توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy
نام کتاب : Clinical Pharmacology During Pregnancy
ویرایش : Second ed.
عنوان ترجمه شده به فارسی : فارماکولوژی بالینی در دوران بارداری
سری :
نویسندگان : Donald Mattison
ناشر : Elsevier
سال نشر : 2022
تعداد صفحات : [508]
ISBN (شابک) : 9780128189023
زبان کتاب : English
فرمت کتاب : pdf
حجم کتاب : 10 Mb
بعد از تکمیل فرایند پرداخت لینک دانلود کتاب ارائه خواهد شد. درصورت ثبت نام و ورود به حساب کاربری خود قادر خواهید بود لیست کتاب های خریداری شده را مشاهده فرمایید.
فهرست مطالب :
Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Front Matter
Clinical Pharmacology During PregnancySecond EditionEdited byDonald MattisonUniversity of South Carolina, Arnold School of ...
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgment
1. Introduction
References
2. Physiologic changes during pregnancy
2.1 Physiologic changes during pregnancy
2.2 Cardiovascular system
2.3 Respiratory system
2.4 Renal system
2.5 Gastrointestinal system
2.6 Hematologic and coagulation systems
2.7 Endocrine system
2.8 Summary
References
3. Impact of pregnancy on maternal pharmacokinetics of medications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of pregnancy on pharmacokinetic parameters
3.2.1 Extraction ratio
3.2.2 Area under the concentration-time curve
3.2.3 Bioavailability
3.2.4 Clearance
3.2.5 Protein binding
3.2.6 Organ blood flow
3.2.7 Intrinsic clearance
3.2.8 Metabolism
3.2.8.1 CYP3A
3.2.8.2 CYP2D6
3.2.8.3 CYP2C9
3.2.8.4 CYP1A2
3.2.8.5 CYP2C19
3.2.8.6 CYP2B6
3.2.8.7 CYP2E1
3.2.8.8 Uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase
3.2.8.9 Alcohol dehydrogenase
3.2.8.10 Carbonyl reductase 1
3.2.9 Renal
3.2.9.1 Filtration
3.2.9.2 Secretion/reabsorption
3.2.9.2.1 P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporter polypeptides
3.2.9.2.2 Organic anion transporter, oligopeptide transporters
3.2.9.2.3 Organic cation transporters, multidrug and extrusion transporters, and plasma monoamine transporter
3.2.9.2.4 pH-dependent changes in secretion and reabsorption
3.2.10 Volume of distribution
3.2.11 Half-life
3.3 Summary
References
4. Medications and the breastfeeding mother
4.1 Medication use by the breastfeeding mother
4.2 Clinical pharmacology of drug transfer into breast milk
4.3 During delivery
4.4 General anesthesia
4.4.1 Volatile anesthetic agents
4.4.1.1 Halothane
4.4.1.2 Desflurane and sevoflurane
4.4.2 Intravenous anesthetic agents
4.4.2.1 Ketamine
4.4.2.2 Propofol
4.4.2.3 Etomidate
4.4.2.4 Thiopental
4.4.3 A general statement
4.5 Epidural anesthesia
4.6 Galactogogues including dietary supplements (including herbs)
4.7 Immediate postpartum period
4.8 Pain
4.8.1 Morphine
4.8.2 Codeine
4.8.3 Meperidine
4.8.4 Hydrocodone
4.9 Methadone
4.10 Resumption of prepregnancy medications
4.11 Psycho- and neurotropic drugs
4.11.1 Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antiepileptics, and drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
4.12 Drugs not to give to the nursing mother postpartum
4.13 Oral contraceptives
4.13.1 Biologics and biopharmaceuticals (e.g., monoclonal antibodies)
4.13.2 Marijuana
4.14 Summary
4.15 Where to find information
References
5. Fetal drug therapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Indications for fetal therapy
5.3 Strategies to achieve fetal drug therapy
5.3.1 Transplacental drug transfer
5.3.2 Direct fetal injection
5.3.3 Gene therapy
5.3.4 Stem cell transplantation
5.3.5 Nanoparticles
5.4 Special considerations
5.5 Ethical considerations
References
6. Treating the placenta: an evolving therapeutic concept
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The placenta as the therapeutic target: the past
6.2.1 Placental function
6.2.2 Placental transport mechanisms
6.3 The placenta: therapeutic targets
6.4 The placenta as a therapeutic target today
6.4.1 Diabetes during pregnancy
6.4.2 Malaria in pregnancy
6.4.3 HIV-1 infection in pregnancy
6.5 The placenta as a therapeutic target in the future
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Conducting randomized controlled pharmaceutical trials in the pregnant population: challenges and solutions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Ethical considerations
7.2.1 Maternal and fetal risks in pharmaceutical research
7.2.2 Equipoise
7.2.3 What is sufficient evidence to conduct a trial?
7.2.3.1 General considerations
7.2.3.2 Level of evidence to justify a trial during public health crises
7.2.4 Resource allocation in the context of limited research funding
7.3 Including pregnant women in pharmaceutical trials for nonobstetrical conditions
7.3.1 The dearth of evidence on the innocuity and efficiency of drugs in the pregnant population
7.3.2 Human pharmaceutical trials including pregnant women are required
7.3.3 Strategies to include pregnant women in pharmaceutical trials for nonobstetrical conditions
7.3.3.1 Public policies to promote pharmaceutical trials in the pregnant population
7.3.3.2 Innovative designs to determine the safety and efficiency of drugs in the pregnant population
7.4 Improving the success of drug trials for obstetrical conditions
7.4.1 Drug development failures in obstetrics
7.4.2 The importance of biological rationale
7.4.3 Using adequate design and outcomes in phase II trials
7.4.4 Calculating the sample size for phase III randomized controlled trials
7.4.5 Integrating precision medicine in obstetrics
7.4.6 The example of the antioxidant trials
7.5 Summary
References
8. Pharmacogenomics in pregnancy∗
8.1 Pharmacogenomics
8.2 Genetics and polymorphisms
8.3 Genes that influence pharmacokinetic variability
8.4 The current state of pharmacogenetic testing
8.5 Potential therapeutic areas for pharmacogenomics in pregnancy
8.6 Study designs and approaches to pharmacogenetics trials
References
9. Anesthetic drugs
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General anesthesia
9.3 Inhalational anesthetics
9.4 Intravenous anesthetics
9.4.1 Thiopentone
9.4.2 Propofol
9.4.3 Ketamine
9.4.4 Etomidate
9.4.5 Benzodiazepines
9.4.6 Systemic opioids in pregnancy
9.5 Neuromuscular blocking agents
9.6 Regional anesthesia
9.6.1 Bupivacaine
9.6.2 Lidocaine
9.6.3 2-Chloroprocaine
9.6.4 Ropivacaine
9.6.5 Adjuvant opioids
9.6.6 Fetal effects of neuraxial opioids
9.7 Summary
References
10. The management of asthma during pregnancy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effect of pregnancy on the course of asthma
10.3 Effect of asthma on pregnancy
10.4 Asthma management
10.5 Pharmacologic therapy
10.5.1 Inhaled corticosteroids
10.5.2 Inhaled beta-agonists
10.5.3 Leukotriene modifiers
10.5.4 Cromolyn and theophylline
10.5.5 Oral corticosteroids
10.5.5.1 Asthma biologics
10.6 Conclusion
10.6.1 The vaccine and medication surveillance study
References
11. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy
11.1 Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy
11.2 Prevalence
11.3 Etiologies and pathogenesis
11.3.1 Genetic influences
11.3.2 Hormonal influences
11.3.3 Helicobacter pylori
11.4 Burden of the disease
11.5 Cultural implications
11.6 Risk factors
11.7 Quantification
11.8 Effects on fetus
11.9 Late complications related to NVP
11.10 Approaches to treatment
11.11 Lifestyle alterations
11.12 Complementary and alternative medicine
11.12.1 Nonpharmacologic treatments
11.12.2 Vitamins
11.12.3 Herbal supplements
11.12.4 Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
11.12.5 Lemon
11.12.6 Pomegranate and spearmint
11.12.7 Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
11.13 Pharmacologic therapies
11.13.1 Fluid rehydration
11.13.2 Enteral versus parenteral nutrition
11.13.3 Diclegis
11.13.3.1 Bonjesta
11.13.3.2 Antacids
11.13.3.3 Diphenhydramine/dimenhydrinate/meclizine
11.13.3.4 Cimetidine/ranitidine
11.13.3.5 Omeprazole
11.13.3.6 Metoclopramide
11.13.3.7 Promethazine
11.13.3.8 Droperidol
11.13.3.9 Mirtazapine
11.13.3.10 Ondansetron/zofran
11.13.3.11 Glucocorticoids
11.13.3.12 Hospitalization considerations
11.13.3.13 Marijuana use
11.14 Differential diagnoses
11.15 Conclusion
References
12. Clinical pharmacology of anti-infectives during pregnancy
12.1 Antibacterial therapy
12.2 Antifungal therapy
12.3 Malaria
12.4 Tuberculosis
12.5 HIV
12.6 Antivirals
12.7 Parasitic infections
References
13. Chemotherapy in pregnancy
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Maternal outcomes
13.1.2 Obstetric outcomes
13.1.3 Fetal outcomes
13.2 Overview of chemotherapeutic agents
13.2.1 Antimetabolites
13.2.2 Alkylating agents
13.2.3 Anthracyclines
13.2.4 Plant alkaloids
13.2.5 Taxanes
13.2.6 Hormonal agents
13.2.7 Targeted therapies and immunotherapies
13.2.8 Other agents
13.3 Treatment of specific cancers
13.3.1 Breast cancer
13.3.2 Cervical cancer
13.3.3 Lymphoma
13.3.4 Leukemia
13.3.5 Ovarian cancer
13.3.6 Melanoma
13.3.7 Other malignancies
13.4 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy
References
14. Substance abuse in pregnancy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Substance use disorders defined
14.3 Addiction defined as a disease of the brain
14.4 The good news: the brain can recover
14.5 Addiction in women and pregnancy
14.6 Psychiatric comorbidity
14.7 Substances used in pregnancy
14.7.1 Alcohol
14.7.1.1 Pharmacologic treatment of alcohol use in pregnancy
14.7.2 Tobacco; nicotine
14.7.3 Opiates and opioids
14.7.4 Neonatal abstinence syndrome
14.7.5 Marijuana and THC
14.7.6 Cocaine
14.7.7 Stimulants: amphetamine, methamphetamines; methylphenidate; ephedra; khat
14.7.7.1 Amphetamines and methamphetamines
14.7.7.2 Methylphenidate
14.7.7.3 Ephedra
14.7.7.4 Khat
14.7.7.5 Hallucinogens: lysergic acid diethylamide and phencyclidine
14.7.8 Club drugs: MDMA; gamma-hydroxybutyrate; flunitrazepam; ketamine
14.7.8.1 MDMA
14.7.8.2 Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
14.7.8.3 Flunitrazepam
14.7.8.4 Ketamine
14.8 Screening and detection
14.9 The role of urine and meconium testing
14.10 Brief office screening strategies
14.11 Brief office interventions
14.12 Long-term care and maintenance
14.13 Conclusion
References
15. Diabetes in pregnancy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Epidemiology
15.3 Classification
15.4 Gestational diabetes
15.5 Diabetes management in pregnancy
15.5.1 Nutritional goals and exercise
15.5.1.1 Physical activity
15.5.2 Glucose monitoring and glycemic control
15.5.3 Insulin therapy
15.5.4 Oral hypoglycemics
15.5.5 Risk for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
15.5.6 Postpartum metabolic management and preconception care
15.6 Conclusion
References
16. Cardiovascular medications in pregnancy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Resources for guidance
16.3 Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
16.3.1 Sedation for invasive procedures and timing of procedures
16.4 Cardiovascular disease in pregnancy
16.4.1 Hypertension
16.5 Mechanism of action for hypertensive medications
16.5.1 Medications affecting the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (the kidney–lung pathway)
16.5.2 Beta-Blockers
16.5.3 Calcium Channel Blockers
16.5.4 Diuretics
16.5.5 Direct vasodilators
16.5.6 Considerations for long-term therapy
16.5.7 Magnesium sulfate
16.6 Coronary artery disease and Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection
16.7 Coronary Microvascular Disease and angina
16.7.1 Cardiomyopathy/heart failure
16.8 Medications for cardiomyopathy
16.9 Electrophysiological
16.9.1 Antiarrhythmic medications
16.9.1.1 Rate control
16.9.1.2 Anticoagulation with atrial fibrillation
16.9.1.3 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy
16.9.1.4 Long QT syndrome
16.9.1.5 Antiarrhythmic medications
16.9.1.6 Thromboembolic disorders
16.9.1.7 Hypotension
16.9.1.8 Pharmacology for Advanced Cardiac Life Support
16.9.1.9 Congenital heart disease in the adult
16.9.1.10 Cardiovascular effects of noncardiovascular medications
References
17. Antidepressants in pregnancy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Effects of untreated perinatal depression on women and children
17.3 Approach to treatment
17.4 Potential risks of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy
17.4.1 Obstetric outcomes
17.4.2 Congenital malformations
17.4.3 Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
17.4.4 Neonatal adaptation syndrome
17.4.5 Neurodevelopmental outcomes
17.5 Potential risks of non-SSRI antidepressant use during pregnancy
17.6 Potential risks of older antidepressant use during pregnancy
17.7 Anxiety
17.8 Summary
References
Further reading
18. Uterotonics and tocolytics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Uterotonics
18.2.1 Oxytocin
18.2.2 Methylergonovine
18.2.3 Prostaglandins
18.2.3.1 PGE2—dinoprostone
18.2.3.2 PGE1—misoprostol
18.2.3.3 PGF2α—carboprost
18.2.4 Uterotonics summary
18.3 Tocolytics
18.3.1 Magnesium sulfate
18.3.2 β-Adrenergic receptor agonists
18.3.3 Calcium channel blockers
18.3.4 Cyclooxygenase inhibitors
18.3.5 Oxytocin receptor antagonists (atosiban)
18.3.6 Nitric oxide donors
18.3.7 Tocolytics summary
References
19. Antenatal thyroid disease and pharmacotherapy in pregnancy
19.1 Thyroid function and physiology in pregnancy
19.2 Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
19.3 Pharmacotherapy with thionamides in pregnancy
19.4 Hypothyroidism in pregnancy
19.5 Pharmacotherapy with levothyroxine in pregnancy
19.6 Summary
References
Further reading
20. Management of dermatological conditions in pregnancy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Acne
20.2.1 Topical agents
20.2.2 Oral agents
20.3 Psoriasis
20.3.1 Topical agents
20.4 Oral agents
20.5 Dermatoses
20.5.1 Pemphigoid gestationis
20.5.2 Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy
20.5.3 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
20.5.4 Atopic eruption of pregnancy
20.6 Bacterial infections
20.6.1 Topical agents
20.6.2 Oral agents
20.7 Viral infections
20.7.1 Topical agents
20.7.2 Oral agents
20.8 Fungal infections
20.8.1 Topical agents
20.8.2 Oral agents
20.9 Parasitic infections
20.9.1 Topical agents
20.9.2 Oral agents
20.10 Dermatological wounds
References
21. Herbs and alternative remedies
21.1 Herbal teas frequently used during pregnancy
21.2 Essential oils used as aromatherapy during pregnancy
21.3 Herbs used as capsules or dried extracts
21.3.1 Ginger
21.3.2 Cranberry
21.3.3 Echinacea
21.3.4 St. John's wort
21.3.5 Valerian
21.3.6 Milk thistle/silymarin
21.3.7 Senna
21.3.8 Horse chestnut
21.4 Herbal topical preparations used in pregnancy
21.4.1 Aloe vera gel
21.4.2 Horse chestnut
21.4.3 Almond oil
21.5 Nonherbal supplements used in pregnancy
21.5.1 Fish oils
21.5.2 Probiotics
21.6 Herbs used to induce labor
21.7 Acupuncture and acupressure therapy in pregnancy
21.8 Meditation and hypnosis in pregnancy
References
Further reading
22. Envenomations and antivenom during pregnancy
22.1 General principles about envenomation
22.2 Snake bites
22.2.1 Management during pregnancy
22.2.2 Reports during pregnancy
22.3 Spider bites
22.3.1 Management during pregnancy
22.3.2 Reports during pregnancy
22.3.3 Scorpion stings
22.3.4 Management during pregnancy
22.3.5 Reports during pregnancy
22.3.6 Hymenoptera
22.3.7 Winged hymenoptera
22.3.8 Imported fire ants
22.3.9 Management during pregnancy
22.3.10 Reports during pregnancy
22.4 Jellyfish
22.4.1 Management during pregnancy
22.4.2 Reports during pregnancy
22.5 Antivenom use during pregnancy
22.6 Conclusions
References
23. Gastrointestinal disorders
23.1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease
23.1.1 Treatment
23.1.1.1 Therapeutic lifestyle modifications
23.1.2 Antacids
23.1.3 Sucralfate
23.1.4 Promotility agents
23.1.5 H2-receptor antagonists
23.1.6 Proton pump inhibitors
23.2 Peptic ulcer disease
23.2.1 Treatment
23.2.1.1 Bismuth subsalicylate
23.2.1.2 Pancreatitis
23.2.1.3 Irritable bowel syndrome
23.3 Constipation
23.3.1 Treatment
23.3.1.1 Conservative treatment
23.3.1.2 Stool-bulking agents
23.3.1.3 Hyperosmotic agents
23.3.1.4 Stimulant laxatives
23.3.1.5 Emollient laxatives
23.3.1.6 Prokinetic agents
23.4 Diarrhea
23.4.1 Treatment
23.5 Abdominal pain
23.5.1 Tricyclic antidepressants
23.5.2 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
23.5.3 Antispasmodics
23.6 Gastrointestinal infections
23.6.1 Amoxicillin
23.6.1.1 Clarithromycin
23.6.1.2 Tetracycline
23.6.1.3 Metronidazole
23.6.1.4 Fluoroquinolones
23.6.1.5 Rifaximin
23.6.1.6 Amphotericin and imipenem
23.6.1.7 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
23.6.1.8 Vancomycin
23.7 Inflammatory bowel disease
23.7.1 Treatment
23.7.1.1 Aminosalicylates
23.7.1.2 Antibiotics
23.7.1.3 Corticosteroids
23.7.1.4 Thiopurines
23.7.1.5 Methotrexate
23.7.1.6 Biologics
23.7.1.7 Tofacitinib
Liver diseases in pregnancy
23.8 Hepatitis B
23.8.1 Treatment
23.8.1.1 Antiretrovirals
23.8.1.2 Interferon-α
23.9 Hepatitis C
23.9.1 Treatment
23.10 Wilson disease
23.10.1 Treatment
23.10.1.1 Penicillamine
23.10.1.2 Trientine
23.10.1.3 Zinc
23.11 Autoimmune hepatitis
23.12 Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
23.12.1 Ursodeoxycholic acid
23.12.1.1 Cholestyramine
23.12.1.2 Antihistamines
23.12.1.3 Other agents
23.13 Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis
References
Further reading
24. Challenges in predicting the pharmacokinetics of drugs in premature and mature newborns: example with piperacillin and tazo ...
24.1 Introduction
24.2 What is a PBPK model?
24.3 Neonates are not just “little adults”
24.4 PIP and TAZ PBPK model for preterm and term neonates [49–51]
24.4.1 Overview
24.4.2 Neonate physiology
24.4.3 Drug-specific model parameters
24.4.4 PBPK model sensitivity analyses
24.4.4.1 Renal GFR
24.4.4.2 Volume of kidney
24.4.4.3 Renal tubular secretion (active transport)
24.4.4.4 Body weight of term neonates
24.4.4.5 Partition coefficients for PIP and TAZ in the lumped compartment
24.5 Ability of the neonate PBPK model to predict plasma levels of PIP and TAZ
24.6 Conclusions
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Back Cover