دانلود کتاب Conception of the Watery World

فهرست مطالب :

Cover page
Halftitle page
Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Illustrations
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Maps
Introduction: Conceptions of the Watery World
Water’s Fundamental Importance to Life as We Know It
Water as an Organizing Principle in the Greco-Roman Mediterranean Basin
Modern Studies
Conceptions of the Watery World
Methodology
Part One Interpreting the Watery Framework: Philosophy, Cosmogony, and Physics
1 Water and the Creation of the World
Introduction
Mesopotamian Origins
Hesiod
From Myth to Reason
The Presocratics
The Milesians
Thales
Anaximenes
The Rejection of Material Monism
Empedocles and the Four-element Theory
Plato and Aristotle
Plato
Aristotle
The Epicurean and Stoic Schools of Philosophy
Epicureanism
Stoicism
Hybrid Interpretations: Microvoids
Plutarch, “Whether Fire or Water Is More Useful”
Conclusion
2 Seas and Lakes
Introduction
Exploring the Atlantic
Pytheas
Roman Initiatives
Greco-Roman Conceptions of “Hydrology”
Ocean
Presocratics
Plato
Aristotle
Circumambient Ocean
The Nature of the Oceans and Seas
Salt
Density
Tides
Sea Depth and Levels
Sea Surfaces
Other Characteristics of Salt Water
Currents
Whirlpools
Reefs
Conclusion
3 The Interplay Between Water and Land: Land, Rivers, and Springs
Introduction
Sea and Land
Rising and Falling Sea Levels
Effects of Siltation
Sources of Terrestrial Waters
Rivers
Ister
Phasis30
Indus
Nile
Underground Rivers
Springs and Fountains
Paradoxical Waters
Floating Islands
Conclusion
Part Two Explaining Watery Phenomena
4 Watery Weather
Introduction
Climate and the Hydrological Cycle
Initiatives and Limitations
Aims of Weather Prognostication in Antiquity
Sources and Ancient Methodologies
Weather and the Stars
Red Skies . . .
“Things High Up”
Clouds
Rainbows
Thunder and Lightning
Precipitation
Dew
Rain
Frost and Snow
Hail
Devastating Weather Events
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Storms and Superstorms
Historical Storms at Sea
Floods
Conclusion
5 Water, Health, and Disease
Introduction
Water-related Diseases
“Typhoid”
Malaria
Epidemics/“Plagues”
Hydrophobia (“Rabies”)
Other Complaints Caused by Water
Illness and Travel on Water
Sailor Diseases
Healing Waters, Bathing, and Hot Springs
Conclusion
Part Three Imagining the Watery World
6 Biological Creatures of the Sea
Introduction
Metamorphosis
Anthropomorphism
Creatures of the Deep
Dolphins
Seals
Giant Sea Creatures
Whales
Sharks
Cephalopods
Conclusion
7 Mythical Creatures of the Sea: Sea Monsters and Sea Gods
Introduction
Imagined Sea Creatures
Capricorn
Hippocamp8
Sea Monsters
Typhoeus
Scylla
Ketoi
Skiron’s Turtle
Hybrid Gods of the Deep
Mermen
Old Men of the Sea
Conclusion
8 Water and the Divine: Unseen and Magical Forces of the Spiritual World
Introduction
Miasma and Ritual Purity
Reading the Will of the Gods: Divination by Weather Signs and Water
Magical Effects of Sea Creatures
Water and Death
Conclusion
9 Sailor Cults and Cults of Sea Gods
Introduction
Gods Who Protect Travelers on Water
Poseidon
Poseidon’s Temple at Sounion
Apollo
Aphrodite, Isis, and Venus
Maritime Ruler Cult: Aphrodite and Arsinoë II
Maritime Ruler Cult: Zeus/Jupiter and the Pharos Lighthouse
The Dioscuri and St. Elmo’s Fire
Gods of Samothrace
Ploiaphesia: Rituals of the Sailing Season
Sailing Rituals and Superstitions
Rituals for Safety at Sea
Maritime Amulets
Piscine Sacrifices
Conclusion
10 Conclusion
Appendix
Notes
Bibliography
Index of Places Cited
Index of Authors and Sources
General Index