دانلود کتاب Commutative algebra

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To the Reader . v Contents of the Elements of Mathematics Series . ix Introduction . xix Chapter I. Flat Modules . 1 § 1. Diagrams and exact sequences . 1 1. Diagrams. 1 2. Commutative diagrams. 2 3. Exact sequences . 3 4. The snake diagram . 4 § 2. Flat modules . 9 1. Revision of tensor products. 9 2. M-flat modules. 10 3. Flat modules. 12 4. Examples of flat modules . 14 5. Flatness of quotient modules . 15 6. Intersection properties. 17 7. Tensor products of flat modules. 19 8. Finitely presented modules. 20 9. Extension of scalars in homomorphism modules . 22 10. Extension of scalars: case of commutative rings . 22 11. Interpretation of flatness in terms of relations. 25 § 3. Faithfully flat modules . 27 1. Definition of faithfully flat modules. 27 2. Tensor products of faithfully flat modules . 30 3. Change of ring . 31 4. Restriction of scalars . 31 5. Faithfully flat rings . 32 6. Faithfully flat rings and finiteness conditions. 34 7. Linear equations over a faithfully flat ring . 35 § 4. Flat modules and “Tor” functors. 37 Exercises for § 1 . 39 Exercises for § 2. 41 Exercises for § 3. 49 Exercises for § 4. 50 Chapter II. Localization. 51 § 1. Prime ideals. 51 1. Definition of prime ideals. 51 2. Relatively prime ideals . 53 § 2. Rings and modules of fractions. 55 1. Definition of rings of fractions. 55 2. Modules of fractions. 60 3. Change of multiplicative subset. 64 4. Properties of modules of fractions. 67 5. Ideals in a ring of fractions. 70 6. Nilradical and minimal prime ideals. 73 7. Modules of fractions of tensor products and homomorphism modules. 75 8. Application to algebras. 77 9. Modules of fractions of graded modules. 78 § 3. Local rings. Passage from the local to the global . 80 1. Local rings . 80 2. Modules over a local ring. 82 3. Passage from the local to the global . 87 4. Localization of flatness . 91 5. Semi-local rings . 92 § 4. Spectra of rings and supports of modules. 94 1. Irreducible spaces. 94 2. Noetherian topological spaces. 97 3. The prime spectrum of a ring . 98 4. The support of a module. 104 § 5. Finitely generated projective modules. Invertible fractional ideals. j Qg 1. Localization with respect to an element. 108 2. Local characterization of finitely generated projective modules. 109 3. Ranks of projective modules. Ill 4. Projective modules of rank 1 . 114 5. Non-degenerate submodules. 116 6. Invertible submodules. 117 7. The group of classes of invertible modules. 119 Exercises for §1 . 121 Exercises for § 2. 123 Exercises for § 3. 136 Exercises for § 4. 140 Exercises for § 5. 146 Chapter III. Graduations, Filtrations and Topologies . 155 § 1. Finitely generated graded algebras. 155 1. Systems of generators of a commutative algebra. 155 2. Criteria of finiteness for graded rings . 156 3. Properties of the ring A (d:> . 157 4. Graded prime ideals . 160 § 2. General results on filtered rings and modules. 162 1. Filtered rings and modules. 162 2. The order function. 165 3. The graded module associated with a filtered module. ... 165 4. Homomorphisms compatible with filtrations . 169 5. The topology defined by a filtration . 170 6. Complete filtered modules . 173 7. Linear compactness properties of complete filtered modules 176 8. The lift of homomorphisms of associated graded modules 177 9. The lift of families of elements of an associated graded module. 179 10. Application: examples of Noetherian rings. 183 11. Complete m-adic rings and inverse limits. 185 12. The Hausdorff completion of a filtered module. 187 13. The Hausdorff completion of a semi-local ring. 192 §3. rn-adic topologies on Noetherian rings. 195 1. Good filtrations . 195 2. m-adic topologies on Noetherian rings . 199 3. Zariski rings . 201 4. The Hausdorff completion of a Noetherian ring. 202 5. The completion of a Zariski ring. 206 § 4. Lifting in complete rings. 209 1. Strongly relatively prime polynomials. 209 2. Restricted formal power series. 212 3. Hensel’s Lemma. 215 4. Composition of systems of formal power series. 218 5. Systems of equations in complete rings. 220 6. Application to decompositions of rings . 225 § 5. Flatness properties of filtered modules. 226 1. Ideally Hausdorff modules . 226 2. Statement of the flatness criterion . 227 3. Proof of the flatness criterion . 228 4. Applications . 230 Exercises for § 1 . 232 Exercises for § 2. 233 Exercises for § 3. 245 Exercises for § 4. 255 Exercises for § 5. 259 Chapter IV. Associated Prime Ideals and Primary Decomposition 261 § 1. Prime ideals associated with a module. 261 1. Definition of associated prime ideals. 261 2. Localization of associated prime ideals. 263 3. Relations with the support. 265 4. The case of finitely generated modules over a Noetherian ring. 265 § 2. Primary decomposition. 267 1. Primary submodules . 267 2. The existence of a primary decomposition. 270 3. Uniqueness properties in the primary decomposition .... 270 4. The localization of a primary decomposition. 272 5. Rings and modules of finite length . 274 6. Primary decomposition and extension of scalars . 279 § 3. Primary decomposition in graded modules. 283 1. Prime ideals associated with a graded module. 283 2. Primary submodules corresponding to graded prime ideals 284 3. Primary decomposition in graded modules. 285 Exercises for § 1 . 286 Exercises for § 2. 290 Exercises for § 3. 301 Chapter V. Integers. 303 § 1. Notion of an integral element . 303 1. Integral elements over a ring. 303 2. The integral closure of a ring. Integrally closed domains 308 3. Examples of integrally closed domains . 309 4. Completely integrally closed domains. 312 5. The integral closure of a ring of fractions. 314 6. Norms and traces of integers . 316 7. Extension of scalars in an integrally closed algebra. 318 8. Integers over a graded ring . 320 9. Application : invariants of a group of automorphisms of an algebra. 323 § 2. The lift of prime ideals. 325 1. The first existence theorem. 325 2. Decomposition group and inertia group. 330 3. Decomposition and inertia for integrally closed domains. . 337 4. The second existence theorem . 343 § 3. Finitely generated algebras over a field. 344 1. The normalization lemma. 344 2. The integral closure of a finitely generated algebra over a field. 348 3. The Nullstellensatz. 349 4. Jacobson rings. 351 Exercises for §1 . 355 Exercises for § 2. 362 Exercises for § 3. 370 Chapter VI. Valuations. 375 § 1. Valuation rings . 375 1. The relation of domination between local rings. 375 2. Valuation rings. 376 3. Characterization of integral elements . 378 4. Examples of valuation rings . 379 §2. Places. 381 1. The notion of morphism for laws of composition not every¬ where defined. 381 2. Places. 381 3. Places and valuation rings . 383 4. Extension of places. 384 5. Characterization of integral elements by means of places. . 385 § 3. Valuations. 385 1. Valuations on a ring . 385 2. Valuations on a field. 387 3. Translations . 389 4. Examples of valuations . 389 5. Ideals of a valuation ring . 391 6. Discrete valuations. 392 § 4. The height of a valuation. 393 1. Inclusion of valuation rings of the same field. 393 2. Isolated subgroups of an ordered group . 394 3. Comparison of valuations . 395 4. The height of a valuation. 396 5. Valuations of height 1 .. 397 § 5. The topology defined by a valuation . 399 1. The topology defined by a valuation. 399 2. Topological vector spaces over a field with a valuation . . 401 3. The completion of a field with a valuation . 402 § 6. Absolute values . 403 1. Preliminaries on absolute values . 403 2. Ultrametric absolute values. 405 3. Absolute values on Q.. 406 4. Structure of fields with a non-ultrametric absolute value. . 407 § 7. Approximation theorem. 412 1. The intersection of a finite number of valuation rings ... 412 2. Independent valuations. 413 3. The case of absolute values. 415 § 8. Extensions of a valuation to an algebraic extension 1. Ramification index. Residue class degree 2. Extension of a valuation and completion 3. The relation 2 e t f