دانلود کتاب Cognitive psychology: in and out of the laboratory

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Copyright......Page 8
Preface......Page 21
Part I. Overview......Page 27
Chapter 1. Cognitive Psychology: History, Methods, and Paradigms......Page 28
Influences on the Study of Cognition......Page 31
Structuralism......Page 32
Functionalism......Page 33
Behaviourism......Page 34
Gestalt Psychology......Page 36
The Study of Individual Differences......Page 37
The “Cognitive Revolution”......Page 38
Current Trends in the Study of Cognition......Page 42
General Points......Page 43
Naturalistic Observation......Page 44
Controlled Observation and Clinical Interviews......Page 45
Experiments and Quasi-Experiments......Page 46
General Points......Page 47
Paradigms of Cognitive Psychology......Page 48
The Information-Processing Approach......Page 49
The Connectionist Approach......Page 50
The Evolutionary Approach......Page 52
The Ecological Approach......Page 53
General Points......Page 55
SUMMARY......Page 56
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 57
WEB RESOURCES......Page 58
Chapter 2. The Brain: An Overview of Structure and Function......Page 59
Structure of the Brain......Page 61
The Hindbrain and Midbrain......Page 62
The Forebrain......Page 63
Localization of Function......Page 66
Lateralization of Function......Page 70
Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 71
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 78
WEB RESOURCES......Page 79
Part II. Basic Cognitive Processes......Page 81
Chapter 3. Perceiving Objects and Recognizing Patterns......Page 82
Gestalt Approaches to Perception......Page 85
Bottom-Up Processes......Page 90
Template Matching......Page 91
Featural Analysis......Page 93
Prototype Matching......Page 97
Top-Down Processes......Page 101
Change Blindness......Page 104
The Word Superiority Effect......Page 106
A Connectionist Model of Word Perception......Page 108
A Neuroscientific Perspective on Word Perception......Page 110
Direct Perception......Page 112
Disruptions of Perception: Visual Agnosias......Page 116
SUMMARY......Page 120
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 121
WEB RESOURCES......Page 122
Chapter 4. Paying Attention......Page 123
Selective Attention......Page 125
Filter Theory......Page 127
Attenuation Theory......Page 131
Late-Selection Theory......Page 132
Attention, Capacity, and Mental Effort......Page 133
Automaticity and the Effects of Practice......Page 135
The Stroop Effect......Page 136
Automatic versus Attentional (Controlled) Processing......Page 137
Dual-Task Performance......Page 141
The Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)......Page 143
The Attention Hypothesis of Automatization......Page 145
Divided Attention Outside the Laboratory: Cell Phone Usage While Driving......Page 146
Spatial Cueing......Page 150
Visual Search......Page 151
Inattentional Blindness......Page 153
Neuroscientific Studies of Attention......Page 156
Networks of Visual Attention......Page 158
Event-Related Potentials and Selective Attention......Page 160
SUMMARY......Page 161
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 162
WEB RESOURCES......Page 163
Chapter 5. Memory Structures......Page 164
Types of Memory......Page 166
Sensory Memory......Page 167
The Icon......Page 168
The Echo......Page 170
Short-Term Memory......Page 171
Short-Term Store—Capacity......Page 173
Short-Term Store—Coding......Page 174
Short-Term Store—Retention Duration and Forgetting......Page 175
Short-Term Store—Retrieval of Information......Page 178
Long-Term Memory—Capacity......Page 180
Long-Term Memory—Retention Duration......Page 181
Long-Term Memory—Forgetting......Page 183
Long-Term Memory—Retrieval of Information......Page 188
Working Memory......Page 191
The Semantic/Episodic Distinction......Page 195
Neurological Studies of Memory......Page 197
SUMMARY......Page 200
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 201
COGLAB DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 202
WEB RESOURCES......Page 203
The Levels-of-Processing View......Page 204
The Reconstructive Nature of Memory......Page 207
Autobiographical Memory......Page 210
Flashbulb Memories......Page 212
Eyewitness Memory......Page 214
The Recovered/False Memory Debate......Page 216
Amnesia......Page 221
Anterograde Amnesia......Page 224
Retrograde Amnesia......Page 225
Semantic Memory......Page 228
The Hierarchical Semantic Network Model......Page 229
Connectionist Models......Page 232
Priming......Page 235
The Process Dissociation Framework......Page 238
SUMMARY......Page 240
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 241
WEB RESOURCES......Page 242
Part III. Representation and Organization of Knowledge......Page 243
Chapter 7. Concepts and Categorization......Page 244
The Classical View......Page 247
The Prototype View......Page 249
The Exemplar View......Page 254
The Knowledge-Based View......Page 257
Forming New Concepts and Classifying New Instances......Page 259
Concept Attainment Strategies......Page 260
Acquiring Prototypes......Page 262
Acquiring Concepts in the Brain......Page 263
Implicit Concept Learning......Page 264
Using and Forming Scripts......Page 269
Psychological Essentialism......Page 270
SUMMARY......Page 272
KEY TERMS......Page 273
WEB RESOURCES......Page 274
Chapter 8. Visual Imagery and Spatial Cognition......Page 275
Mnemonics......Page 277
The Dual-Coding Hypothesis......Page 280
The Relational-Organizational Hypothesis......Page 281
Empirical Investigations of Imagery......Page 282
Mental Rotation of Images......Page 284
Scanning Images......Page 289
The Nature of Mental Imagery......Page 294
Principles of Visual Imagery......Page 295
Critiques of Mental Imagery Research and Theory......Page 298
Neuropsychological Findings......Page 303
Spatial Cognition......Page 305
SUMMARY......Page 308
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 309
WEB RESOURCES......Page 310
Chapter 9. Language......Page 311
The Structure of Language......Page 314
Phonology......Page 316
Syntax......Page 318
Semantics......Page 322
Pragmatics......Page 324
Language Comprehension and Production......Page 325
Speech Perception......Page 326
Speech Errors in Production......Page 329
Retrieving Meaning—Single Words......Page 330
Sentence Comprehension......Page 332
Comprehending Text Passages......Page 334
Gricean Maxims of Conversation......Page 340
Language and Cognition......Page 344
The Modularity Hypothesis......Page 345
The Whorfian Hypothesis......Page 346
Neuropsychological Views and Evidence......Page 348
SUMMARY......Page 351
COGLAB DEMONSTRATIONS......Page 353
WEB RESOURCES......Page 354
Part IV. Using and Manipulating Information......Page 355
Chapter 10. Thinking, Problem Solving, and Reasoning......Page 356
Classic Problems and General Methods of Solution......Page 359
Generate-and-Test Technique......Page 360
Means–Ends Analysis......Page 361
Reasoning by Analogy......Page 363
Mental Set......Page 367
Lack of Problem-Specific Knowledge or Expertise......Page 370
Finding Creative Solutions......Page 373
Unconscious Processing and Incubation......Page 374
Everyday Mechanisms......Page 375
Reasoning......Page 377
Deductive Reasoning......Page 378
Inductive Reasoning......Page 382
Patterns of Reasoning Performance......Page 384
Two Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Reasoning......Page 386
Neuropsychological Evidence on Deductive Reasoning......Page 394
SUMMARY......Page 395
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 396
WEB RESOURCES......Page 397
Chapter 11. Making Decisions......Page 398
Setting Goals......Page 400
Structuring the Decision......Page 401
Evaluating......Page 402
Basic Concepts of Probability......Page 403
Cognitive Illusions in Decision Making......Page 405
Availability......Page 406
Representativeness......Page 408
Framing Effects......Page 411
Anchoring......Page 412
Illusory Correlation......Page 413
Hindsight Bias......Page 415
Confirmation Bias......Page 417
Overconfidence......Page 418
Utility Models of Decision Making......Page 420
Expected Utility Theory......Page 421
Image Theory......Page 423
Recognition-Primed Decision Making......Page 424
Decision Making, Emotions, and the Brain......Page 425
Improving Decision Making......Page 427
SUMMARY......Page 430
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 431
WEB RESOURCES......Page 432
Chapter 12. Individual, Aging, and Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 433
Intelligence......Page 434
Experts versus Novices......Page 438
Bilingualism......Page 442
Patterns of Preserved and Declining Functions......Page 444
Models of Age-Related Changes in Cognition......Page 446
Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging......Page 449
Gender Differences in Cognition......Page 454
Gender Differences in Skills and Abilities......Page 455
Cerebral Organization in Males and Females......Page 460
SUMMARY......Page 461
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 462
WEB RESOURCES......Page 463
Glossary......Page 464
References......Page 475
Author Index......Page 501
Subject Index......Page 511