دانلود کتاب Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals

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Front Cover
Comparative Mammalian Immunology
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
What are its features?
What are its weak links?
What is next?
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
1 Mammalian immunology
1 The evolution of the mammals and their immune systems
1.1 Amniotes
1.2 The origins of the mammals
1.3 Mammalian phylogeny
1.3.1 Modern mammals
1.3.2 Eutherians
1.3.3 The initial branching events
1.3.4 The Xenarthra
1.3.5 The Afrotheria
1.3.6 The Laurasiatheria
1.3.7 The Euarchontoglires
1.3.8 After the K-Pg event
1.4 The evolution of mammalian immunity
References
2 The evolution of viviparity
2.1 The evolution of the placenta
2.1.1 Monotremes
2.1.2 Marsupials
2.1.3 Eutherians
2.1.3.1 Shapes and contact areas
2.1.3.2 Histologic classification
2.1.4 Epitheliochorial placentas
2.1.5 Endotheliochorial placentas
2.1.6 Hemochorial placentas
2.2 Transfer of immunoglobulins
2.3 Maternal-fetal tolerance
2.4 Mechanisms of tolerance
2.4.1 Anatomical adaptations
2.4.2 Localized immunosuppression
2.4.3 Inhibition of complement activation
2.4.4 Suppression of adaptive immunity
2.4.4.1 Macrophages
2.4.4.2 Th17 cells
2.4.4.3 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
2.5 Regulatory cells
2.5.1 Natural killer cells
2.5.2 Regulatory T cells
2.6 Other immunosuppressive mechanisms
2.6.1 Glycoproteins
2.6.2 Cytokines
2.6.3 Blocking antibodies
2.6.4 Microchimerism
2.6.5 Adaptive immunity
2.6.6 Sperm
References
3 The evolution and role of lactation
3.1 The origins of lactation
3.2 The functions of milk
3.2.1 Nutritional functions
3.2.2 Intestinal development
3.2.3 Protective functions
3.3 Lactation and the microbiota
3.3.1 The gut-mammary axis
3.4 Adaptive immunity
3.5 Colostrum
3.5.1 Production
3.5.1.1 The neonatal Fc receptor
3.5.2 Immunoglobulin transfer
3.5.3 Composition
3.5.4 Colostral lymphocytes
3.6 Milk
3.6.1 Milk immunoglobulins
3.6.1.1 IgG
3.6.1.2 IgM
3.6.1.3 IgA and IgE
References
4 Endothermy and immunity
4.1 The evolution of endothermy and homeothermy
4.2 The benefits of endothermy
4.3 The role of brown adipose tissue
4.4 Fevers
4.4.1 Fevers and endothermy
4.4.2 Hibernation
4.4.3 The costs
4.4.4 Fevers and innate immunity
4.4.5 Fevers and T cell functions
4.4.6 Fevers and B cell functions
4.4.7 Fevers and bacterial diseases
4.4.8 Fevers and viral diseases
4.5 Fevers, fungi, and the rise of the mammals
4.5.1 Fungi and endothermy
References
5 The microbiota–immune system relationship
5.1 Herbivores
5.2 Carnivores
5.3 The microbiota–immune relationship
5.4 The location of the microbiota
5.4.1 Skin
5.4.2 The respiratory tract
5.4.3 The genitourinary system
5.4.4 The gastrointestinal tract
5.4.4.1 Foregut fermenters
5.4.4.2 Hindgut fermenters
5.5 The functions of the microbiota
5.5.1 Nutritional efficiency
5.5.2 Intestinal protection
5.5.3 Development of the immune system
5.5.4 Regulation of immunity
5.5.4.1 Immunity to the microbiota
5.5.4.2 Enterocytes
5.5.4.3 Group 3 innate lymphoid cells
5.5.4.4 B cell functions
5.5.4.5 Immunoglobulin A and the microbiota
5.5.4.6 The gut-mammary axis
5.5.4.7 IgD and the microbiota
5.5.4.8 T cell functions
5.5.4.9 Treg cells
5.5.4.10 Th17 cells
5.5.4.11 γ/δ T cells
5.5.4.12 Retinoic acid
5.6 Dysbiosis
5.7 Behaviors
5.7.1 Odors
5.7.2 Hibernation
5.7.3 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor
5.8 Environmental microbiota
References
6 Innate immunity: basic features
6.1 Constitutive innate immunity
6.1.1 Antibacterial peptides
6.1.2 The complement system
6.1.3 Ribonucleic acid interference
6.2 Induced innate immunity
6.2.1 Pattern recognition receptors
6.2.2 Toll-like receptors
6.2.3 Cell surface toll-like receptors
6.2.4 Intracellular toll-like receptors
6.2.5 Toll-like receptor signaling
6.2.6 Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptors
6.2.7 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors
6.2.8 AIM2 receptors
6.2.9 Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
6.2.10 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
6.2.10.1 Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
6.2.10.2 Bacterial peptidoglycans
6.2.11 Bacterial DNA
6.2.12 Viral nucleic acids
6.2.13 Damage-associated molecular patterns
6.2.14 Soluble pattern-recognition molecules
6.3 Inflammasomes
6.4 Inflammatory cytokines
6.4.1 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
6.4.2 Interleukin-1
6.4.3 Interleukin-6
6.4.4 Chemokines
6.4.5 Interferons
6.5 Leukocytes
6.5.1 Sentinel cells
6.5.2 Blood cells
6.5.3 Neutrophils
6.5.4 Eosinophils
6.5.5 Macrophages
6.5.6 Dendritic cells
6.5.7 Mast cells
6.6 The costs of innate immunity
References
7 The mammalian major histocompatibility complex
7.1 Major histocompatibility complex structure
7.2 Major histocompatibility complex class Ia molecules
7.2.1 Structure
7.2.2 Gene arrangement
7.2.2.1 Gene numbers
7.2.2.2 Recombination
7.2.3 Evolution
7.2.4 Polymorphism
7.2.5 Nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I molecules
7.3 Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
7.3.1 Structure
7.3.2 Gene arrangement
7.3.3 Polymorphism
7.3.4 Evolution
7.4 Major histocompatibility complex class III molecules
7.5 Mammalian variations
7.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex molecules and disease
7.6 Major histocompatibility complex and body odors
7.6.1 Odorant receptor-major histocompatibility complex linkage
References
8 T Cells and their receptors
8.1 Flexible immunity
8.2 T cell evolution
8.3 T cell antigen receptors
8.3.1 The antigen-binding chains
8.3.2 The signal transduction components
8.3.2.1 CD3 complex
8.3.2.2 CD4 and CD8
8.4 T cell antigen receptor functions
8.4.1 Receptor-antigen binding
8.5 Antigen receptor diversity
8.5.1 Gene rearrangement
8.5.2 Base insertion and deletion
8.5.3 Somatic mutation
8.6 T cell receptor diversity
8.6.1 Gene structure
8.6.1.1 TRA/D
8.6.1.2 TRB
8.6.1.3 T cell receptor gamma
8.6.1.4 TRM
8.6.2 Possible combinations
8.6.3 TRC genes and habitat
8.7 γ/δ T cells
8.7.1 γ/δ-high species
8.7.1.1 Bovine
8.7.1.2 Innate cells
8.7.1.3 Regulatory cells
8.7.1.4 Sheep
8.7.1.5 Pigs
8.7.1.6 Rabbits
8.7.2 γδ-low species
8.7.3 Invariant T cells
8.8 Memory T cells
References
9 Mammalian B cells
9.1 Before the mammals
9.1.1 Fish
9.1.2 Amphibians
9.1.3 Reptiles
9.1.4 Antibodies in mammals
9.2 B cell antigen receptor structure
9.2.1 Light chains
9.2.2 Heavy chains
9.2.2.1 Variable regions
9.2.2.2 Constant regions
9.2.2.3 Hinge region
9.2.2.4 Signal transducing component
9.3 B cell antigen receptor diversity
9.3.1 IGH locus
9.3.2 IGL locus
9.3.3 IGK locus
9.4 Evolution
9.4.1 V region clans
9.4.2 Immunoglobulin D
9.4.3 Immunoglobulin E
9.5 Generation of immunoglobulin diversity
9.5.1 Recombination signal sequences
9.5.2 Gene rearrangement
9.5.3 Base deletion and insertion
9.5.4 Receptor editing
9.5.5 Somatic hypermutation
9.5.6 Gene conversion
9.5.7 Receptor assembly
9.5.8 Intestinal bacteria and the B cell repertoire
9.5.9 Epigenetics
9.5.10 Fc receptors
9.5.11 Fc receptor-like molecules
References
10 Mammalian innate lymphoid cells
10.1 Innate helper cells
10.1.1 Group 1 innate lymphoid cells
10.1.2 Group 2 innate lymphoid cells
10.1.3 Group 3 innate lymphoid cells
10.2 Natural killer cells
10.3 Nature killer cell receptors
10.3.1 The leukocyte receptor complex
10.3.1.1 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors
10.3.1.1.1 Functions
10.3.1.2 Leukocyte Ig-like receptor glycoproteins
10.3.1.3 Other leukocyte receptor complex receptors
10.3.2 The natural killer complex
10.3.2.1 NKG2 receptors
10.3.2.1.1 NKG2 ligands
10.3.3 Other natural killer cell receptors
10.3.3.1 Natural cytotoxicity receptors
10.3.3.2 Species differences
10.3.3.3 Inhibition vs activation
10.3.3.4 Effector mechanisms
10.4 “Trained” immunity
10.5 Natural killer cell subsets
10.6 Natural killer T cells
10.6.1 The CD1 system
10.6.2 The MR1 system
References
11 The mammalian lymphoid system
11.1 Sources of lymphocytes
11.1.1 Lymphoid tissue inducer cells
11.2 Primary lymphoid organs
11.3 Thymus
11.3.1 Structure
11.3.2 Function
11.3.3 Thymic hormones
11.3.4 Thymic involution
11.3.5 Species differences
11.4 Peyer’s patches
11.4.1 Structure
11.4.1.1 Group one species
11.4.1.2 Group two species
11.5 Bone marrow
11.6 Secondary lymphoid organs
11.7 Spleen
11.7.1 Red pulp
11.7.2 White pulp
11.7.3 Function
11.7.3.1 Different types of spleens
11.7.3.2 Defensive type spleens
11.7.3.3 Storage spleens
11.7.3.4 Intermediate spleens
11.7.3.5 Accessory spleens
11.8 Lymph nodes
11.8.1 Structure
11.8.2 Function
11.8.3 Lymphocyte circulation
11.8.4 Species differences
11.8.5 Hemolymph nodes
11.8.6 Other secondary lymphoid organs
11.8.7 Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues
11.8.8 Tonsils
11.8.9 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
11.8.10 Peyer’s patches
11.8.11 Lymphoglandular complexes
11.8.12 Cecal appendix
11.8.13 Cryptopatches
11.8.14 Anal tonsils
11.8.15 Tertiary lymphoid organs
References
2 Mammalian orders
12 The monotremes: echidnas and platypus
12.1 Reproduction
12.1.1 Lactation
12.1.2 Venom
12.2 Hematology
12.3 Innate immunity
12.4 Lymphoid tissues
12.4.1 Thymus
12.4.2 Spleen
12.4.3 Lymphoid nodules
12.4.4 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues
12.4.5 Monotreme major histocompatibility complex
12.4.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class I
12.4.5.2 Major histocompatibility complex class II
12.4.6 Natural killer cell receptors
12.5 B cells and immunoglobulins
12.5.1 Immunoglobulin M
12.5.2 Immunoglobulin D
12.5.3 Immunoglobulin O
12.5.4 Immunoglobulin A
12.5.5 Immunoglobulin G
12.5.6 Immunoglobulin E
12.5.7 Light chains
12.5.8 V region genes
12.5.9 Immunoglobulin receptors
12.6 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
12.6.1 TRA and TRB genes
12.6.2 TRG
12.6.3 TRD
12.6.4 TRM
References
13 Marsupials: Opossums to Kangaroos
13.1 Reproduction and lactation
13.1.1 Protection in the pouch
13.1.2 Lactation
13.1.3 Ameridelphia
13.1.4 Australidelphia
13.1.4.1 Immune cells
13.2 Hematology
13.3 Innate immunity
13.3.1 Cytokines
13.4 Lymphoid organs
13.4.1 Thymus
13.4.2 Bone marrow
13.4.3 Spleen
13.4.4 Lymph nodes
13.4.5 Gut-associated lymphoid tissues
13.5 The marsupial MHC
13.5.1 Opossum
13.5.2 Australidelphia
13.5.3 The natural killer complex
13.5.4 The leukocyte receptor complex
13.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
13.6.1 Opossum
13.6.2 Heavy chains
13.6.3 Light chains
13.6.4 Fc receptors
13.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
13.7.1 The T cell antigen receptors
13.7.1.1 Opossum
13.7.1.1.1 TRA/D genes
13.7.1.1.2 TRB genes
13.7.1.1.3 TRG genes
13.7.1.1.4 TRM genes
13.7.1.2 Other marsupials
13.7.2 Other T cell receptors
References
14 Tylopoda: Camels and llamas
14.1 Reproduction and lactation
14.2 Hematology
14.3 Innate immunity
14.3.1 Leukocytes
14.3.1.1 Pattern recognition receptors
14.3.2 Complement
14.3.3 Cytokines
14.4 Lymphoid organs
14.4.1 Thymus
14.4.2 Spleen
14.4.3 Lymph nodes
14.4.4 Hemal nodes
14.4.5 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
14.4.5.1 Bactrian camel
14.4.5.2 Dromedary
14.5 The major histocompatibility complex
14.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class I
14.5.2 Major histocompatibility complex class II
14.5.3 Major histocompatibility complex class III
14.5.4 The Natural Killer receptor complexes
14.5.4.1 Leukocyte receptor complex
14.5.4.2 Natural killer complex
14.6 B cells and Immunoglobulins
14.6.1 Old-world camels
14.6.1.1 IGHM
14.6.1.2 IGHG
14.6.1.3 IgG1
14.6.1.4 IGHE
14.6.1.5 IGHA
14.6.1.6 IGHV
14.6.2 Light chains
14.7 Heavy-chain-only antibodies
14.7.1 V domain structure
14.7.2 VHH gene segments
14.7.3 Heavy Chain-only Antibody functions
14.8 New-world camels
14.8.1 Constant domains
14.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
14.9.1 TRA/D
14.9.2 TRB
14.9.3 TRG
14.9.4 Somatic hypermutation
References
15 Suiformes: Pigs and Peccaries
15.1 Reproduction and lactation
15.1.1 Cell-mediated immunity and colostrum
15.1.2 Antibody-mediated immunity
15.2 Hematology
15.2.1 Blood leukocytes
15.3 Innate immunity
15.3.1 Pattern recognition receptors
15.3.2 Acute-phase proteins
15.3.3 Antimicrobial peptides
15.3.4 Cytokines
15.4 Lymphoid organs
15.4.1 Thymus
15.4.2 Spleen
15.4.3 Lymph nodes
15.4.4 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
15.4.4.1 Tonsils
15.4.4.2 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues
15.4.4.3 Gastric lymphoid tissues
15.4.4.4 Peyer’s patches
15.4.4.5 Lymphoglandular complexes
15.4.5 Dendritic cells
15.5 Major histocompatibility complex
15.5.1 Major histocompatibility complex class Ia
15.5.2 Class II
15.5.3 The natural killer receptor complex
15.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
15.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
15.6.1.1 IGHG
15.6.1.2 Other classes
15.6.1.3 Variable domains
15.6.1.4 Immunoglobulin light chains
15.7 B cell receptor development
15.8 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
15.8.1 Workshop cluster1 cells
15.8.2 T cell receptors
15.8.2.1 α/β T cells
15.8.2.2 γ/δ T cells
15.8.2.3 TCR genes
15.8.2.4 TRA/D
15.8.2.5 TRB
15.8.2.6 TRG
15.8.3 Natural killer T cells
References
16 The cetaceans: whales and dolphins
16.1 Reproduction and lactation
16.2 Hematology
16.3 Innate immunity
16.3.1 Neutrophils
16.3.2 Cytokines
16.4 Lymphoid organs
16.4.1 Thymus
16.4.2 Spleen
16.4.3 Lymph nodes
16.4.4 Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
16.4.4.1 The complex laryngeal gland
16.4.5 Anal tonsils
16.5 The major histocompatibility complex
16.5.1 The MHC Class I region
16.5.2 The MHC Class II region
16.5.3 DR loci
16.5.4 DQ loci
16.5.5 Other MHC class II loci
16.5.6 The natural killer receptor complex
16.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
16.6.1 IGH genes
16.6.2 IgM
16.6.3 IgA
16.6.4 IgD
16.6.5 IgG
16.6.6 IGV genes
16.6.7 Light chains
16.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
16.7.1 Pressure adaptation
16.7.1.1 TRA/D
16.7.1.2 TRB
16.7.1.3 TRG
References
17 Ruminants: cattle, sheep, and goats
17.1 Reproduction and lactation
17.1.1 Secretion and composition of colostrum and milk
17.1.2 Absorption of colostrum
17.1.3 Cell-mediated immunity and colostrum
17.2 Hematology
17.3 Innate immunity
17.3.1 Toll-like receptors
17.3.2 Defensins
17.3.3 Complement
17.3.4 Conglutinin
17.3.5 Cytokines
17.3.5.1 Interferons
17.3.5.2 Chemokines
17.4 Lymphoid organs
17.4.1 Thymus
17.4.2 Spleen
17.4.3 Lymph nodes
17.4.4 Hemal nodes
17.4.5 Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
17.4.6 The genital lymphoid ring
17.5 The major histocompatibility complex
17.5.1 The MHC class I region
17.5.2 The MHC class II region
17.5.3 The MHC Class IIb region
17.5.4 The MHC class III region
17.5.5 The natural killer receptor complex
17.5.6 Leukocyte receptor complex
17.5.7 Natural killer complex
17.5.8 Natural killer receptor ligands
17.5.9 Natural killer cell functions
17.5.10 Dendritic cells
17.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
17.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
17.6.2 IGHM
17.6.3 IGHD
17.6.4 IGHG
17.6.5 IGHV
17.6.6 Ultralong VH CR3
17.6.7 Light chains
17.6.8 Receptor assembly
17.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
17.7.1 T cell antigen receptors
17.7.2 T cell receptor genes
17.7.3 TRA/D
17.7.4 TRB
17.7.5 TRG
17.7.6 γ/δ T Cell functions
17.7.7 γ/δ T cells as innate cells
17.7.8 γ/δ T cells as Th1 cells
17.7.9 γ/δ T cells as Treg cells
17.7.10 Workshop cluster 1 proteins
17.7.10.1 Structure
17.7.10.2 Functions
17.7.10.3 WC1+ γ/δ T cells
17.7.10.4 WC1¯ γ/δ T cells
17.7.11 The role of CD163
17.8 Sheep (Ovis aires) and goats (Capra hircus)
17.9 Reproduction and lactation
17.9.1 Sheep
17.10 Innate immunity
17.10.1 Sheep
17.11 Lymphoid organs
17.11.1 Tonsils
17.11.2 Peyer’s patches
17.12 Major histocompatibility complex
17.12.1 Sheep
17.12.2 Natural killer cell receptors
17.13 B cells and immunoglobulins
17.13.1 Sheep
17.13.2 Goats
17.14 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
17.14.1 Sheep
17.14.2 TRA/D
17.14.3 TRB
17.14.4 TRG
17.14.5 Goats
17.14.6 WC1
17.15 Other species
17.15.1 Water Buffalo (Bulbalis bulbalis)
17.15.2 Domestic Yaks. (Bos grunniens)
References
18 Chiropterans: the bats
18.1 Reproduction and lactation
18.2 Hematology
18.3 Innate immunity
18.3.1 Pattern recognition receptors
18.3.2 Inflammatory responses
18.3.3 Interferon pathways
18.3.4 MicroRNA
18.3.5 Body temperature and hibernation
18.3.6 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome!
18.4 Lymphoid organs
18.4.1 Thymus
18.4.2 Spleen
18.4.2.1 Lymph nodes
18.4.3 Peyer’s patches
18.5 The major histocompatibility complex
18.5.1 The MHC class I region
18.5.2 The MHC class II region
18.5.3 The natural killer cell receptor complex
18.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
18.6.1 IGH
18.6.2 IgM
18.6.3 IgD
18.6.4 IgG
18.6.5 IgA
18.6.6 IgE
18.6.7 IGHV
18.6.8 Light chains
18.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
18.7.1 TRA/D
18.7.2 TRB
18.7.3 TRG
References
19 Feliformes: The cats and their relatives
19.1 The evolution of carnivory
19.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
19.1.2 Hematology
19.1.3 Innate immunity
19.1.3.1 Toll-like receptors
19.1.3.2 Inflammasomes
19.1.3.3 Natural killer cells
19.2 Dendritic cells
19.3 Cytokines
19.3.1 Lymphoid organs
19.3.1.1 Thymus
19.3.1.2 Spleen
19.4 Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
19.5 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
19.5.1 The major histocompatibility complex
19.5.1.1 The MHC Class I region
19.5.1.2 The MHC class II region
19.6 The natural killer cell receptor complex
19.6.1 B cells and immunoglobulins
19.6.1.1 IGH genes
19.6.1.2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
19.6.1.3 Immunoglobulin Light chains
19.6.2 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
19.6.2.1 TRA/D
19.6.2.2 TRB
19.6.2.3 TRG
19.7 Other cats
19.8 Hyenas
References
20 Caniforms: Dogs, bears, and their relatives
20.1 The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
20.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
20.2 Hematology
20.2.1 Gray eosinophils
20.3 Innate immunity
20.3.1 Acute-phase proteins
20.3.2 Natural killer cells
20.3.3 Dendritic cells
20.4 Lymphoid organs
20.4.1 Thymus
20.4.2 Spleen
20.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
20.5 Major histocompatibility complex
20.5.1 The MHC class I region
20.5.2 The MHC class II region
20.5.3 The MHC class III region
20.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
20.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
20.6.2 Canine IgD
20.6.3 The IgG subclasses
20.6.4 The IgE subclasses
20.6.5 Canine IgA
20.6.5.1 IGHV
20.6.6 Immunoglobulin light chains
20.6.6.1 Lambda light chains
20.6.6.2 Kappa light chains
20.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
20.7.1 T cell antigen receptor genes
20.7.1.1 TRA/D genes
20.7.1.2 TRB genes
20.7.1.3 TRG genes
20.8 MUSTELIDS
20.8.1 Major histocompatibility complex
20.8.2 Immunoglobulins
20.8.3 TCRs
20.9 PROCYONIDS
20.9.1 Lymphoid tissues
20.10 URSIDS
20.10.1 Hibernation
20.10.2 Climate change and immunity
20.10.3 Major histocompatibility complex
20.11 PINNIPEDS
20.11.1 Lymphoid tissues
20.11.2 Major histocompatibility complex
20.11.3 Natural killer cells and receptors
References
21 The perissodactyls: horses and their relatives
21.1 Reproduction and lactation
21.2 Hematology
21.3 Innate immunity
21.3.1 Toll-like receptors
21.3.2 Antimicrobial peptides
21.3.3 Cytokines
21.3.4 Interleukin-26
21.3.5 Natural killer cells
21.4 Lymphoid organs
21.4.1 Thymus
21.4.2 Spleen
21.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
21.5 The major histocompatibility complex
21.5.1 The MHC class I region
21.5.2 The MHC class II region
21.5.3 The natural killer receptor complex
21.5.4 Dendritic cells
21.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
21.6.1 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
21.6.2 IGHV genes
21.6.3 Immunoglobulin Light chains
21.7 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
21.7.1 T cell receptor genes
21.7.1.1 TRA/D genes
21.7.1.2 TRB genes
21.7.1.3 TRG genes
21.7.2 Natural killer T cells and CD1
References
22 The Lagomorpha: rabbits, hares, and picas
22.1 Reproduction and lactation
22.2 Hematology
22.3 Innate immunity
22.3.1 Toll-like receptors
22.3.2 Cytokines
22.3.3 Defensins
22.3.4 Natural killer cells
22.3.5 Acute-phase proteins
22.3.6 Necroptosis
22.4 Lymphoid organs
22.4.1 Thymus
22.4.2 Spleen
22.4.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
22.5 Major histocompatibility complex
22.5.1 The MHC Class I region
22.5.2 The MHC class II region
22.5.3 The MHC class III region
22.5.4 Natural killer cell receptors
22.6 B cells and immunoglobulins
22.6.1 IGHM
22.6.2 Immunoglobulin Heavy chains
22.6.2.1 IGHD
22.6.2.2 IGHG
22.6.2.3 IGHE
22.6.2.4 IGHA
22.6.3 Locations
22.6.4 IGHV
22.6.5 Immunoglobulin Light Chains
22.6.5.1 Kappa chains
22.6.5.2 Lambda chains
22.6.6 The rabbit B cell antibody repertoire
22.6.7 Fetal liver and bone marrow
22.7 Appendix
22.8 Other mammals
22.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
22.9.1 TRA/D
22.9.2 TRB
22.9.3 TCRG
References
23 The rodents: mice, rats, and their relatives
23.1 Wild rodents versus laboratory rodents
23.2 Myomorpha (rats and mice)
23.3 Reproduction and lactation
23.4 Hematology
23.5 Innate immunity
23.5.1 Pattern recognition receptors
23.5.2 Chemokines
23.5.3 Antibacterial peptides
23.5.4 Acute-phase responses
23.6 Lymphoid organs
23.6.1 Thymus
23.6.2 Spleen
23.6.3 Mucosal tissues
23.7 Major histocompatibility complex
23.7.1 The MHC class Ia region
23.7.2 Polymorphism
23.7.3 Nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules
23.7.4 The MHC class II region
23.7.5 Gene arrangement
23.7.6 Major histocompatibility complex class III molecules
23.7.7 The natural killer cell receptors
23.8 B cells and immunoglobulins
23.8.1 B cell subsets
23.8.2 Immunoglobulin Heavy chains
23.8.3 IGHG genes
23.8.4 IGHD genes
23.8.5 Immunoglobulin Light Chains
23.8.5.1 Kappa chains
23.8.5.2 Lambda chains
23.8.6 Fc receptors
23.9 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
23.9.1 TRA/D
23.9.2 TRB
23.9.3 TRG
23.9.4 Natural killer T cells
23.9.5 Thy-1
23.10 Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
23.10.1 RT1: the rat major histocompatibility complex
23.10.2 Rat natural killer cell receptor complex
23.10.3 Rat immunoglobulins
23.11 Other rodents
23.11.1 Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
23.11.2 Great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus)
23.11.3 Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
23.11.3.1 Hematology
23.11.3.2 Major histocompatibility complex
23.11.3.3 Immunoglobulins
23.11.4 Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
23.11.5 Hamsters (Mesocricetus ssp)
23.11.6 Mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaberi, Spalax ehrenbergi)
References
24 The primates: humans and their relatives
24.1 Infectious disease history
24.2 Reproduction and lactation
24.2.1 Immunoglobulin transfer
24.2.2 Human colostrum and milk
24.3 Hematology
24.4 Innate immunity
24.4.1 Acute-phase proteins
24.5 Lymphoid organs
24.5.1 Thymus
24.5.2 Spleen
24.5.3 Mucosal lymphoid tissues
24.6 Major histocompatibility complex
24.6.1 Humans
24.6.2 The MHC class I region
24.6.3 The MHC class II region
24.6.4 The MHC class III region
24.6.5 Great apes
24.6.5.1 MHC class I
24.6.5.2 MHC class II
24.6.6 Old World monkeys
24.6.6.1 MHC Class I
24.6.6.2 MHC Class II
24.6.7 New World monkeys
24.6.7.1 MHC Class I
24.6.7.2 MHC Class II
24.6.8 Nonclassical MHC class I genes
24.6.8.1 Humans
24.6.8.2 Human leukocyte antigen -E
24.6.8.3 Human leukocyte antigen -F
24.6.8.4 Human leukocyte antigen -G
24.6.9 Natural killer cell receptors
24.6.10 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor ligands
24.6.11 Great apes
24.6.12 Old World primates
24.6.13 New World primates
24.6.14 Prosimians
24.7 B cells and immunoglobulins
24.7.1 Humans
24.7.2 Immunoglobulin heavy chains
24.7.3 IgM
24.7.4 IgD
24.7.5 IgG
24.7.6 IgA
24.7.7 CD89
24.7.8 IgE
24.7.9 IGHV
24.7.10 Immunoglobulin Light chains
24.7.10.1 IGK
24.7.10.2 IGL
24.7.10.3 The Vλ–microRNA association
24.7.11 Other primates
24.7.12 Great apes
24.7.13 Old World monkeys
24.7.14 New World monkeys
24.7.15 Prosimians
24.7.16 Immunoglobulin D
24.7.16.1 Other primates
24.8 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
24.8.1 T cell antigen receptors
24.8.1.1 TRA/D
24.8.1.2 TRB
24.8.1.3 TRG
References
25 The Afrotheria: Elephants, manatees, and their relatives
25.1 Elephants
25.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
25.1.2 Hematology
25.1.3 Innate immunity
25.1.4 Cytokines
25.1.5 Acute-phase responses
25.1.6 Adaptive immunity
25.1.6.1 Lymphoid organs
25.1.7 The major histocompatibility complex
25.1.8 The natural killer cell receptor complex
25.1.9 B cells and immunoglobulins
25.1.9.1 IGHM
25.1.9.2 IGHD
25.1.9.3 IGHG
25.1.9.4 IGHV
25.1.9.5 Light chains
25.2 MANATEES
25.2.1 Hematology
25.2.2 Lymphoid organs
25.2.3 The major histocompatibility complex
25.2.4 B cells and immunoglobulins
25.2.4.1 IGH
25.2.4.2 IGHV
25.2.5 T cells and cell-mediated immunity
25.2.5.1 TRA/D locus
25.2.5.2 TRB locus
25.2.5.3 TRG locus
25.3 Mammalian life-spans
25.4 The r/K trade-off
25.5 Body mass and immunity
References
26 Four other orders: the Xenarthra, the Scandentia, the Eulipotyphla, and the Pholidota
26.1 Xenarthra: sloths, armadillos, and anteaters
26.1.1 Reproduction and lactation
26.1.2 Hematology
26.1.3 Lymphoid organs
26.1.3.1 Sloths
26.1.3.2 Armadillos
26.1.4 The Major histocompatibility complex
26.1.5 Natural killer cells
26.1.6 B cell responses
26.1.7 T cell responses
26.2 Scandentia. The tree-shrews
26.2.1 Innate immunity
26.2.2 Major histocompatibility complex
26.2.3 Natural killer cell receptors
26.2.4 B cell responses
26.3 Eulipotyphla. The shrews
26.3.1 Hematology
26.3.2 Lymphoid organs
26.3.3 The pancreas of Aselli
26.3.4 Vaginal tonsils
26.3.5 Hedgehogs
26.4 Pholidota. The Pangolins
26.4.1 Hematology
26.4.2 Major histocompatibility complex
References
Index
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