دانلود کتاب Computing Before Computers

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Computing Before Computers......Page 2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 4
Contributing authors......Page 5
Introduction......Page 6
Further Reading......Page 9
Introduction......Page 12
Written Number Systems and Arithmetic......Page 13
Introduction......Page 16
The European Abacus......Page 17
The Abacus in the Orient......Page 23
Napier and His Bones......Page 25
The Slide Rule......Page 36
Introduction......Page 43
The Machines of Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635)......Page 44
The Machines of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)......Page 48
The Machines of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)......Page 51
Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Developments......Page 59
Notes......Page 66
Further Reading......Page 67
Introduction......Page 68
Charles Babbage......Page 69
The Genesis of the Difference Engine......Page 71
The Project to Bui ld the Difference Engine......Page 74
The Design of the Difference Engine......Page 78
The Origins of the Analytical Engine......Page 84
The Analytical Engine......Page 85
The Methods Employed for Arithmetic Operations......Page 91
The Control Mechanism......Page 94
Progamming the Analytical Engine......Page 96
Babbage's Later Calculating Engines......Page 99
The Scheutz Difference Engine......Page 101
Later Difference and Analytical Engines......Page 103
The Importance of Babbage's Calculating Engines......Page 104
Notes......Page 106
Further Reading......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
The Automata Tradition......Page 109
The Development of Logic and Its Mechanization......Page 113
Logic Machines......Page 115
Logic and Computing......Page 124
Further Reading......Page 129
Introduction......Page 131
The Census Problem......Page 132
The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System......Page 134
Further Census Developments......Page 139
Development of the Punched-Card Machine Industry......Page 144
Development of the Machinery......Page 148
Applications : Commercial and Statistical Computations......Page 153
Applications : Scientific Computation......Page 156
Postwar Development......Page 158
Notes......Page 160
Further Reading......Page 162
Introduction......Page 165
Simple Analog Devices......Page 167
Astronom ical Clocks, Orreries, and Planetariums......Page 172
Planimeters......Page 175
The Work of Lord Kelvin......Page 181
Scientific Instruments in the Twentieth Century......Page 186
The Differential Analyzer......Page 188
Gunnery Computers......Page 195
Electrical Analog Computers......Page 200
Conclusion......Page 204
Notes......Page 206
Further Reading......Page 207
Introduction......Page 209
Electromagnetic Relays as Computing Devices......Page 211
Konrad Zuse......Page 213
George Stibitz and Bell Laboratories......Page 216
Howard Aiken and the Harvard Computation Laboratory......Page 222
Conclusion......Page 228
Further Reading......Page 230
Introduction......Page 232
First Digital Applications of Tubes......Page 234
Atanasoff......Page 235
Helmut Schreyer......Page 239
The Colossus......Page 241
The ENIAC......Page 245
Other Electronic Calculators......Page 252
The Aviation Industry Calculators......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 255
Notes......Page 256
Further Reading......Page 257
Epilog......Page 260
Index......Page 266