دانلود کتاب Conceptual Foundations of Scientific Thought

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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY: AN
INTRODUCTION
Understanding Science
Concepts and Conceptual Frameworks
The Philosophic Disciplines: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic
Are There Philosophical Questions in Science?

PART I: THE GENESIS OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

CHAPTER 2: SCIENCE AS HUMAN ACTIVITY
The Reification of Science
Structure and Function: Approaches to the Study of Science
Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Knowledge
Knowledge and Survival
The Roots of Reason: Habit Formation, Intelligence, and
Adaptive Behavior
Perceptual Structures: The Ordering of Experience
Perception, Abstraction, and Concept Formation
Advantages of Conceptual Abstraction

CHAPTER 3: PRESCIENTIFIC WAYS OF KNOWING
What Science Is Not
Mythopoeic Thought: Anthropomorphic and Animistic
Explanation
Generalizations of Experience: Descriptive Laws
Legislative Rules, Technical Maxims, and Normative Laws

CHAPTER 4: FROM COMMON SENSE TO SCIENCE:
THE REMARKABLE GREEKS AND THE ORIGINS OF
CRITICISM
Common Sense
From Common Sense to the Criticism of Concepts
The Background of Greek Science and Philosophy
The Birth of Rational Speculation and the Origins of Natural
Science
Reason and Form: The Logos
Atomism: Elements and Combinations
Rationalism and Empiricism: The Growth of Athenian
Philosophy and Science
Plato: The World of Forms
Aristotle: Form, Function, and Matter
The Continuity of Greek Science and Contemporary Science

PART II: THE METHODS OF SCIENCE

CHAPTER 5: OBSERVATION
Observation and Empirical Science
The Plain Facts of Observation
The Immediately Given: Sense Data and Knowledge
The Objects of Perception
Observation Statements and the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction
Epistemological Theories and the Criteria for Observation
Observation and Reference
The Shifting Observable: Theoretical Frameworks and
Observation

CHAPTER 6: FORMAL SYSTEMS, MODELS, AND THE
REPRESENTATION OF FACTS
Science, Order, and Inference
Representation, Abstraction, and Order
Mapping the Data: Invariance and Relations of Order
Theories and Models: Formal Systems and Their Interpretations
The Formalization of Arithmetic

CHAPTER 7: MEASUREMENT
The Process of Measurement
Kinds, Comparisons, and Classification
Magnitudes and Quantities
Scales, Ratios, and Calibration
The Uses of Measurement
Precision and Testing
Measurement and Discovery

CHAPTER 8: HYPOTHESIS AND EXPERIMENT
The Meanings of Hypothesis
Testing and Proving: The Frameworks of Experiment
Types of Experiment

CHAPTER 9: INDUCTION AND PROBABILITY
Induction: Habit, Expectation, and Warranted Belief
Inductive Generalization, Inductive Inference, and the
Justification of Induction
The Critique of Induction: Standards of Scientific Inference
Eliminative Inductions; Mill’s Canons and the Logic of
Conditions
Statistical Generalization, Probability, and Degree of Belief
The Mathematics of Chance and the Calculus of Probabilities

CHAPTER 10: SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION: LAWS AND
THEORIES
Learning, Understanding, and Explaining
Laws
How Are Laws Stated?
The Deductive Model of Explanation
Theories
The Epistemological and Ontological Status of Theoretical
Models

PART III: SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN THE
SCIENCES

CHAPTER 11: CAUSALITY
Leibnizian, Humean, and Kantian Approaches to the Principle
of Causality

CHAPTER 12: THE NEWER CONCEPTS OF SPACE, TIME, AND MATTER
Here, Now, There, and Then
Alternative Conceptions of Space and Time
Things, Events, and Processes
Uncertainty, Indeterminacy, and Complementarity

CHAPTER 13: ORGANISMS AND MECHANISMS: REDUCTION AND EXPLANATION IN THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Life and Nonlife: Mechanism, Dualism, and Reductionism
Reduction and Explanation
Organisms and Mechanisms: Structure and Function
The Biological Conception of Life

CHAPTER 14: MIND, SOCIETY, AND HISTORY: SOME FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN THE HUMAN SCIENCES
Why Human Sciences?
Mind, Consciousness, and Behavior: Some Conceptual Issues in
Psychology
Mind and Body: Dualist and Monist Alternatives
Mechanisms and Minds: Can Machines Think?
Society and History

PART IV: CODA

CHAPTER 15: SCIENCE, VALUES, AND THE
HUMANISTIC UNDERSTANDING
Three Questions in Place of One
The Value of Science: “Good” Science, “Bad” Science
Science as Rational Action
Science and the Humanistic Understanding

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A_ All Fall Down: The Development of the
Concept of Motion from Aristotle to Galileo

APPENDIX B_ The Growth of Science: Some Developments
in Greek Science after Plato and Aristotle

APPENDIX C_ Logical Notation

APPENDIX D_ Bibliographical Notes

INDEX