دانلود کتاب Composites from the Aquatic Environment

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Contents About the Editors Zooming in to the Composites from the Aquatic Environment 1 Introduction 2 Seaweed-Based Composites 3 Chitin and Chitosan-Based Composites 3.1 Chitin and Chitosan-Carbonaceous Composites 3.2 Chitosan/Chitin Biochar Composite 3.3 Chitosan/Chitin Carbon Nanotubes Composite 3.4 Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibrils Composites Film 4 Applications 4.1 Food Packaging 4.2 Pharmaceutical 5 Conclusions References A Comprehensive Review Based on Chitin and Chitosan Composites 1 Introduction 2 Chitin and Chitosan Polymer 2.1 The Properties of Chitin and Chitosan Polymer 2.2 Extraction of Chitin and Chitosan Polymer 2.3 Modification of Chitin and Chitosan Polymer 2.4 Application of Chitin and Chitosan Polymer 3 Interaction Between Water and Composites Based on Chitin/Chitosan 3.1 Chitin and Chitosan-Carbonaceous Composites 3.2 Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibrils Composites Film 3.3 Chitin and Chitosan Composites as Adsorbents 4 Chitin and Chitosan Composites in Packaging 4.1 Application of Chitosan as a Coating 4.2 Application of Chitosan Films for Food Packaging 4.3 Production 5 Chitin and Chitosan Composites in Biomedical 5.1 Chitosan–Inorganic Materials Composites 5.2 Chitosan Polyion Complex Composites 5.3 Antibacterial Activity in Chitosan 5.4 Tissue Engineering 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Agar Based Composite as a New Alternative Biopolymer 1 Introduction 2 Biopolymer 2.1 Synthetic Derived Biopolymer 2.2 Biologically Derived Biopolymer 3 Origin of Agar 3.1 Application of Agar 4 Agar as Biopolymer 5 Agar Composite Film 6 Conclusion References Aquatic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Sources as Fillers in Polymer Composites for Bio-Medical Applications 1 Introduction 2 Hydroxyapatite (HAp) 2.1 Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite 2.2 Natural Hydroxyapatite 2.3 Natural HAp Extracted from Fish Scale (FsHAp) 3 Hydroxyapatite as Fillers in Polymer Composite 4 Polymer Used in Biomaterial Composite 4.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)/HAp Composites 4.2 Mechanical Properties of HDPE/HAp Composites 5 Potential Application of HDPE/HAp Composites 6 Conclusions References Biocomposites from Microalgae 1 Introduction 2 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting 2.1 Open Pond Cultivation Systems 2.2 Closed Photo Bioreactor (PBR) Systems 2.3 Harvesting 3 Bioplastic Production from Microalgae 3.1 Production of Microalgae-Polymer Blends 3.2 Isolation of Microalgae Biopolymers 4 Types of Biopolymers Produced from Algal Biomass and Their Applications 4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 4.2 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) 4.3 Polysaccharides 4.4 Applications 5 Conclusion References Starch/Carrageenan Blend-Based Biocomposites as Packaging Materials 1 Introduction 2 Starch 2.1 Structure of Starch 2.2 Plasticization Mechanisms 3 Carrageenan 4 Starch/Carrageenan Blend Biocomposite 5 Characteristic of Starch/Carrageenan Blend Biocomposite 6 Prospective Application in the Packaging Industry 7 Conclusions and Future Direction References Chitosan Composites for the Removal of Pollutants in Aqueous Environment 1 Introduction 2 Chitosan and Its Global Market 3 Different Forms of Chitosan 3.1 Flakes 3.2 Powder 3.3 Gel Beads 3.4 Chitosan Fibers and Resins 3.5 Membranes 3.6 Nanoparticles 4 Surface Area and Particle Size 5 Modification of Chitosan Composites 6 Chitosan Magnetite Composites 6.1 Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Composites 6.2 Chitosan–Montmorillonite Composites 6.3 Chitosan–multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Composites 6.4 Chitosan/Polyurethane Composites 6.5 Chitosan/Bentonite Composites 6.6 Chitosan/Zeolite Composites 6.7 Chitosan/Alumina Composites 7 Conclusion References Development of Nipah Palm Fibre Extraction Process as Reinforcing Agent in Unsaturated Polyester Composite 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Preparation of Raw Materials 2.2 Sample Preparation 2.3 Characterisation 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Effect of Alkali Treatment Towards Nipah Fibre 3.2 Effect of Alkali Treatment Towards Nipah Composites 4 Conclusion References Life Cycle Assessment for Microalgal Biocomposites 1 Introduction 1.1 LCA Goals and Scope 1.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 1.3 Circular Bioeconomy Contributing to Sustainability 2 The Studies for the Production of Bioplastics from Microalgae 2.1 Production of Biopolymer Using Microalgae Cells 3 LCA Studies on Bioplastic Production from Microalgae 4 Algae Products and Circularity 4.1 Production of Materials 4.2 Manufacturing of Polymers/Composites 4.3 Make Use of 4.4 End of Life’s Scenario (EOL) 5 Microalgal Biopolymers from Wastewater Cultivated Biomass 5.1 PHA Manufacturing from Several Industries Waste Streams 5.2 Biofuel Industry Crude Glycerol 5.3 Wastewater & Activated Sludge from Pulp and Paper Mills 5.4 Whey from Dairy Industry 5.5 Food Industry Agro-food Wastes 5.6 Recycling from the Waste Stream 6 The Role of Downstream Processing (DSP) in the Circular Bioeconomy 6.1 Downstream Processing LCA 7 Biocomposite Manufacture based Techno-economic Analysis 8 Conclusion References Recent Developments in Water Hyacinth Fiber Composites and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2 Water Hyacinth Fibers 2.1 Availability 2.2 Water Hyacinth Fiber Composition 3 Modification of Surface on Water Hyacinth Fibers 3.1 Chemical Treatment 3.2 Mechanical Treatment 3.3 Chemo-chemical Treatment 3.4 Water Hyacinth Fiber Composite 4 Conclusion References Collagen Based Composites Derived from Marine Organisms: As a Solution for the Underutilization of Fish Biomass, Jellyfish and Sponges 1 Introduction 2 Renewable Sources of Marine Collagen and Its Extraction 2.1 Marine Vertebrae–Fish 2.2 Marine Invertebrate 3 Properties of Marine Collagen 4 Fabrication of Marine Collagen Based Composites 4.1 Extraction of Marine Collagen Prior to Composite Fabrication 4.2 Marine Collagen Composites Fabrication 5 Application of Marine Collagen Composites 5.1 Chitosan-Marine Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration 5.2 Marine Derived Nanohydroxyapatite and Their Composites for Dental Application 5.3 Marine Collagen for 3D Bioprinting of Scaffold Composites in Tissue Engineering 5.4 Marine Collagen Composite for Food Industry Application 5.5 Spongin-Based Scaffolds with Nickel Composites for Functional Catalyst 5.6 Drug Delivery Carrier 5.7 Biocomposite Scaffolds Based on Chitosan for Tissue Engineering 6 Conclusion References Recent Advances in Composites from Seaweeds 1 Introduction 2 Seaweeds Based Composites 2.1 Alginate/Nanocrystalline Cellulose 2.2 Alginate/Starch 2.3 Carrageenan/Locust Bean Gum/Organically Modified Nanoclay 2.4 Carrageenan/Grapefruit Seed Extract 2.5 Agar/Nanoclay 2.6 Alginate/Lemongrass Essential Oil 2.7 Agar/Nanocrystalline Cellulose/Savory Essential Oil 2.8 Carrageenan/Chitosan Nano-particles 2.9 Alginate/O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Cissus Quadrangularis (CQ) Extract 2.10 Carrageenan/Graphene Oxide 2.11 Polyelectrolyte Nanofibrous Membranes Made of Ulvan and Chitosan 2.12 Agar/Gelatin 3 Companies Utilizing Seaweeds for Composites 4 Conclusion References Sea Shell Extracted Chitosan Composites and Their Applications 1 Introduction 2 Segregation of Chitosan 3 Applications of Chitosan and Their Composites 4 Recent Advances in Chitosan Composites Preparation 4.1 Chitosan of Palm Oil Ash Composites 4.2 Cellulose-Chitosan (CC) Composites 4.3 Alginate-Chitosan (AC) Composites 4.4 Polymer-Chitosan Composites 4.5 Hydroxyapatite 4.6 Chitosan/Gelatin 4.7 Chitosan/Collagen Biocomposite 5 Applications of Chitosan Composites in Different Fields 5.1 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 5.2 Agriculture 5.3 Biotechnology 5.4 Food Industry 5.5 Aquaculture 5.6 Environmental Chemistry 5.7 Paper and Pulp Industry 5.8 Tissue Bone Engineering 6 Conclusions References A Review of Seaweed Based Composites 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Seaweeds 1.2 Benefits of Seaweeds 1.3 Classification of Seaweed 2 Seaweed Derivatives 2.1 Alginate 2.2 Carrageenan 2.3 Agar 3 Seaweed Based Composite 3.1 Seaweed Reinforced Synthetic Polymer Composites 3.2 Seaweed Reinforced Biopolymer Composites 4 Application of Seaweed 4.1 Food Packaging 4.2 Pharmaceutical 4.3 Biomass in Fuel 5 Conclusion References Smart and Sustainable Product Development from Environmentally Polluted Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Plant 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Water Hyacinth Powder Extraction Process 2.3 Water Hyacinth Ash Extraction Process 2.4 Water Hyacinth Fibre Extraction Process 2.5 Physical Characterization 3 Result and Discussion 3.1 Physical Characterization Studies 3.2 Mechanical Strength 3.3 Commercial Sustainable Products from Water Hyacinth Plants 3.4 Development of Hyacinth Products-Present Trend 4 Conclusion References