: Primary immunodeficiency disorders\n Haematological investigations\n Other investigations\n 160: Skin cancers\n Non-melanoma skin cancers\n Melanoma\n 161: Skin rashes\n Skin rash\n Pruritus\n 162: Urticaria and angioedema\n Urticaria\n Angioedema\nFurther reading\n Part 2: Common presentations\n Part 3: Conditions\nIndex\nEULA