دانلود کتاب Commercial Orchids

فهرست مطالب :

_GoBack\n_GoBack\n1 Introduction\n2 Global Orchid Industry\n 2.1 Global Orchid Trade\n 2.2 Trend in Growth\n 2.2.1 Cymbidium\n 2.2.2 Dendrobium\n 2.2.3 Phalaenopsis\n 2.2.4 Other Tropical Orchids\n3 Biodiversity, Conservation and Bio-piracy of Genetic Resources in India\n 3.1 Region Wise Distribution of Orchids\n 3.1.1 Eastern Himalayas and North-Eastern India\n 3.1.1.1 Endemic Orchids\n 3.1.2 North-Western Himalayas\n 3.1.3 Peninsular India\n 3.1.4 Andaman & Nicobar Islands\n 3.2 Conservation of Orchid Genetic Resources\n 3.2.1 Legislative Measures of Conservation\n 3.2.2 In Situ Conservation\n 3.2.2.1 Biosphere Reserve\n 3.2.2.2 National Parks\n 3.2.2.3 Sacred Groves\n 3.2.2.4 Gene Sanctuary\n 3.2.2.5 Individual Trees\n 3.2.3 Ex situ Conservation\n 3.2.3.1 Field Gene Banks\n 3.2.3.2 Botanical Gardens\n 3.2.3.3 Herbal Gardens\n 3.2.3.4 Orchid Seed Gene Bank\n 3.2.3.5 In vitro Conservation\n 3.2.3.6 Cryo-preservation\n 3.3 Bio-piracy\n 3.3.1 Legal Regime Pertaining to Biodiversity and Bio-piracy\n 3.3.1.1 International Law\n 3.3.1.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (1994)\n 3.3.1.3 Cartagena Protocol (2003)\n 3.3.1.4 Nagoya Protocol (2010)\n 3.3.1.5 CITES 1972\n 3.3.2 Traditional Knowledge (TK) Bio-piracy\n 3.3.2.1 Collection and Use\n 3.3.2.2 Patenting\n 3.3.3 Genetic Resource Bio-piracy\n 3.3.3.1 Collection and Use\n 3.3.3.2 Patenting\n 3.3.4 Measures of Bio-piracy in Some Orchids\n4 Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Valuable species\n 4.1 Cymbidium, Dendrobium and Vanda\n 4.1.1 Subject\n 4.1.2 Plant Material Required\n 4.1.3 Conduct of Tests\n 4.1.4 Methods and Observations\n 4.1.5 Grouping of Varieties\n 4.1.6 Characteristics and Symbols\n 4.1.7 Explanations on the Table of Characteristics\n 4.2 Phalaenopsis (PVJ, Nov, 2012)\n 4.2.1 Subject\n 4.2.2 Plant Material Required\n 4.2.3 Conduct of Test\n 4.2.4 Methods and Observations\n 4.2.5 Grouping of Varieties\n 4.2.6 Characteristics and Symbols\n 4.2.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics\n 4.2.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering Characteristics\n 4.2.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics\n 4.3 Cattleya Lindl. (PVJ, Nov, 2012)\n 4.3.1 Subject\n 4.3.2 Plant Material Required\n 4.3.3 Conduct of Test\n 4.3.4 Methods and Observations\n 4.3.5 Grouping of Varieties\n 4.3.6 Characteristics and Symbols\n 4.3.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics\n 4.3.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering Characteristics\n 4.3.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics\n 4.4 Molecular Characterization of Valuable Species\n 4.4.1 Isozyme Analysis\n 4.4.2 DNA Finger Printing\n 4.4.2.1 Classical Hybridization Based Finger Printing\n 4.4.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Based Finger Printing\n 4.4.2.2.1 RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorhic DNA)\n 4.4.2.2.2 SPAR (Single SSR Primer Amplification Reaction)\n 4.4.2.2.3 DAF (DNA Amplification Fingerprinting)\n 4.4.2.2.4 AP-PCR (Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction)\n 4.4.2.2.5 RAMPO (Randomly Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphisms)\n 4.4.2.2.6 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)\n 4.4.2.2.7 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers)\n 4.4.2.2.8 Mitochondrial Analysis\n 4.4.2.3 Uses of DNA Finger Printing\n5 Breeding Approaches for Improved Genotypes\n 5.1 Cytogenetics\n 5.2 Pollination and Fertilization\n 5.3 Natural Hybridization\n 5.4 Artificial Hybridization\n 5.4.1 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 5.4.2 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 5.4.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 5.4.4 Pentageneric Hybrids\n 5.4.5 Hexageneric Hybrids\n 5.5 Mutagenesis\n 5.6 Breeding Objectives\n 5.7 Selection of Parents\n 5.8 Compatibility Analysis\n 5.9 Breeding of Hybrids\n 5.9.1 Cattleya\n 5.9.2 Cymbidium\n 5.9.3 Dendrobium\n 5.9.4 Odontoglossum\n 5.9.5 Oncidium\n 5.9.6 Paphiopedilum\n 5.9.7 Phalaenopsis\n 5.9.8 Vanda\n 5.10 Polyploidy Breeding\n 5.11 Genetic Engineering\n6 Production of Quality Planting Materials\n 6.1 Division\n 6.2 Back Bulbs\n 6.3 Cuttings\n 6.4 Air layering\n 6.5 Keiki\n 6.6 Aerial Shoots\n 6.7 Tubers\n 6.8 Tissue Culture\n 6.8.1 Shoot Tip Culture\n 6.8.2 Meristem –tip Culture\n 6.9 Seed Culture\n 6.9.1 Flasking and Reflasking of Protocorms\n 6.9.2 Composting and Repotting Seedlings\n 6.10 Production of Disease Free Planting Materials Through Micro-Propagation\n7 Physiology of Temperate and Tropical Orchids\n 7.1 Leaves\n 7.2 Stem and Roots\n 7.2.1 Monopodial\n 7.2.2 Sympodial\n 7.2.3 Terrestrial orchids\n 7.3 Flower\n 7.4 Pollination\n 7.5 Fruits and Seeds\n 7.6 Photosynthesis\n 7.6.1 C3-Photosynthesis\n 7.6.2 C4-Photosynthesis:\n 7.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)\n 7.7 CO2 Enrichment and Orchid Growth\n 7.7.1 Practical Aspects of CO2 Enrichment\n 7.8 Growth Physiology Stages in Cymbidium Orchids\n 7.8.1 Stage I: Flower Bud Initiation in the New Growth\n 7.8.2 Stage II: Flower Spike Initiation\n 7.8.3 Stage III: Spike Elongation and Blooming\n 7.9 Conclusions & Extensions\n 7.10 Orchid Pseudobulbs – A Genuine Importance in Orchid Growth and Survival\n 7.10.1 Pseudobulbs – As Water Storage Organs\n 7.10.2 Pseudobulbs – As Mineral Storage Organs\n 7.10.3 Pseudobulb Photosynthesis\n 7.10.4 Pseudobulbs – as Carbohydrate Storage Organs\n 7.10.5 The Absence of a ‘Flag’ Leaf’ – an Apparent Anomaly Due to the Pseudobulb\n 7.10.6 Pseudobulbs and Myrmecophily\n8 Climate Change and its Impact on Orchid Productivity\n 8.1 Impact of Climate Change (Mitchell and Tanner, 2006)\n 8.1.1 Agriculture\n 8.1.2 Water Resources\n 8.1.3 Forests\n 8.1.4 Biodiversity\n 8.1.5 Weather Extremes\n 8.1.6 Sea Levels and Coastal Areas\n 8.1.7 Human Population\n 8.1.8 Human Health\n 8.2 Actions\n 8.3 Challenges\n 8.3.1 Biodiversity and Conservation\n 8.3.2 Genetic Improvement\n 8.3.3 Frontier Science Technologies In Orchid Research and Development\n 8.3.4 Management of Natural Resources\n 8.3.5 Post Harvest and Value Addition\n 8.3.6 Bio-Risk Management\n 8.3.7 Policies\n 8.3.8 Transfer of Technology\n 8.4 Impact Assessment\n9 Production Technology of Commercial Epiphytic Orchids for Cut flowers\n 9.1 Cymbidium (Orchidaceae)\n 9.1.1 Introduction\n 9.1.2 Botanical Description\n 9.1.3 Classification\n 9.1.4 World Scenario\n 9.1.5 Importance and Uses\n 9.1.5.1 Cut flowers\n 9.1.5.2 Potted Plants\n 9.1.5.3 Hanging Baskets\n 9.1.5.4 Herbal Medicines\n 9.1.5.5 Stylish Packaging\n 9.1.6 Varieties (De, 2014)\n 9.1.7 Growing Requirements\n 9.1.7.1 Light\n 9.1.7.2 Temperature\n 9.1.7.3 Propagation\n 9.1.7.4 Watering\n 9.1.7.5 Relative Humidity\n 9.1.7.6 Air Circulation\n 9.1.7.7 Feeding\n 9.1.7.8 Potting and Repotting\n 9.1.7.9 Planting\n 9.1.7.10 Training\n 9.1.7.11 Harvest\n 9.1.8 Insects Pests and Diseases\n 9.1.8.1 Insect Pests\n 9.1.8.2 Diseases\n 9.1.9 Post-harvest Management\n 9.1.9.1 Stage of Harvest\n 9.1.9.2 Grading\n 9.1.9.3 Packing\n 9.1.9.4 Storage\n 9.1.9.5 Floral Preservatives\n 9.2 Dendrobium (Orchidaceae)\n 9.2.1 Introduction\n 9.2.2 Botanical Descriptions\n 9.2.3 Importance and Uses\n 9.2.4 Hybrids (De, 2014)\n 9.2.5 Growth and Physiology\n 9.2.6 Cultivation\n 9.2.6.1 Temperature\n 9.2.6.2 Light\n 9.2.6.3 Propagation\n 9.2.6.4 Atmosphere\n 9.2.6.5 Fertilization\n 9.2.6.6 Potting Mixture\n 9.2.6.7 Watering and Humidity\n 9.2.6.8 Repotting\n 9.2.6.9 Application of Growth Regulators\n 9.2.7 Post-harvest Management\n 9.2.7.1 Harvest\n 9.2.7.2 Pre-cooling\n 9.2.7.3 Pulsing\n 9.2.7.4 Bud Opening\n 9.2.7.5 Preservatives\n 9.2.7.6 Grading\n 9.2.7.7 Packaging\n 9.2.7.8 Storage\n 9.2.8 Value addition\n 9.2.8.1 Tinting\n 9.2.8.2 Preparation of Bouquet\n 9.3 Phalaenopsis (Orchidaceae)\n 9.3.1 Introduction\n 9.3.2 Botanical Description\n 9.3.3 Importance and Uses\n 9.3.4 Hybrids (De, 2014)\n 9.3.4.1 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 9.3.4.2 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 9.3.4.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 9.3.4.4 Pentageneric Hybrids\n 9.3.4.5 Natural Hybrids\n 9.3.4.6 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 9.3.4.7 Inter-varietal Hybrids\n 9.3.4.8 Variety-species Hybrids\n 9.3.5 Climatic Requirements\n 9.3.5.1 Light\n 9.3.5.2 Temperature\n 9.3.5.3 Humidity\n 9.3.5.4 Ventilation and Air Circulation\n 9.3.6 Growth and Flowering\n 9.3.6.1 Vegetative Phase\n 9.3.6.2 Flowering Phase\n 9.3.7 Propagation\n 9.3.7.1 Division/ Cuttings\n 9.3.7.2 Tissue Culture\n 9.3.8 Cultivation\n 9.3.8.1 Plant Material\n 9.3.8.2 Potting\n 9.3.8.3 Containers\n 9.3.8.4 Potting Media\n 9.3.8.5 Repotting\n 9.3.8.6 Watering\n 9.3.8.7 Fertilizers:\n 9.3.8.8 Flower Production\n 9.3.8.8.1 Premature Flowering\n 9.3.8.9 Training of Spike\n 9.3.8.10 Harvest and Yield\n 9.3.9 Post-harvest Management\n 9.3.9.1 Vase life\n 9.3.9.2 Pulsing\n 9.3.9.3 Storage\n 9.3.9.4 Packaging\n 9.4 Cattleya (Orchidaceae)\n 9.4.1 Introduction\n 9.4.2 Botanical Description\n 9.4.3 Importance and Uses\n 9.4.4 Hybrids (De, 2014)\n 9.4.4.1 Parents for Large Blue Cattleya Hybrids\n 9.4.4.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 9.4.4.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 9.4.4.4 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 9.4.4.5 Intervarietal Hybrids\n 9.4.4.6 Inter- specific Hybrids\n 9.4.4.7 Variety Species Hybrids\n 9.4.4.8 Blue Cattleya Hybrids\n 9.4.5 Cultivation\n 9.4.5.1 Temperature\n 9.4.5.2 Light\n 9.4.5.3 Water and Humidity\n 9.4.5.4 Feeding\n 9.4.5.5 Potting Mix and Repotting\n 9.4.6 Pests and Diseases\n 9.4.7 Post-harvest Management\n 9.4.7.1 Stage of Harvest\n 9.4.7.2 Storage\n 9.4.7.3 Vase life\n 9.4.7.4 Preservatives\n 9.5 Oncidium (Orchidaceae)\n 9.5.1 Introduction\n 9.5.2 Botanical Description\n 9.5.3 Species & Hybrids (De, 2014)\n 9.5.3.1 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 9.5.3.2 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 9.5.3.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 9.5.3.4 Interspecific Hybrids\n 9.5.3.5 Inter-varietal Hybrids\n 9.5.3.6 Variety-Species Hybrids\n 9.5.3.7 Colmanara Hybrids\n 9.5.3.8 Medicinal Oncidium\n 9.5.4 Cultivation\n 9.5.4.1 Temperature\n 9.5.4.2 Light\n 9.5.4.3 Water and Humidity\n 9.5.4.4 Feeding\n 9.5.4.5 Potting Mix and Repotting\n 9.5.5 Pests and Diseases\n 9.5.6 Post-harvest Management\n 9.5.6.1 Stage of Harvest\n 9.5.6.2 Storage\n 9.5.6.3 Vase life\n 9.5.6.4 Preservatives\n 9.6 Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae)\n 9.6.1 Introduction\n 9.6.2 Botanical Description\n 9.6.3 Hybrids\n 9.6.3.1 Natural Hybrids\n 9.6.3.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 9.6.3.3 Parents for Primary Hybrids\n 9.6.3.4 Parents for Mottle Leaf Hybrids\n 9.6.3.5 Parents for Maudiae Hybrids\n 9.6.3.6 Parents for Smallest Paphiopedilums\n 9.6.3.7 Parents for Multi-stemmed Flower\n 9.6.3.8 Multi-floral or Strap Leafed Paphiopedilums\n 9.6.3.9 Fragrant Slipper Orchids\n 9.6.3.10 Hybrid Phragmipediums\n 9.6.3.11 Interspecific hybrids\n 9.6.3.12 Intervarietal Hybrids\n 9.6.3.13 Species-varietal Hybrids\n 9.6.4 Cultivation\n 9.6.4.1 Light\n 9.6.4.2 Ventilation and Humidity\n 9.6.4.3 Temperature\n 9.6.4.4 Containers and Compost\n 9.6.4.5 Repotting\n 9.6.4.6 Watering\n 9.6.4.7 Fertilization\n 9.6.4.8 Propagation\n 9.6.5 Pest and Diseases\n 9.6.6 Post-Harvest Management\n 9.7 Vanda (Orchidaceae)\n 9.7.1 Introduction\n 9.7.2 Botanical Description\n 9.7.3 Hybrids (De, 2014)\n 9.7.3.1 Natural Hybrids\n 9.7.3.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 9.7.3.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 9.7.3.4 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 9.7.3.5 Pentageneric Hybrids\n 9.7.3.6 Vanda Hybrids\n 9.7.3.7 Aranda Hybrids\n 9.7.3.8 Ascocenda Hybrids\n 9.7.3.9 Mokara Hybrids\n 9.7.3.10 Kagawara Hybrids\n 9.7.3.11 Vascostylis Hybrids\n 9.7.3.12 Aeridovanda Hybrids\n 9.7.4 Cultivation\n 9.7.4.1 Light\n 9.7.4.2 Temperature\n 9.7.4.3 Propagation\n 9.7.4.4 Watering\n 9.7.4.5 Fertilization\n 9.7.4.6 Potting Media\n 9.7.5 Insect -pests and Diseases\n 9.7.6 Post-harvest Management (Bhattacharjee and De, 2005)\n 9.7.6.1 Stage of harvest:\n 9.7.6.2 Storage\n 9.7.6.3 Vase life\n 9.7.6.4 Preservatives\n10 Production Technology of Commercial Terrestrial Orchids for Cut Flowers\n 10.1 Introduction\n 10.2 Calanthe\n 10.2.1 Genetic Resources (De, 2011)\n 10.2.2 Hybrids\n 10.2.2.1 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 10.2.2.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 10.2.2.3 Inter-varietal Hybrids\n 10.2.3 Uses\n 10.2.4 Cultivation\n 10.3 Eulophia\n 10.3.1 Genetic Resources\n 10.3.2 Hybrids\n 10.3.3 Medicinal Eulophia\n 10.3.4 Cultivation\n 10.4 Phaius\n 10.4.1 Genetic Resources\n 10.4.2 Commercial Hybrids\n 10.4.3 Herbal Medicines\n 10.4.4 Cultivation\n 10.5 Pleione\n 10.5.1 Genetic Resources\n 10.5.2 Hybrids\n 10.5.2.1 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 10.5.2.2 Inter-varietal Hybrids\n 10.5.2.3 Variety – species Hybrids\n 10.5.3 Medicinal Pleione\n 10.5.4 Cultivation\n11 Orchids for Pot Culture/ Hanging Baskets/ Tree Mounting\n 11.1 Agronomic Management\n 11.1.1 Humidity\n 11.1.2 Light\n 11.1.3 Temperature\n 11.1.4 Atmosphere\n 11.1.5 Propagation\n 11.1.6 Pots and Potting Media\n 11.1.7 Watering\n 11.1.8 Nutrition\n 11.1.9 Repotting\n 11.2 World Production Scenario of Potted Orchids\n 11.3 Description and Culture\n 11.3.1 Aerides\n 11.3.1.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.1.2 Intergeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.1.3 Common Commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.1.4 Uses\n 11.3.1.5 Cultivation\n 11.3.2 Anoectochilus\n 11.3.2.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.2.2 Uses\n 11.3.2.3 Cultivation\n 11.3.3 Arachnis\n 11.3.3.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.3.2 Inter-generic Hybrids\n 11.3.3.3 Common Commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.3.4 Uses\n 11.3.3.5 Cultivation\n 11.3.4 Ascocentrum\n 11.3.4.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.4.2 Hybrids:\n 11.3.4.2.1 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.4.2.2 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.4.2.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 11.3.4.2.4 Pentageneric Hybrids\n 11.3.4.2.5 Common Commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.4.3 Uses\n 11.3.4.4 Cultivation\n 11.3.5 Bulbophyllum\n 11.3.5.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.5.2 Hybrids\n 11.3.5.2.1 Common Commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.5.3 Medicinal Bulbophyllums\n 11.3.5.4 Uses\n 11.3.5.5 Cultivation\n 11.3.6 Coelogyne\n 11.3.6.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.6.2 Hybrids\n 11.3.6.2.1 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 11.3.6.2.2 Variety-species Hybrid\n 11.3.6.3 Coelogyne for Hanging Baskets\n 11.3.6.4 Coelogyne for Herbal Medicines\n 11.3.6.5 Cultivation\n 11.3.7 Doritis\n 11.3.7.1 Primary Hybrids\n 11.3.7.2 Inter-generic Hybrids\n 11.3.7.3 Commercial Uses\n 11.3.7.4 Cultivation\n 11.3.8 Epidendrum\n 11.3.8.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.8.2 Inter-generic Hybrids\n 11.3.8.3 Intervarietal Hybrids\n 11.3.8.4 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 11.3.8.5 Variety-species Hybrids\n 11.3.8.6 Epilaelia Hybrids\n 11.3.8.7 Epilaeliocattleya Hybrids\n 11.3.8.8 Epicattleya Hybrids\n 11.3.8.9 Medicinal Epidendrum\n 11.3.8.10 Edible Epidendrum\n 11.3.8.11 Cultivation\n 11.3.9 Gastrochilus\n 11.3.9.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.9.2 Uses\n 11.3.9.3 Cultivation\n 11.3.10 Laelia\n 11.3.10.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.10.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.10.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.10.4 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 11.3.10.5 Natural Hybrids\n 11.3.10.6 Common Commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.10.6.1 Laelia\n 11.3.10.6.2 Laelio-cattleya\n 11.3.10.7 Medicinal Laelia\n 11.3.10.8 Cultivation\n 11.3.11 Miltonia\n 11.3.11.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.11.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.11.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.11.4 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 11.3.11.5 Intervarietal Hybrids\n 11.3.11.6 Interspecific Hybrids\n 11.3.11.7 Variety-species Hybrids\n 11.3.11.8 Natural Hybrids\n 11.3.11.9 Cultivation\n 11.3.12 Odontoglossum\n 11.3.12.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.12.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.12.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.12.4 Tetrageneric Hybrids\n 11.3.12.5 Inter-specific Hybrids\n 11.3.12.6 Inter-varietal Hybrids\n 11.3.12.7 Variety –Species Hybrid\n 11.3.12.8 Cultivation\n 11.3.13 Renanthera\n 11.3.13.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.13.2 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.13.3 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.13.4 Renanthera Hybrids\n 11.3.13.5 Renanstylis Hybrids\n 11.3.13.6 Renantanda Hybrids\n 11.3.13.7 Renanthopsis\n 11.3.13.8 Renanapsis\n 11.3.13.9 Uses\n 11.3.13.10 Cultivation\n 11.3.14 Rhyncostylis\n 11.3.14.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.14.2 Common Uses\n 11.3.14.3 Bigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.14.4 Trigeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.14.5 Rhynchorides Hybrids\n 11.3.14.6 Rhynchostylis Hybrids\n 11.3.14.7 Rhyncholaeliocattleya Hybrids\n 11.3.14.8 Rhynchosophrocattleya Hybrids\n 11.3.14.9 Rhynchovola Hybrid\n 11.3.14.10 Rhyncattleanthe Hybrids\n 11.3.14.11 Rhynchovanda Hybrids\n 11.3.14.12 Rhyncattleya Hybrids\n 11.3.14.13 Rhyncobrassoleya Hybrids\n 11.3.14.14 Medicinal Rhyncostylis\n 11.3.14.15 Cultivation\n 11.3.15 Zygopetalum\n 11.3.15.1 Genetic Resources\n 11.3.15.2 Intergeneric Hybrids\n 11.3.15.3 Common commercial Hybrids\n 11.3.15.4 Cultivation\n12 Medicinal and Aromatic Orchids\n 12.1 Medicinal Orchids\n 12.1.1 Pharmacological Profile of Orchids\n 12.2 Aromatic Orchids (De, 2014)\n 12.2.1 Scent Production\n 12.2.2 Other Examples of Aromatic Orchids\n13 Post–harvest Management of Cut Flowers of Commercial Orchids\n 13.1 Introduction\n 13.2 Hybrids and Varieties for Cut flower\n 13.3 Physiology of Cut Flowers\n 13.3.1 Cellular Structural Changes\n 13.3.2 Biochemical and Structural Molecular Changes\n 13.4 Pre-harvest Factors\n 13.4.1 Varietal Differences\n 13.4.2 Light Intensity\n 13.4.3 Temperature\n 13.4.4 Humidity\n 13.4.5 Nutrition\n 13.5 Harvest Factors\n 13.5.1 Time of Harvest\n 13.5.2 Method of Harvest\n 13.5.3 Stage of Harvest\n 13.6 Post-Harvest Factors\n 13.6.1 Temperature\n 13.6.2 Light\n 13.6.3 Humidity\n 13.6.4 Water Quality\n 13.6.5 Ethylene\n 13.6.6 Diseases and Insect- pests\n 13.7 Treatments for Improving Longevity of Cut Orchid Flowers\n 13.7.1 Physical Treatments\n 13.7.1.1 Pre-cooling\n 13.7.1.2 Vase Life of Cut Flowers as Affected by Stem Cut Ends\n 13.7.2 Chemical Treatments\n 13.7.2.1 Conditioning\n 13.7.2.2 Impregnation\n 13.7.2.3 Pulsing\n 13.7.2.4 Bud Opening\n 13.7.2.5 Preservatives\n 13.8 Grading and Packing\n 13.9 Packaging in Orchids\n 13.10 Storage of Cut Flowers\n 13.11 Transport\n14 Value Addition in Orchids\n 14.1 Introduction\n 14.2 Orchids - A Component Adapted to the Diversified Climate\n 14.3 Orchids-organically Viable\n 14.4 Landscaping with Orchids\n 14.5 Colour Scheme with Orchids\n 14.5.1 Winter Flowering Orchids\n 14.5.2 Spring Flowering Orchids\n 14.5.3 Summer Flowering orchids\n 14.6 Orchids in Balcony Gardens\n 14.7 Orchid Tree\n 14.8 Orchids – Genetic Materials for Breeding and Species Trade\n 14.9 Orchid Species and Hybrids for Cut flower\n 14.10 Orchids – as Potted plants/Hanging Baskets/ Trays\n 14.11 Orchids – as Herbal Medicine and Aromatic Products\n 14.12 Fragrant Orchids\n 14.13 Orchids – as Source of Phytochemicals\n 14.14 Orchids – Used as Foods\n 14.15 Orchids – a Special Item for Value Addition\n 14.16 Orchids – for Festivals and Special Uses\n 14.17 Orchids for Dry Flowers\n 14.18 Orchid Flower Arrangements\n 14.19 Other Uses\n15 Marketing\n 15.1 Introduction\n 15.2 Marketing Channels\n 15.3 Capital Investments in the Nursery Development\n 15.4 Marketing of Plants from Nurseries\n 15.5 Government Regulations and Support Nursery\n 15.6 Support for Nurseries under National Horticulture Mission (NHM)\n 15.7 Nursery Expenditure, Income and Profit Analysis\n 15.8 Expenditure Estimate in Nursery\n 15.9 Nursery Income\n 15.10 Maintenance of Records for Sale and Income\n 15.11 Profit Analysis and Financial Ratios (De, 2013)\n 15.12 Entrepreneurship Development through Nursery\n 15.12.1 Role of Nursery Entrepreneurship\n 15.12.2 Risk Analysis in Nursery Enterprise\n 15.12.3 Profitability in a Nursery Enterprise\n 15.13 Export Market Views of Orchids\n 15.14 Development of International Orchid Market\n 15.15 Domestic Orchid Market