دانلود کتاب Communication engineering principles

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Overview of Communication Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nonelectrical Telecommunication
1.2.1 Verbal Nonelectrical Telecommunication
1.2.2 Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication
1.2.2.1 Flags, Smoke, and Bonfires
1.2.2.2 Heliography
1.2.2.3 Semaphore
1.2.2.4 Demerits of Visual Nonelectrical Telecommunication
1.3 Modern Telecommunication
1.3.1 Developments in Character Codes
1.3.1.1 Morse Code
1.3.1.2 Baudot Code
1.3.1.3 Hollerith Code
1.3.1.4 EBCDIC Code
1.3.1.5 ASCII Code
1.3.1.6 ISO 8859 Code
1.3.1.7 Unicode
1.3.2 Developments in Services
1.3.2.1 Telegram
1.3.2.2 Telex
1.3.2.3 Facsimile
1.3.2.4 The Digital Era
1.3.3 Developments in Transmission Media
1.3.3.1 Copper Cable
1.3.3.2 Radio
1.3.3.3 Optical Fibre
1.4 Communication System Elements
1.4.1 Information Source
1.4.1.1 Audio Input Devices
1.4.1.2 Video Input Devices
1.4.1.3 Data Input Devices
1.4.1.4 Sensors
1.4.2 Information Sink
1.4.2.1 Audio Output Device
1.4.2.2 Visual Display Devices
1.4.2.3 Storage Devices
1.4.3 Transmitter
1.4.4 Receiver
1.5 Classification of Communication Systems
1.5.1 Simplex Versus Duplex Communication Systems
1.5.2 Analogue Versus Digital Communication Systems
1.5.3 Baseband Versus Modulated Communication Systems
1.5.3.1 Analogue Baseband Communication System
1.5.3.2 Discrete Baseband Communication System
1.5.3.3 Digital Baseband Communication System
1.5.3.4 Modulated Communication Systems
1.5.4 Circuit Versus Packet Switching
1.5.4.1 Circuit Switching
1.5.4.2 Packet Switching
1.6 Epilogue
References
Review Questions
Chapter 2 Introduction to Signals and Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What Is a Signal?
2.3 Forms of Telecommunication Signals
2.4 Subjective Classification of Telecommunication Signals
2.4.1 Speech
2.4.2 Music
2.4.3 Video
2.4.4 Digital Data
2.4.5 Facsimile
2.4.6 Ancillary and Control Signals
2.5 Objective Classification of Telecommunication Signals
2.5.1 Analogue or Digital
2.5.2 Periodic or Nonperiodic
2.5.3 Deterministic or Random
2.5.4 Power or Energy
2.5.5 Even or Odd
2.6 Special Waveforms and Signals
2.6.1 Unit Step Function
2.6.2 Signum Function
2.6.3 Rectangular Pulse
2.6.4 Ramp Pulse
2.6.5 Triangular Pulse
2.6.6 Sawtooth and Trapezoidal Pulses
2.6.7 Unit Impulse Function
2.6.8 Sinc Function
2.7 Sinusoidal Signals
2.7.1 Qualitative Introduction
2.7.2 Parameters of a Sinusoidal Signal
2.7.2.1 Angle
2.7.2.2 Amplitude
2.7.2.3 Angular Frequency
2.7.2.4 Frequency
2.7.2.5 Period
2.7.2.6 Wavelength
2.7.2.7 Initial Phase
2.7.2.8 Phase Difference
2.7.3 Addition of Sinusoids
2.7.3.1 Same Frequency and Phase
2.7.3.2 Same Frequency but Different Phases
2.7.3.3 Multiple Sinusoids of Different Frequencies
2.7.3.4 Beats Involving Two Sinusoids
2.7.4 Multiplication of Sinusoids
2.8 Logarithmic Units
2.8.1 Logarithmic Units for System Gain
2.8.2 Logarithmic Units for Voltage, Power, and Other Quantities
2.8.3 Logarithmic Unit Dos and Don\'ts
2.9 Calibration of a Signal Transmission Path
2.10 Systems and Their Properties
2.10.1 Memory
2.10.2 Stability
2.10.3 Causality
2.10.4 Linearity
2.10.5 Time Invariance
2.10.6 Invertibility
2.11 Summary
Questions
Chapter 3 Time Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Signal Operations
3.2.1 Time Shifting (Signal Delay and Advance)
3.2.2 Time Reversal
3.2.3 Time Scaling
3.3 Random Signals
3.3.1 Random Processes
3.3.2 Random Signal Parameters
3.3.3 Stationarity and Ergodicity
3.4 Standard Distribution Functions
3.4.1 Gaussian or Normal Distribution
3.4.2 Rayleigh Distribution
3.4.3 Lognormal Distribution
3.4.4 Rician Distribution
3.4.5 Exponential and Poisson Distributions
3.5 Signal Characterisation
3.5.1 Mean
3.5.2 Power
3.5.3 Energy
3.5.4 Root‐mean‐square Value
3.5.5 Autocorrelation
3.5.6 Covariance and Correlation Coefficient
3.6 Linear Time Invariant System Analysis
3.6.1 LTI System Response
3.6.2 Evaluation of Convolution Integral
3.6.3 Evaluation of Convolution Sum
3.6.4 Autocorrelation and Convolution
3.7 Summary
References
Questions
Chapter 4 Frequency Domain Analysis of Signals and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fourier Series
4.2.1 Sinusoidal Form of Fourier Series
4.2.1.1 Time Shifting
4.2.1.2 Time Reversal
4.2.1.3 Even and Odd Functions
4.2.1.4 Piecewise Linear Functions
4.2.2 Complex Exponential Form of Fourier Series
4.2.3 Amplitude and Phase Spectra
4.2.3.1 Double‐sided Spectrum
4.2.3.2 Single‐sided Spectrum
4.2.4 Fourier Series Application to Selected Waveforms
4.2.4.1 Flat-top-Sampled Signal
4.2.4.2 Binary ASK Signal and Sinusoidal Pulse Train
4.2.4.3 Trapezoidal Pulse Train
4.3 Fourier Transform
4.3.1 Properties of the Fourier Transform
4.3.1.1 Even and Odd Functions
4.3.1.2 Linearity
4.3.1.3 Time Shifting
4.3.1.4 Frequency Shifting
4.3.1.5 Time Scaling
4.3.1.6 Time Reversal
4.3.1.7 Complex Conjugation
4.3.1.8 Duality
4.3.1.9 Differentiation
4.3.1.10 Integration
4.3.1.11 Multiplication
4.3.1.12 Convolution
4.3.1.13 Areas
4.3.1.14 Energy
4.3.2 Table of Fourier Transforms
4.3.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals
4.4 Discrete Fourier Transform
4.4.1 Properties of the Discrete Fourier Transform
4.4.1.1 Periodicity
4.4.1.2 Symmetry
4.4.2 Fast Fourier Transform
4.4.3 Practical Issues in DFT Implementation
4.4.3.1 Aliasing
4.4.3.2 Frequency Resolution
4.4.3.3 Spectral Leakage
4.4.3.4 Spectral Smearing
4.4.3.5 Spectral Density and Its Variance
4.5 Laplace and z‐transforms
4.5.1 Laplace Transform
4.5.2 z‐transform
4.6 Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency Domains
4.7 Frequency Domain Characterisation of LTI Systems
4.7.1 Transfer Function
4.7.2 Output Spectral Density of LTI Systems
4.7.3 Signal and System Bandwidths
4.7.3.1 Subjective Bandwidth
4.7.3.2 Null Bandwidth
4.7.3.3 3 dB Bandwidth
4.7.3.4 Fractional Power Containment Bandwidth
4.7.3.5 Noise Equivalent Bandwidth
4.7.4 Distortionless Transmission
4.7.5 Attenuation and Delay Distortions
4.7.6 Nonlinear Distortions
4.8 Summary
References
Questions
Chapter 5 Transmission Media
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Metallic Line Systems
5.2.1 Wire Pairs
5.2.2 Coaxial Cable
5.2.3 Attenuation in Metallic Lines
5.3 Transmission Line Theory
5.3.1 Incident and Reflected Waves
5.3.2 Secondary Line Constants
5.3.3 Characteristic Impedance
5.3.4 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
5.3.5 Standing Waves
5.3.6 Line Impedance and Admittance
5.3.7 Line Termination and Impedance Matching
5.3.8 Scattering Parameters
5.3.9 Smith Chart
5.4 Optical Fibre
5.4.1 Optical Fibre Types
5.4.1.1 Single‐mode Step Index
5.4.1.2 Multimode Step Index Fibre
5.4.1.3 Multimode Graded Index
5.4.2 Coupling of Light into Fibre
5.4.3 Attenuation in Optical Fibre
5.4.3.1 Intrinsic Fibre Loss
5.4.3.2 Extrinsic Fibre Loss
5.4.4 Dispersion in Optical Fibre
5.4.4.1 Intermodal Dispersion
5.4.4.2 Intramodal Dispersion
5.5 Radio
5.5.1 Maxwell\'s Equations
5.5.2 Radio Wave Propagation Modes
5.5.2.1 Ground Wave
5.5.2.2 Sky Wave
5.5.2.3 Line‐of‐sight (LOS)
5.5.2.4 Satellite Communications
5.5.2.5 Mobile Communications
5.5.2.6 Ionospheric Scatter
5.5.2.7 Tropospheric Scatter
5.5.3 Radio Wave Propagation Effects
5.5.3.1 Ionospheric Effects
5.5.3.2 Tropospheric Attenuation
5.5.3.3 Tropospheric Scintillation
5.5.3.4 Depolarisation
5.5.3.5 Tropospheric Refraction
5.5.4 Reflection and Refraction
5.5.5 Rough Surface Scattering
5.5.6 Diffraction
5.5.6.1 Diffraction Configuration and Terms
5.5.6.2 Fresnel Zones
5.5.6.3 Knife‐edge Diffraction Loss
5.5.7 Path Loss
5.5.7.1 Free Space Path Loss
5.5.7.2 Plane Earth Propagation Path Loss
5.5.7.3 Terrestrial Cellular Radio Path Loss
5.5.8 Radio Frequency Allocation
5.6 Summary
References
Questions
Chapter 6 Noise in Communication Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Physical Sources of Random Noise
6.2.1 Thermal or Johnson Noise
6.2.2 Quantisation Noise
6.2.3 Radio or Sky Noise
6.2.4 Shot Noise
6.2.5 Partition Noise
6.2.6 Quantum Noise
6.2.7 Flicker or 1/f Noise
6.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise
6.3.1 Gaussian PDF of Noise
6.3.2 White Noise
6.3.3 Canonical and Envelope Representations of Noise
6.4 System Noise Calculations
6.4.1 Available Noise Power
6.4.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature
6.4.3 Noise Figure of a Single System
6.4.4 Noise Figure of Cascaded Systems
6.4.5 Overall System Noise Temperature
6.4.6 Signal‐to‐noise Ratio
6.5 Noise Effects in Communication Systems
6.5.1 SNR in Analogue Communication Systems
6.5.2 BER in Digital Communication Systems
6.6 Summary
References
Questions
Chapter 7 Amplitude Modulation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 AM Signals: Time Domain Description
7.2.1 AM Waveform
7.2.2 Sketching AM Waveforms
7.2.3 Modulation Factor
7.3 Spectrum and Power of Amplitude Modulated Signals
7.3.1 Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
7.3.2 Arbitrary Message Signal
7.3.3 Power
7.4 AM Modulators
7.4.1 Generation of AM Signal
7.4.1.1 Linearly‐varied‐gain Modulator
7.4.1.2 Switching and Square‐law Modulators
7.4.2 AM Transmitters
7.4.2.1 Low‐level Transmitter
7.4.2.2 High‐level Transmitter
7.5 AM Demodulators
7.5.1 Diode Demodulator
7.5.2 Coherent Demodulator
7.5.3 AM Receivers
7.5.3.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (RF) Receiver
7.5.3.2 Superheterodyne Receiver
7.6 Merits, Demerits, and Application of AM
7.7 Variants of AM
7.7.1 DSB
7.7.1.1 Waveform and Spectrum of DSB
7.7.1.2 DSB Modulator
7.7.1.3 DSB Demodulator
7.7.1.4 DSB Applications
7.7.2 SSB
7.7.2.1 Merits and Demerits of SSB
7.7.2.2 SSB Modulators
7.7.2.3 SSB Demodulator
7.7.2.4 Applications of SSB
7.7.3 ISB
7.7.3.1 ISB Modulator
7.7.3.2 ISB Demodulator
7.7.3.3 ISB Merits, Demerit, and Application
7.7.4 VSB
7.7.4.1 VSB Modulator
7.7.4.2 VSB Demodulator
7.8 Summary
Questions
Chapter 8 Frequency and Phase Modulation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concepts of FM and PM
8.2.1 Frequency Modulation Concepts
8.2.2 Phase Modulation Concepts
8.2.3 Relationship Between FM and PM
8.2.3.1 Frequency Variations in PM
8.2.3.2 Phase Variations in FM
8.3 FM and PM Waveforms
8.3.1 Sketching Simple Waveforms
8.3.2 General Waveform
8.4 Spectrum and Power of FM and PM
8.4.1 Narrowband FM and PM
8.4.1.1 Frequency Components
8.4.1.2 Comparing AM, NBFM, and NBPM
8.4.1.3 Amplitude Variations in NBFM and NBPM
8.4.2 Wideband FM and PM
8.4.2.1 Spectrum
8.4.2.2 Power
8.4.2.3 Bandwidth
8.4.2.4 FM or PM?
8.5 FM and PM Modulators
8.5.1 Narrowband Modulators
8.5.2 Indirect Wideband Modulators
8.5.3 Direct Wideband Modulators
8.5.3.1 LCO Modulator
8.5.3.2 VCO Modulator
8.6 FM and PM Demodulators
8.6.1 Direct Demodulator
8.6.1.1 Filter‐based Demodulator
8.6.1.2 Digital Demodulator
8.6.2 Indirect Demodulator
8.6.2.1 PLL Demodulation Process
8.6.2.2 PLL States
8.6.2.3 PLL Features
8.6.3 Phase Demodulator
8.6.4 Frequency Discriminators
8.6.4.1 Differentiators
8.6.4.2 Tuned Circuits
8.7 FM Transmitter and Receiver
8.7.1 Transmitter
8.7.2 SNR and Bandwidth Trade‐off
8.7.3 Pre‐emphasis and De‐emphasis
8.7.4 Receiver
8.8 Noise Effect in FM
8.9 Overview of FM and PM Features
8.9.1 Merits
8.9.2 Demerits
8.9.3 Applications
8.10 Summary
Questions
Chapter 9 Sampling
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sampling Theorem
9.3 Proof of Sampling Theorem
9.3.1 Lowpass Signals
9.3.2 Bandpass Signals
9.3.3 Sampling at Nyquist Rate
9.4 Aliasing
9.5 Anti‐alias Filter
9.6 Non‐instantaneous Sampling
9.6.1 Natural Sampling
9.6.2 Flat‐top Sampling
9.6.3 Aperture Effect
9.7 Summary
Questions
Reference
Chapter 10 Digital Baseband Coding
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concept and Classes of Quantisation
10.3 Uniform Quantisation
10.3.1 Quantisation Noise
10.3.2 Dynamic Range of a Quantiser
10.3.3 Signal‐to‐quantisation‐noise Ratio (SQNR)
10.3.4 Design Considerations
10.3.5 Demerits of Uniform Quantisation
10.4 Nonuniform Quantisation
10.4.1 Compressor Characteristic
10.4.2 A‐law Companding
10.4.3 μ‐law Companding
10.4.4 Companding Gain and Penalty
10.4.5 Practical Nonlinear PCM
10.4.6 SQNR of Practical Nonlinear PCM
10.5 Differential PCM (DPCM)
10.5.1 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
10.5.2 Delta Modulation
10.5.2.1 Quantisation Error
10.5.2.2 Prediction Filter
10.5.2.3 Design Parameters
10.5.2.4 Merits and Demerits of DM
10.5.2.5 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)
10.5.2.6 Delta Sigma Modulation
10.6 Low Bit Rate Speech Coding
10.6.1 Waveform Coders
10.6.2 Vocoders
10.6.2.1 IMBE
10.6.2.2 LPC
10.6.2.3 MELP
10.6.3 Hybrid Coders
10.6.3.1 APC
10.6.3.2 MPE‐LPC
10.6.3.3 CELP
10.7 Line Codes
10.7.1 NRZ Codes
10.7.2 RZ Codes
10.7.3 Biphase Codes
10.7.4 RLL Codes
10.7.5 Block Codes
10.8 Summary
Reference
Questions
Chapter 11 Digital Modulated Transmission
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Orthogonality of Energy Signals
11.3 Signal Space
11.3.1 Interpretation of Signal‐space Diagrams
11.3.2 Complex Notation for 2D Signal Space
11.3.3 Signal‐space Worked Examples
11.4 Digital Transmission Model
11.5 Noise Effects
11.6 Symbol and Bit Error Ratios
11.6.1 Special Cases
11.6.2 Arbitrary Binary Transmission
11.7 Binary Modulation
11.7.1 ASK
11.7.2 PSK
11.7.3 FSK
11.7.3.1 Generation
11.7.3.2 Spectrum
11.7.3.3 Frequency Spacing and MSK
11.7.4 Minimum Transmission Bandwidth
11.8 Coherent Binary Detection
11.8.1 ASK Detector
11.8.2 PSK Detector
11.8.3 FSK Detector
11.9 Noncoherent Binary Detection
11.9.1 Noncoherent ASK Detector
11.9.2 Noncoherent FSK Detector
11.9.3 DPSK
11.10 M‐ary Transmission
11.10.1 Bandwidth Efficiency
11.10.2 M‐ary ASK
11.10.2.1 M‐ary ASK Modulator
11.10.2.2 M‐ary ASK Detector
11.10.2.3 BER of M‐ary ASK
11.10.3 M‐ary PSK
11.10.3.1 QPSK Modulator and Detector
11.10.3.2 M‐ary PSK Modulator and Detector
11.10.3.3 BER of M‐ary PSK
11.10.4 M‐ary FSK
11.10.4.1 M‐ary FSK Modulator and Detector
11.10.4.2 BER of M‐ary FSK
11.10.4.3 Noise‐bandwidth Trade‐off in M‐ary FSK
11.10.5 M‐ary APSK
11.10.5.1 16‐APSK
11.10.5.2 BER of Square M‐ary APSK
11.11 Design Parameters
11.12 Summary
Reference
Questions
Chapter 12 Pulse Shaping and Detection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Anti‐ISI Filtering
12.2.1 Nyquist Filtering
12.2.2 Raised Cosine Filtering
12.2.3 Square Root Raised Cosine Filtering
12.2.4 Duobinary Signalling
12.2.4.1 Cosine Filter
12.2.4.2 Signal Power Trade‐off
12.2.4.3 Sine Filter
12.2.4.4 Polybinary Signalling
12.3 Information Capacity Law
12.4 The Digital Receiver
12.4.1 Adaptive Equalisation
12.4.2 Matched Filter
12.4.2.1 Specification of a Matched Filter
12.4.2.2 Matched Filter by Correlation
12.4.2.3 Matched Filter Worked Examples
12.4.3 Clock Extraction
12.4.4 Eye Diagrams
12.5 Summary
References
Questions
Chapter 13 Multiplexing Strategies
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing
13.2.1 General Concepts
13.2.2 Demerits of Flat‐level FDM
13.2.3 Future of FDM Technology
13.2.4 FDM Hierarchies
13.2.4.1 UK System
13.2.4.2 European System
13.2.4.3 Bell System
13.2.4.4 Nonvoice Signals
13.2.5 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
13.3 Time Division Multiplexing
13.3.1 General Concepts
13.3.2 Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
13.3.2.1 E1 System
13.3.2.2 T1 and J1 Systems
13.3.2.3 PDH Problems
13.3.3 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
13.3.3.1 SDH Rates
13.3.3.2 SDH Frame Structure
13.3.3.3 SONET
13.3.4 ATM
13.3.4.1 ATM Layered Architecture
13.3.4.2 ATM Network Components
13.3.4.3 ATM Cell Header
13.3.4.4 ATM Features Summary
13.3.4.5 ATM Versus IP
13.4 Code Division Multiplexing
13.4.1 Types of Spread Spectrum Modulation
13.4.2 CDM Transmitter
13.4.3 CDM Receiver
13.4.4 Crucial Features of CDM
13.4.4.1 Synchronisation
13.4.4.2 Cross‐correlation of PN Codes
13.4.4.3 Power Control
13.4.4.4 Processing Gain
13.5 Multiple Access
13.5.1 FDMA
13.5.2 TDMA
13.5.3 CDMA
13.5.4 Hybrid Schemes
13.6 Summary
Questions
Appendix A Character Codes
Appendix B Trigonometric Identities
Appendix C Tables and Constants
C.1 Constants
C.2 SI Units
C.3 Complementary Error Function erfc(x) and Q function Q(x)
Index
EULA