دانلود کتاب COLON POLYPS AND COLORECTAL CANCER

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Anatomy of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus
Embryology of the Colon and Anorectic Area
Colon, Rectum, and Pelvic Floor Anatomy
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon
The Rectosigmoid Junction Has Six Anatomical Features
Characteristics Distinguishing the Colon from the Small Intestine
Colon Wall Is Composed of Three Layers
Arterial Supply, Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
SMA and IMA Have Three Main Connections
The Lymphatics of the Colon
Innervation of the Colon, Rectum and Anal Canal
Ten Golden Rules of Good Colon Surgery
Histology of the Colon
References
2: Anesthesia in Colonoscopy
Introduction
Pre-anesthesia Evaluation Before Colonoscopy
ASA Classification Used for the Evaluation of the Sedation Risk [11]
ASA Classification
The Tests Required Before Anesthesia
The Cardiovascular System
The Pulmonary System
The Airway Evaluation
Predictors of Difficult Mask Ventilation and Difficult Intubation
Preoperative Fasting
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Choosing the Suitable Technique
Monitoring
ECG
Pulse Oximeter
Capnography
Non-invasive Blood Pressure
Supplemental Oxygen
Airway Maintenance
Aspiration Risk
Patient Position
Choice of the Anesthetic
Anesthesia-Related Complications
Informed Consent
Post-anesthesia Care
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Basic Life Support
Advanced Life Support
Defibrillation
References
3: Colonoscopy
Description of Colonoscopy
Indications and Contraindications for Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy Indications
Colonoscopy in Iron Deficiency Anemia
Colonoscopy in Lower Gastrointestinal System Bleedings
Colonic Diverticular Disease
Vascular Ectasia (Angiodysplasia)
Bleedings Due to Chronic Ischemia
Lower Gastrointestinal System Bleeding Due to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Bleeding Due to Meckel’s Diverticulum
Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Neoplasms
Lower Gastrointestinal System Bleedings Due to Anorectal Diseases
Lower Gastrointestinal System Bleeding Due to Infectious Colitis or Enteritis
Lower Gastrointestinal System Bleeding in Radiation Colitis
Colonoscopy in Bleeding Due to Idiopathic Ileocolonic Varices
Colonoscopy in Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Trauma
Colonoscopy in Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding After Polypectomy
Colonoscopy in Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Hematological Diseases
Colonoscopy Preparation for Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Colonoscopy in Lower Abdominal Symptoms
Hemorrhoids
Anal Fistula
Chronic Constipation
Is Colonoscopy Necessary Before Closing Temporary Ileostomy?
Change in Bowel Habits
Uncomplicated Diarrhea
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Patients Diagnosed with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
For Follow-Up After Polypectomy
Colorectal Cancer Screening
Kitlesel Lezyonlarda
Intraabdominal Masses
Other Indications for Colonoscopy
Contraindications in Colonoscopy
Absolute Contraindications
Colon Perforation
Acute Peritonitis
Complete or High-Grade Intestinal Obstruction
Patient’s Refusal to the Procedure
Toxic Megacolon
Fulminant Colitis
Patients Who Have Consent for Colonoscopy and Cannot Cooperate or Cannot Be Sedated Adequately
Relative Contraindications
Bleeding Disorders, Thrombocytopenia, Platelet Dysfunction
Neutropenia
Previous Bowel Surgery
Patients at Risk of Intestinal Perforation (Ehler Danlos Syndrome, Marfan Syndrome)
Ehler Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Marfan Syndrome
Acute Diverticulitis
Previous Cardiac Infarction and Pulmonary Embolism
Presence of Recent Surgeries
Very Large Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Pregnancy (Second or Third Trimester)
Hemodynamic Instability
Colonoscopy Instruments and Colonoscopy Room Descriptions
Features of the Colonoscopy Unit
Colonoscopy Technique: Position Maneuvers, Colonoscopy Technique
Robotic Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy Complications
Perforation
Splenic Trauma
Bacteremia
Exitus
Acute Diverticulitis
Severe Abdominal Distention
Bleeding
Missed Adenoma
Incomplete Removal of Neoplasia
Other Complications
References
4: Colon Polyps, Colonoscopy, and Colorectal Cancer in Pregnancy
Backgrounds
Risk Factors and Prevention
Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in Pregnancy
Low Gastrointestinal Endoscopy During Pregnancy
Pre-endoscopic Evaluation
What Should the Obstetrician Do Before Endoscopic Evaluation During Pregnancy?
Precautions During Endoscopy in Pregnant Patient
Colorectal Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy
References
5: Colonoscopy and Infectious Diseases
Endoscopically Induced Infection: Risk factors [1]
Infections Related to Endoscopic Intervention
Microorganisms Commonly Infected by Endoscopes
Disinfection of Endoscope
Disinfection Procedures
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
IE Prophylaxis According to the Type of Risky Intervention in Patients with the Highest Risk
Infection Control in Endoscopy Units
References
6: Information on Colon Polyps in Terms of Gastroenterology
Colon Polyps
Neoplastic Polyps
Adenomatoid Polyps
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Cases Associated with Adenomatous Polyps
Uretherosigmoidostomy
Acromegaly
Streptococcus bovis Bacteremia and JC (John Cunningham) Virus
Cholecystectomy
Anatomic Distribution
Clinical and Natural Course
Pathology
Endoscopic and Histological Properties
Histological Appearance
Classification of Adenomas According to the Size
Pathogenesis
Adenoma: Carcinoma Hypothesis
Epidemiological Evidence
Clinicopathological Evidence
Molecular Genetic Evidence
Diagnosis
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Guaiac-Based Fecal Occult Blood Test (gFOBT)
Multitarget Stool DNA Tests with Fecal Immunochemical Testing
Sigmoidoscopy
Colonoscopy
Colon Capsule Endoscopy
Barium Enema
Computed Tomography Colonography (CTC)
Treatment
Kudo Classification
Sessile or Flat Polyps
Peduncle Polyps
Post-polypectomy Management
Serrated Polyps
Cancer Risk
Management
Serrated Polyposis Syndrome
Non-neoplastic Polyps
Juvenile Polyps
Peutz-Jeghers Polyps
Inflammatory Pseudopolyps
Mucosal Polyps
Submucosal Lesions
References
7: Role of Imaging in Colorectal Cancers
General Consideration
Techniques Used for Early Detection
Criteria to Be Included in the Screening Programs
Imaging in Colorectal Cancer
Metastatic Spread
Restaging: Therapeutic Response Evaluation
Follow-Up of Colorectal Cancer
Imaging Modalities
Ultrasonography
Transrectal Ultrasonography (Endorectal Ultrasound)
Computed Tomography
CT Colonography (CTC)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT)
Imaging-Guided Therapeutic Procedures
Radiofrequency Ablation and Microwave Ablation
Transarterial Chemoembolization
Selective Internal Radiation Therapy
Conclusion
References
8: Surgical Management of Colorectal Polyps
Colorectal Polyps
Cold Forceps Biopsy/Cold Snare Polypectomy
Hot Biopsy Forceps
Hot Snare Polypectomy (HSP)
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)/Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
Surgery in Colorectal Polyps/Difficult Polyps
Laparoscopic Approach in Colorectal Polyps
Combined Endoscopic-Laparoscopic Surgery
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM)
References
9: Colon Polyps and Their Pathologic Characteristics
Introduction
Inflammatory Polyps
Usual Type Inflammatory Polyp (NOS, “Pseudopolyp”)
Pathologic Features
Treatment
Prolapse-Type Inflammatory Polyp
Inflammatory Cap Polyp (Cap Polyposis)
Clinical Findings
Histopathological Features
Treatment
Inflammatory Cloacogenic Polyp
Colitis Cystica Profunda/Polyposa
Macroscopic Findings
Histopathological Findings
Treatment
Diverticular Disease-Associated Polyp
Inflammatory Myoglandular Polyp
Histopathological Findings
Hamartomatous Polyps
Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyposis
Molecular Characteristics
Macroscopic Features
Histopathological Features
Treatment and Follow-Up
Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome
Pathologic Features
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
Cowden Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Natural History
Epithelial Polyps
Hyperplastic and Serrated Lesions and Polyps
Nondysplastic Serrated Lesions and Polyps
Hyperplastic Polyps
Clinical Features
Pathogenesis
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Sessile Serrated Lesions
Clinical Features
Molecular Properties
Pathologic Features
Dysplastic Serrated Lesions and Polyps
Sessile Serrated Lesions with Dysplasia (SSLD)
Pathologic Features
Molecular Features
Treatment
Traditional Serrated Adenoma (TSA)
Clinical and Epidemiological Features
Pathogenesis
Pathologic Features
Treatment
Unclassifiable Serrated Adenoma
Conventional Adenoma with Serrated Features
Serrated Polyposis Syndrome
Conventional Colorectal Adenoma (CCA)
Pathologic Features
Advanced Adenoma
Adenoma: Natural History and Treatment
Adenoma with Epithelial Misplacement (Pseudoinvasion)
Treatment
Flat Adenomas
Malignant Epithelial Polyp
Pathologic Features, Natural History, and Treatment
Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
Gardner Syndrome
Turcot Syndrome
Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (AFAP)
MYH-Associated Polyposis
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (Lynch Syndrome)
Lymphoid Polyps
Mesenchymal Polyps
Fibroblastic Polyp
Histopathological Features
Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp
Other Colorectal Mesenchymal Polyps
References
10: Trends, Risk Factors, and Preventions in Colorectal Cancer
Risk Increasing Factors for Colorectal Cancer
Family History
Hereditary Syndromes
Gender
Previous Treatment for Certain Cancers
Night Shift Work
Presence of Multiple Primary Cancers
Age
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn, Colitis Ulcerosa)
Diabetes Mellitus
Smoking
Alcohol Use
Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption
Gallbladder Diseases
Presence of Adenomatous Polyp
Obesity
Metabolic Syndrome
Infections
Organ Transplantation
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Gallbladder Polyps
Risk-Reducing Factors for Colorectal Cancer
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Statins
Bisphosphonates
Calcium and Vitamin D
Physical Activity
Fish Consumption
Serum Cholesterol Level
Dietary Fiber
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
Screening Program
Green Tea Consumption
Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Guaiac Test
Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
Exfoliated DNA Test
References
11: Anesthesia Practices in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
The Effect of Anesthetic Technique, Anesthetic Agents, and Preoperative Anesthesia Practices on Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Anesthesia Practices in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
Immune System
Anesthetic Technique
Anesthetic Agents
Inhalation Anesthetics
Intravenous Anesthetics
Propofol
Dexmedetomidine
Etomidate
Ketamine
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Local Anesthetics
β blockers
Peroperative Anesthetic Practices
Blood Transfusion
Hypothermia
Postoperative Analgesia
In Conclusion
References
12: Cardiac Assessment in Noncardiac Surgery
Preoperative Assessment
Cardiac Response to Surgical Stress
Surgical Emergency
Surgery-Specific Risk
Functional Capacity
Risk Indices
Biomarkers
Noninvasive Tests for Heart Disease
ECG
Echocardiography
Noninvasive Imaging in Ischemic Heart Disease
Perioperative Cardiac Risk-Reducing Strategies
Coronary Revascularization Prior to Noncardiac Surgery
Pharmacological Therapy
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA)
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOAC)
Management of Specific Conditions
Heart Failure
Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis
Arrhythmias
Permanent Pacemaker and Presence of ICD
Extended Thromboprophylaxis Following Abdominal or Pelvic Surgery
References
13: Surgical Treatment Approaches to the Colorectal Cancers in the Light of the Current Guidelines
Treatment Approach to the Malignant Polyps
Surgical Treatment Approaches to the Colon Cancers
Surgical Techniques in Colon Cancer
Right Hemicolectomy
Extended Right Hemicolectomy
Transverse Colectomy
Left Hemicolectomy
Extended Left Hemicolectomy
Sigmoid Colectomy
Subtotal and Total Colectomy
Minimal Invasive Surgery
Emergency Colon Surgery
Surgery in Metastatic Colon Tumors
Surgical Treatment Approaches to the Rectum Cancers
Surgical Techniques in Rectal Cancer Operations
Local Transanal Excision
Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)
Anterior/Low Anterior Resection
Sphincter Sparing Surgery-Coloanal Anastomosis
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Tumor-Related Emergencies
Surgical Treatment of the Unresectable Rectal Cancers
References
14: Appendix Tumors
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Appendix
Clinical Overview
Diagnosis
Main Prognostic Features of NETs of the Appendix
Size
Location
Mesoappendix
Surgery
Follow-Up
Epithelial Neoplasms of the Appendix
Introduction
Adenoma
Serrated Polyps
Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN)
High-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms (HAMN)
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Colonic-Type Adenocarcinoma
Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Rare Neoplasms of Appendix
Appendiceal Lymphoma
Metastases
Mesenchymal Tumors (GISTs, Desmoid, Leiomyoma, Leiomyosarcoma)
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs)
Desmoid
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Noncarcinoid NETs (Ganglioneuroma, Pheochromocytoma, Paraganglioma)
Ganglioneuroma
Pheochromocytoma
Paraganglioma
Sarcomas (HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma, Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor)
HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Neuroectodermal and Nerve Sheath Tumors (Schwannoma, Neurofibroma)
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
References
15: Surgical Treatment of Colon Cancer (Open and Laparoscopic Surgery)
Preoperative Assessment
Bowel Preparation
Thromboprophylaxis
Main Principles
Resection Margins
Lymphadenectomy
Open vs. Laparoscopic Colectomy
Surgical Technique
Right Hemicolectomy
Surgical Technique
Open Right Hemicolectomy
Laparoscopic Right Hemicolectomy
Transverse Colectomy
Left Hemicolectomy
Open Surgery Technique
Laparoscopic Left Hemicolectomy
Sigmoid Resection
Open Sigmoid Resection
Laparoscopic Sigmoid Resection
Total Colectomy
Comparison of Short-Term Results
Comparison of Long-Term Results
References
16: Open and Laparoscopic Surgery in Rectal Cancers
Anatomy
Preoperative Staging
Oncologic Resection Principles
Preoperative Preparation
Low Anterior Resection (Open)
Postoperative Care
Sphincter-Preserving Resections
Surgical Technique
Laparoscopic Low Anterior Resection
Preoperative Preparation
Patient Position and Trocar Insertion Sites
Postoperative Care
Complications
Local Excision
Who Requires a Diverting Stoma in Rectal Cancer Surgery?
Do Diverting Stomas Reduce the Rate of Anastomotic Leak?
Which Type of Diversion Should We Use?
References
17: Robotic Surgery in Colorectal Cancers
Robotic Surgery in Colorectal Cancer from Past to Future
History of Robotic Surgery
Advantages of Robotic Surgery
Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery
Robotic Surgery Technique
Right Hemicolectomy
Should İntracorporeal or Extracorporeal Anastomosis Be Performed?
Transverse Colectomy
Left Hemicolectomy and Rectal Resection
Taking the Specimen Out of the Abdomen
Which İncision Should Be Performed to Minimize the Risk of Hernia?
Anastomosis
Does İndocyanine Green (Firefly) İncrease Anastomosis Safety?
Is Laparoscopic Surgical Experience Necessary?
Does Robotic Surgery Süperior to Effect Voiding and Sexual Function?
Complications of Robotic Surgery
Conclusion
References
18: Management of Colorectal Surgery Complications
Complications Due to Anastomosis
Anastomotic Leakage
Bleeding in the Anastomosis Line
Anastomotic Stenosis
Surgical Site Infection
Early Small Bowel Obstruction After Surgery
Abdominal Wound Dehiscence
Splenic Injury
Presacral Bleeding
Thromboembolism
Ureter, Bladder, and Urethral Injury
Rectovaginal Fistula
Fecal Incontinence
Low Anterior Resection Syndrome
Stoma Complications
References
19: Intestinal Ostomies
Introduction
Stoma Planning and Placement
Ileostomy
Ileostomy Indications
Physiology of Ileostomy
End Ileostomy
Loop Ileostomy
Minimally Invasive Ileostomy
Ghost Ileostomy
Continent Ileostomy
Colostomy
Indications of Colostomy
Colostomy Physiology
End Colostomy
Loop Colostomy
Minimally Invasive Colostomy
Turnbull Blowhole Colostomy
Ostomy Closure
Timing of Ostomy Closure
Technical Aspects
Ostomy-Related Complications
Peristomal Skin Complications
Mucocutaneous Separation
Stomal Necrosis
Stomal Stenosis
Stomal Retraction
Stomal Bleeding
High Output Enterostomy
Stomal Prolapse
Parastomal Hernia
References
20: Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) in the Treatment of Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Patient Selection and Prognostic Scoring
Cytoreductive Surgery
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)
Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (PIPAC)
The Role of CRS with HIPEC in the Treatment and Results
References
21: Follow-Up of Patients with Surgical Colorectal Cancer Resection
Follow-Up in Stage 1 Patients
Follow-Up in Stage 4 Patients
Follow-Up in Stage 2–3 Patients
History and Physical Examination
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Colonoscopy
Proctosigmoidoscopy
Computed Tomography (CT)
Pet-Ct
References
22: Infectious Disease Approach to Colorectal Surgery
Introduction
Fever in Patients After Colorectal Surgery
Noninfectious Causes
Atelectasis
Pulmonary Embolism
Adrenal Insufficiency
Malignant Hyperthermia
Alcohol Withdrawal
Others
Infectious Causes
Surgical Side Infections (SSI)
Superficial Incision (Involving Only the Skin or Subcutaneous Tissue of the Incision)
Deep Incisional (Fascia and/or Muscular Layers)
Organ/Space Infections
Microbial Etiology of SSI
Risk Factors for SSI After Colorectal Surgery
Other Sources of Infection After Colorectal Surgery
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Pneumonia
Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections
Infected Prosthetics
Clostridium difficile Infections
Anastomotic Leak
Others
Diagnose and Management
Treatment
Prevention
Preoperative Preparation
Preoperative General Recommendations
Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Mechanical Bowel Preparation (MBP) and the Use of Oral Antibiotics
Probiotics Therapy
Intraoperative Measures
Postoperative Measures
References
23: Pathologic Features of Colorectal Carcinomas
Classification of Tumours of the Colon and Rectum
Pathogenesis
Macroscopic Features
Histopathology
Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Serrated Adenocarcinoma
Micropapillary Adenocarcinoma
Adenoma-Like Adenocarcinoma
Adenosquamous Carcinoma
Carcinomas with Sarcomatoid Components
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Important Prognostic Factors
Lymphatic Invasion
Intramural and Extramural Vascular Invasion
Perineural Invasion
Tumour Budding
Immune Response
Resection Margins
Response to Therapy
Diagnostic Molecular Pathology
Genomic Classification
Transcriptomic Profiling
Staging (TNM)
Prognosis
Category I Biomarkers
Ras Genes
BRAF Gene
Microsatellite Instability
TNM Staging of Cancers of the Colon and Rectum
Category 2 Biomarkers
Category 3 Biomarkers
Colorectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Macroscopic Features
Histopathology
Grading
Molecular Pathology
Staging
References
24: Genetic Knowledge of Colorectal Cancer
Cancer Genetics
Genetics of Colorectal Cancers (CRC)
Molecular Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer
The Effect of Genomic Aberrations on CRC Formation
Hereditary Colorectal Cancers
Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
MMR-Proficient (MMR-P) Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancers
MMR-Deficient (MMR-d) Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancers
Lynch Syndrome
MSI Evaluation of the Tumor
Germline Molecular Genetic Evaluation (MMR/EPCAM)
Lynch-Like Syndrome
Muir-Torre Syndrome
Turcot Syndrome
MMR-Deficient Sporadic Hereditary Non-polyposis Colorectal Cancers
Hereditary Colorectal Cancers with Polyposis
Colorectal Polyps
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
Mutyh-Related Polyposis (MAP)
Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
Pten Hamartoma Tumor Syndromes (PHTS)
Cowden Syndrome
References
25: Pediatric Surgical Perspective to Colon Polyps and Colorectal Carcinomas
Anatomy of the Colon in the Pediatric Population
Colonoscopy in Children: Indications, Preparation, Procedure, and Complications
Colonic Polyps, Polyposis Syndromes, and Colorectal Cancers in the Pediatric Age Group
Juvenile Polyps
Solitary Juvenile Polyps
Juvenile Polyposis Syndromes
Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
Adenomatous Polyps
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)/Lynch Syndrome
Conclusion
References
26: Surgical Anatomy of the Liver and Biliary Tree
General Anatomy
Liver Ligaments
Functional Anatomy of Liver
Right Portal Scissura
Main Portal Scissura (Cantlie’s Line)
Left Portal Scissura
Portoumbilical Scissura
Lobes and Segments of the Liver
Anatomical Liver Lobes
Hepatic Segmentation of the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT)
Hepatic Arteries
Common Hepatic Artery
Left Hepatic Artery
Right Hepatic Artery
Portal Vein
Hepatic Veins
Right Hepatic Vein
Middle Hepatic Vein
Left Hepatic Vein
Biliary Tract
Intrahepatic Biliary Tracts
Right Hepatic Duct
Left Hepatic Duct
The Gallbladder
Common Bile Duct
Arterial Supply of Biliary Tract
Lymphatic Drainage of Biliary Tracts
Neural Supply of Biliary Tract
References
27: Management of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Overview
Mechanism of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis
Radiological Examination and Diagnosis in Liver Metastases
Staging with Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Liver Tumors
Liver Injury After Chemotherapy
Hepatic Arterial Infusion Pump Chemotherapy
Medical Treatment in Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Predictive Factors and Clinical Risk Scores
Liver Surgery
Colorectal Cancer with Synchronous Liver Metastasis
References
28: Liver Resections in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Features of Tumor Spreading in Colorectal Cancer
Ways to Occur Liver Metastases
Clinical Features of Metastatic Liver Cancer
Diagnosis in Metastatic Liver Cancer
Management of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Surgical Treatment Options in Liver Metastases
Liver Resection for Metastases of Colorectal Cancer
References
29: Liver Transplantation for Non-resectable Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis
Overview of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis
Treatment Options for Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancers
Previous Experience for Liver Metastasis of Colorectal Cancers
The Role of Liver Transplantation
The Factors Affecting Long-Term Survival and Recurrence Patterns
Future Perspectives and Ongoing Trials
References
30: Interventional Radiology in General Practice of Colorectal Cancer
Interventional Radiology in Diagnosis
Biopsy
Contraindications
Preparation Prior to Biopsy
Guiding Methods
Technique
Post-Biopsy Follow-Up
Complications
Interventional Radiology in Management of Complications
Drainage of Fluid
Indications
Contraindications
Alternatives
Preoperative Evaluation
Review of Previous Imaging Studies
Patient Preparation
Guiding Imaging Method
Technique
Catheters
Approaches
Techniques
Seldinger Technique
Direct Trocar Technique
Tandem Trocar Technique
Malignant Ascites
Postprocedural Follow-Up
When to Remove the Catheter
Outcomes
Clinical Success
Problems
Complications
Management of Obstructions
Biliary
Preoperative Evaluation
Technique
Postoperative Follow-Up
Complications
Clinical Outcomes
Biliary Stenting
Complications of Stents
Colonic Obstruction
Colonic Stenting
Indications
Contraindications
Methods of Stenting
Preprocedural Preparation
Technique for Radiological Colonic Stenting
Follow-Up
Outcomes of Stenting
Types of Stents
Complications
Urinary Obstruction
Technique
Technical Success and Long-Term Results
Postoperative Follow-Up
Complications
Transarterial Embolization for Bleeding
References
31: Interventional Radiology in Management of Colorectal Carcinoma Metastasis
Liver Metastasis
Ablative Therapies
Ablation Management of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
RFA Outcomes
RFA Complications
Microwave Ablation
Microwave Ablation (MWA) Outcomes
MWA Versus RFA
Laser Ablation
Cryoablation
Intra-arterial Therapies
HAI
cTACE
DEB-TACE
TARE
Conclusion
Portal Vein Embolization
Pre-op Evaluation
Contraindications
Technique
Guiding Method
Approaches
Contralateral Access
Ipsilateral Access
Transsplenic Approach
Procedure
Embolic Agents
Additional Strategies to Improve FLR Hypertrophy
Intraportal Administration of Stem Cells
Dietary Supplementation
PVE and Transarterial Embolization
Sequential and Simultaneous PVE and Hepatic Vein Embolization
Alternative Procedures/Therapies
Complications
Outcomes
Postprocedural Follow-Up
Lung Metastasis
Ablative Therapy
References
32: Radiotherapy in Early-Stage and Local Advanced Rectal Cancer
The Role of RT in Early-Stage Disease
The Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Disease
Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy
Neoadjuvant Short-Course Radiotherapy (SCRT)
Neoadjuvant Long-Course Chemoradiotherapy (LCCRT)
Long-Course Chemoradiotherapy Versus Short-Course Chemoradiotherapy
How Long to Wait After Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy
Adjuvant Radiotherapy
Neoadjuvant RT Versus Adjuvant RT
Gray Zone: T3N0 Disease
Gray Zone: Follow-Up After Neoadjuvant RT Without Surgical Intervention “Watch-and-Wait”
Radiotherapy Planning/Techniques and Doses
Simulation
Target Volume Delineation and Contouring
Fractionation and Doses
Dose Limitations
Side Effects
References
33: Radiotherapy in Recurrent and Metastatic Rectal Cancer
Introduction
Radiotherapy in Recurrent Disease
Radiotherapy in Metastatic Disease
References
34: Systemıc Chemotherapy in Colorectal Cancer
Chemotherapy Definitions
Neoadjuvant Treatment in Colorectal Cancer
Adjuvant Therapy
FU-Based Treatment
Oral Fluoropyrimidines
5FU-Based Combination Regimens with Oxaliplatin
Targeted Treatments
Adjuvant Chemotherapy Duration
Follow-Up in Operated Colorectal Cancer Patient
Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
First-Line Chemotherapy Protocols
First-Line VEGF-Based Treatment Protocols
First-Line EGFR-Based Treatment Protocols
Second-Line Treatment Options
Third-Line Therapy
Treatment of Rare Conditions
BRAF Mutation
Her2
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor
Conclusions
References
35: Urological Manifestations of Colorectal Malignancies and Surgical Management of Urological Complications During Colorectal Cancer Surgeries
Introduction
Renal Metastasis
Ureter Metastases
Bladder Invasions
Cystectomy
Bladder-Sparing Techniques
Prostate-Seminal Vesicle Invasions
Urethral Invasions
Penile Metastases
Iatrogenic Ureteral Trauma (IUT) in Colorectal Surgeries
Diagnosis Algorithm in IUT
Prevention of Iatrogenic Trauma
Classification of Ureteral Trauma
Management and Treatment Algorithm of Intraoperative Injury in IUT
What Should Be the Timing of Repair of IUT?
Proximal and Mid-Ureteral Injury
Ureteroureterostomy
Ureterocalicostomy
Transureteroureterostomy
Boari Flap Repair
Distal Ureteral Injury
Ureteroneocystostomy
Psoas Hitch
Long-Segment Strictures
References
36: Gynecology for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Gynecology for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Epidemiology
Clinical Symptoms
Clinicopathological Features of Metastatic Ovarian Tumors
Morphologic Features of Metastatic Ovarian Tumors
Diagnostic Workup
Treatment
Ovarian Transposition Before Pelvic Radiation for CRC
References