دانلود کتاب Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

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Cover
Half Title
Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Copyright
Preface
Foreword to the First Edition
List of Common Abbreviations
Contents
About the Author
Part I. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Fundamentals
1. Introducing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
1.1 Historical
1.2 The Very Basics of CNTs, Including Nomenclature
1.3 PRIMER on Basic Properties of CNTs
1.4 CNTs, CNTs, and All That Hype
1.5 Problems and Exercises
2. Conduction Models and Electronic Structure of CNTs
2.1 Conduction Modelss
2.2 Problems and Exercises
3. Synthesis, Purification, and Chemical Modification of CNTs
3.1 Brief Enumeration of Methods of Synthesis
3.2 Electric Arc Discharge
3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Variants and Refinements Thereof
3.4 Laser and Plasma Methods
3.5 Other Methods
3.6 Functionalization of CNTs
3.7 Brief Synopsis of Purification Methods
3.8 Common Methods Used to Characterize Synthesized CNTs
3.9 Prices and Production Volumes of CNTs as of This Writing
3.10 Problems and Exercises
4. Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of CNTs
4.1 Caveat on Experimental Versus Theoretical Versus ``Practical´´ Properties
4.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties
4.3 Thermal Properties
4.4 Problems and Exercises
5. Toxicology of CNTs
5.1 Problems and Exercises
Part II. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Applications
6. Brief, General Overview of Applications
6.1 Problems and Exercises
7. CNT Applications in Specialized Materials
7.1 Overview
7.2 Textiles
7.3 Composite Materials
7.4 Problems and Exercises
8. CNT Applications in Batteries and Energy Devices
8.1 Overview
8.2 Batteries, Including Li Batteries
8.3 Capacitors and Supercapacitors
8.4 Fuel Cells
8.5 Solar Cells
8.6 Storage of Hydrogen and Other Gases
8.7 Problems and Exercises
9. CNT Applications in Sensors and Actuators
9.1 Overview
9.2 Actuators and Nanoscale Devices (Including ``Nanomotors´´)
9.3 Chemical Sensing, Including Gas Sensing and Electrochemically Based Sensing
9.4 Fluorescence-Based Sensing and Imaging
9.5 Other Sensors
9.6 Problems and Exercises
10. CNT Applications in Drug and Biomolecule Delivery
10.1 Overview of Use of CNTs for Drug and Other Biomolecule Delivery
10.2 Example Studies
10.3 Problems and Exercises
11. CNT Applications in Microelectronics, ``Nanoelectronics,´´ and ``Nanobioelectronics´´
11.1 Overview
11.2 Microelectronics and ``Nanoelectronics´´ Applications
11.3 Analog Systems
11.4 Prognosis
11.5 Problems and Exercises
12. CNT Applications in Displays and Transparent, Conductive Films/Substrates
12.1 Overview
12.2 Displays and Light Sources
12.3 Conductive Coatings
12.4 Problems and Exercises
13. CNT Applications in Electrical Conductors, ``Quantum Nanowires,´´ and Potential Superconductors
13.1 Overview
13.2 Simple Electrical Conductors
13.3 ``Quantum Nanowires´´
13.4 Superconductivity
13.5 Problems and Exercises
14. CNT Applications in the Environment and in Materials Used in Separation Science
14.1 Overview
14.2 Environmental Applications
14.3 Applications in Separations and Related Fields
14.4 Problems and Exercises
15. Miscellaneous CNT Applications
15.1 Overview
15.2 Catalysis
15.3 Miscellaneous Applications
15.4 Problems and Exercises
Part III. Graphene, Fundamentals
16. Introducing Graphene
16.1 Historical
16.2 Basics of Graphene
16.3 Toxicology of Graphene
16.4 Basic Mechanical Properties of Graphene
16.5 Hype on Graphene vs. CNTs Compared
16.6 Problems and Exercises
17. Electronic Structure and Conduction Models of Graphene
17.1 Electronic Structure and Conduction
17.2 Phonon Conduction and Thermal Conductivity
17.3 Problems and Exercises
18. Synthesis and Chemical Modification of Graphene
18.1 Brief Enumeration of Methods of Synthesis
18.2 Micromechanical Exfoliation or Cleavage (``Scotch Tape Method´´)
18.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
18.4 Reduction Methods
18.5 More Specialized Methods of Synthesis
18.6 Common Methods Used to Characterize Graphene
18.7 Brief Synopsis of Methods for Functionalization of Graphene
18.8 Problems and Exercises
Part IV. Graphene, Applications
19. Brief, General Overview of Applications
19.1 Problems and Exercises
20. Graphene Applications in Sensors
20.1 Gas and Vapor Sensors
20.2 Biosensors and Electrochemically Based Sensors
20.3 Electrochemically Based Sensors
20.4 Electronic, Optoelectronic, Photo-, and Magnetic Sensors
20.5 Other Sensors
20.6 Problems and Exercises
21. Graphene Applications in Batteries and Energy Devices
21.1 Overview
21.2 Batteries, Including Li Batteries
21.3 Fuel Cells
21.4 Capacitors and Supercapacitors
21.5 Photovoltaics and Related Energy Devices
21.6 Hydrogen Storage
21.7 Problems and Exercises
22. Graphene Applications in Electronics, Electrical Conductors, and Related Uses
22.1 Conductivity-Based Applications
22.2 Applications in Electronics
22.3 Problems and Exercises
23. Graphene Applications in Displays and Transparent, Conductive Films/Substrates
23.1 Transparent, Conductive Films and Substrates
23.2 Displays
23.3 Problems and Exercises
24. Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Graphene
24.1 Problems and Exercises
25. Graphene Applications in Specialized Materials
25.1 Composite Materials
25.2 Environmental Applications
25.3 Other Material Applications
25.4 Problems and Exercises
26. Miscellaneous Applications of Graphene
26.1 Problems and Exercises
Part V. Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals
27. Introducing Conducting Polymers (CPs)
27.1 What Are Conducting Polymers (CPs)?
27.1.1 Definitions and Examples
27.1.2 Excluded Materials Classes (Those Not Treated as CPs in this Book)
27.2 Historical
27.3 Basic Characteristics of CPS, Doping, and Structure
27.3.1 Conductivity Classification of Materials
27.3.2 Doping and Dopants
27.3.3 Doping Types
27.3.4 Real and Idealized Structures
27.4 Basics of CP Synthesis
27.4.1 Categories and Classes of Syntheses
27.4.2 Representative Syntheses: Chemical
27.4.3 Representative Syntheses: Electrochemical
27.4.4 Simple Representation of Mechanisms
27.5 Problems and Exercises
28. Conduction Models and Electronic Structure of CPs
28.1 Conventional Semiconductors and CPs
28.1.1 Conventional Semiconductors
28.1.2 CPs as Semiconductors
28.2 Structural Distortions: Polarons, Bipolarons, Solitons, and Excitons
28.3 Band Structure Evolution
28.4 Densities of States and Wave Vector Representations
28.5 Correlation of Optical Spectra to Band Structure
28.6 Theoretical and Practical Aspects
28.6.1 Experimental Measurements Substantiating Conduction Models
28.6.2 Nature of Conduction and Relation with CP Morphology
28.6.3 Temperature, Frequency, and Doping Dependencies
28.6.3.1 Temperature Dependencies
28.6.3.2 Frequency Dependencies
28.6.3.3 Doping Dependencies
28.6.4 Practical Aspects
28.7 Conduction Models
28.7.1 Mott Variable Range Hopping (VRH) Model
28.7.2 Sheng Model
28.7.3 Kivelson and Other Models
28.7.4 Relationship of All Models
28.8 Experimental Correlations
28.8.1 General
28.8.2 Temperature Dependencies
28.8.3 Frequency Dependencies and Microwave Measurements
28.8.4 Thermopower and Hall Effect Measurements
28.8.5 Pressure Dependencies
28.8.6 Stretching, Anisotropy, Crystallinity, and Molecular Weight Effects
28.8.7 Activation Energies and Mobilities
28.8.8 Minor Structural Effects
28.9 Theoretical Studies of CPs
28.10 Preliminary Notes
28.11 One-Dimensional Systems and Peierls Instability
28.12 Overview of Theoretical Methods Used
28.12.1 Historically Important Methods
28.13 Extended Hückel and Related Methods
28.14 The VEH Method
28.15 Ab Initio, Combination Ab Initio/Semiempirical Studies
28.16 Methods Using SSH Hamiltonians
28.17 Methods Considering E-E and E-P Correlations
28.17.1 Density Function Theory (DFT) Methods
28.18 Appendix 28.1: Selected Calculated Band Structures
28.19 Appendix 28.2: Selected Methodology, Calculation Details, and Relevant Equations
28.19.1 Extended Hückel (EH)
28.19.2 LCAO/ETB (Extended Tight Binding)
28.19.3 VEH
28.19.4 Strictly Ab Initio Methods
28.19.5 Representative Combination Ab Initio/Semiempirical Methods
28.19.6 The SSH Hamiltonian
28.19.7 Methods Considering E-E and E-P Correlations
28.20 Problems and Exercises
29. Basic Electrochromics of CPs
29.1 Basics of Electrochromism and Spectroelectrochemistry of CPs
29.1.1 Basics
29.1.2 Spectral Regions
29.1.3 Elementary Electrochemistry of CPs as Basis for Electrochromism
29.1.4 Basic Methodology for Transmission- and Reflectance-Mode Electrochromism
29.2 UV-VIS-NIR and IR Spectroelectrochemical Measurements
29.2.1 Transmission-Mode Spectroelectrochemistry
29.2.2 Reflection-Mode Data
29.2.3 IR-Region Data
29.3 Other Electrochromic Parameters of Interest
29.4 Other Measurements
29.5 Thermochromism and Solvatochromism
29.6 Problems and Exercises
30. Basic Electrochemistry of CPs
30.1 Basics
30.1.1 Introduction
30.1.2 Basic Methodology
30.1.3 Electrolytes and Electrodes
30.2 Basic Voltammetric Parameters and Information of Interest
30.2.1 Cyclic Voltammograms
30.2.2 Electrochemical Windows
30.2.3 Scan Rate Dependencies
30.2.4 Other Parameters from CVs, Peak Broadening
30.2.5 Surface-Active Behavior
30.2.6 Charge Capacities
30.2.7 Dopant and Structural Relationships
30.2.8 Reversibility
30.3 Solvent and pH Effects, Mixed Solvents, and Dopants
30.4 Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
30.5 Relation with Semiconductor Properties
30.6 Other Voltammetric Methods
30.7 CA, CC, and Diffusion Coefficients
30.8 Complex Film Thickness and Dopant Effects
30.9 Modified Electrodes
30.10 Problems and Exercises
31. Syntheses and Processing of CPs
31.1 Electrochemical Polymerization
31.1.1 Mechanisms
31.1.1.1 Generic Electropolymerization Mechanism
31.1.1.2 Factors Favoring Polymerization and No Polymerization
31.1.1.3 Mechanistic Notation and Rate Expressions
31.1.2 Solvents and Electrodes
31.1.3 Potentiostatic, Cyclic, and Galvanostatic Polymerizations and Threshold Concentrations
31.1.4 Dopants
31.1.5 Electrochemical Monitoring of Polymerization
31.2 Chemical Polymerization
31.2.1 Mechanisms and General
31.2.2 Optimization in Solution Polymerizations
31.2.3 Synopsis of Chemical Syntheses
31.2.4 Unique Chemical Polymerization Methods
31.3 Dopants and Alternative Doping Techniques
31.3.1 Common Dopants
31.3.2 Uncommon or Unusual Dopants
31.3.3 Alternative Doping Techniques
31.4 ``Composites´´
31.5 Template-Based Polymerizations
31.6 Nanoscale Polymerizations
31.7 True Copolymerizations
31.8 In Situ Polymerization
31.9 CP Blends
31.9.1 Blending in Solution
31.9.2 Melt Blending
31.10 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
31.11 Fabrication OF CP-Based Fibers
31.12 Bulk and Commercial Production
31.13 Solubility and Processing of CPs
31.13.1 Truly Soluble and Processible CPs
31.13.2 Most Common Processing Methods
31.13.3 Solutions in Unusual or Difficult Solvents
31.13.4 Use of Solubilizing Agents
31.13.5 Soluble ``Self-Doped´´ CP Systems
31.13.6 Soluble Poly(thiophenes)
31.13.7 Soluble Poly(Diacetylenes)
31.13.8 Use of Innovative Substituents for Achieving Greater Solubility of CPs
31.13.9 Melt and Heat Processing of CPs
31.13.10 Processing Using Colloidal Solutions
31.13.11 Processing Using Soluble Precursors
31.13.12 Preparation and Processing as Fibers
31.13.13 Preparation and Processing as Oriented Films
31.13.14 Processing Using Langmuir-Blodgett Films
31.13.15 Processing Using Direct Vapor Deposition
31.13.16 Nanoscale Processing Using Other Innovative Methods
31.14 Problems and Exercises
32. Structural Aspects and Morphology of CPs
32.1 General Considerations in Morphology
32.1.1 Idealized and Real Structures, Chain Defects, and Order
32.1.2 Polymerization Conditions
32.1.3 Rotational Barriers
32.1.4 Molecular Weight (MWt)
32.1.5 Fibrillar and Globular Morphology
32.1.6 Doping Effects
32.1.7 Effects of Fundamental Structure and Substituents
32.2 Mechanical Properties
32.2.1 Crystallinity
32.2.2 True Single-Crystal Character
32.3 Problems and Exercises
33 .Characterization Methods
33.1 Introduction: Outline of Skeletal Characterization
33.2 Conductivity and Related Measurements
33.2.1 Ex Situ DC Conductivity of Powders, Films, and Fibers
33.2.2 In Situ DC Conductivity
33.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and AC Conductivity
33.2.4 Thermopower Measurements
33.3 Infrared Measurements
33.4 Molecular Weight
33.4.1 Indirect Methods
33.4.2 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
33.4.3 Viscosity
33.4.4 Light Scattering
33.5 Raman Spectroscopy
33.6 Thermal and Environmental Stability Measurements
33.6.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
33.6.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
33.6.3 Other Thermal and Environmental Stability Test Methods
33.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
33.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods
33.9 ESR (EPR)
33.9.1 Basics of ESR (EPR) of CPs
33.9.2 P(Py) and Poly(Thiophenes)
33.9.3 Poly(Acetylene)
33.9.4 P(ANi)s
33.9.5 Photoinduced ESR
33.9.6 Other CPs
33.10 ENDOR
33.11 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
33.12 Microwave Properties
33.12.1 Interest in CPs, Properties Covered, Frequencies
33.12.2 Parameters of Interest and Cavity Perturbation Measurements
33.12.3 Network Analyzer Based Methods
33.12.4 Transmission and Reflection Measurements
33.12.5 EMI Shielding Effectiveness (EMI-SE) Measurements
33.12.6 Radar Cross Section (RCS)
33.12.7 Salient Results
33.13 Photo-/Electroluminescence, Photoinduced Properties
33.13.1 Methods
33.13.2 Salient Results
33.14 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Properties
33.14.1 The NLO Effect and Practical Requirements
33.14.2 Methodology
33.14.3 Salient Results: Third-Order NLO Effects
33.14.4 Salient Results: Second-Order NLO Effects
33.14.5 Salient Results: Decay Times of Excited States
33.15 Magnetic Susceptibility
33.16 Miscellaneous Methods
33.17 Microscopic Evaluation
33.18 Problems and Exercises
Appendix 1: One Illustrative Network-Analyzer Based Calculation of Microwave Parameters
34. Classes of CPs: Part 1
34.1 Note on Chapter Focus
34.2 Poly(acetylenes) (P(Ac)s)
34.2.1 Simple Syntheses and Basic Properties
34.2.2 Doping of P(Ac)
34.2.3 Orientation of P(Ac)
34.2.4 Special Syntheses
34.2.5 Substituted P(Ac)s
34.3 Poly(diacetylenes) (P(DiAc)s)
34.4 Poly(pyrroles) (P(Py)s)
34.4.1 Chemical Polymerizations
34.4.2 Electrochemical Syntheses
34.4.3 Substituted P(Py)s
34.5 Poly(anilines) (P(ANi)s)
34.5.1 Structure and Nomenclature
34.5.2 Representative Chemical Syntheses
34.5.3 Electrochemical Synthesis
34.6 P(ANi) Derivatives
34.7 Other Poly(aromatic Amines)
34.8 Problems and Exercises
35. Classes of CPs: Part 2
35.1 Brief Note on Chapter Focus
35.2 Poly(thiophenes) (P(T)s)
35.2.1 Chemical Syntheses
35.2.2 Electrochemical Syntheses
35.2.3 Properties
35.3 Poly(alkylene Dioxythiophenes), Including Substituted Dioxythiophenes, the ``PEDOTS´´ and ``ProDOTS´´
35.4 Other Derivatives of Poly(thiophenes)
35.4.1 P(ITN) and Poly(naphtho[c]thiophene)
35.4.2 Poly(thienylene vinylenes) P(TV)s
35.4.3 Other Poly(thiophene) (P(T)) Derivatives
35.5 Poly(p-phenylene)s (P(PP)s) and Derivatives
35.5.1 Poly(p-phenylene) P(PP)
35.5.2 Poly(phenylene vinylene) (P(PV))
35.5.3 Poly(phenylene sulfide) (P(PS)), Poly(phenylene oxide) (P(PO)), and Related Poly(phenylene chalcogenide)s
35.6 Poly(azulenes)
35.7 Ladder Polymers: BBL, BBB, PBT, and PBO
35.8 Poly(quinolines) and Derivatives
35.9 Other Polymers
35.10 Problems and Exercises
Part VI. Conducting Polymers, Applications
36. Sensors
36.1 Modes of Sensing with CPs
36.2 Conductometric-Mode Sensors
36.3 Potentiometric Sensing
36.4 Amperometric Sensing
36.5 Conductometric/Amperometric Sensing with Microsensors
36.6 Voltammetric Sensing
36.7 Gravimetric-Mode Sensing
36.8 Optical-Mode Sensing
36.9 Other Sensing Modes
36.10 Problems and Exercises
37. Batteries and Energy Devices
37.1 Types of Batteries Incorporating CPs
37.1.1 Summary of Battery Applications
37.1.2 Advantages of CPs in Batteries
37.1.3 Battery Parameters and Performance
37.2 Li Secondary (Rechargeable) Batteries
37.2.1 Principles
37.2.2 Li/CP Batteries
37.2.3 Problems Associated with Li/CP Batteries
37.3 Li Batteries Using Poly(Acetylene) (P(Ac))
37.4 Li Batteries Using Poly(Pyrrole) (P(Py)), Poly(Aniline) (P(ANi)), and Poly(Thiophenes)
37.5 Li Batteries Using Other CPs
37.6 Non-Li Batteries
37.7 Market Implementation of CP-Based Batteries
37.8 Supercapacitors
37.9 Solar Cells/Photovoltaics
37.10 Other Energy Devices
37.11 Problems and Exercises
38. Electrochromics
38.1 Introduction and Device Types
38.2 Visible-Region Devices
38.2.1 Structure
38.2.2 Function of Devices: Laboratory vs. Actual Devices
38.2.3 Examples of Functional Devices
38.3 IR-Region Devices
38.4 Other Spectral Regions
38.5 Problems and Exercises
39. Displays, Including Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Conductive Films
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Principles of CP-Based LEDs
39.3 Varieties of CPs Used
39.4 Exemplary Device Assembly
39.5 Addressing Problems and Tailoring Performance
39.6 Tailoring of Color
39.7 AC-Driven LEDs
39.8 LEDs Emitting Polarized Light
39.9 Submicron and Other Specialty Applications
39.10 Device and Commercial Applications
39.11 ``LECs´´ and Other Device Types
39.12 Conductive Films
39.13 Problems and Exercises
40. Microwave- and Conductivity-Based Technologies
40.1 Introduction, Applications Covered, and Frequencies
40.2 Electromagnetic Impulse (Emi) Shielding
40.3 Electrostatic Discharge and Antistatic
40.4 Microwave Absorption and Radar Cross-Section (Rcs) Reduction
40.5 Comprehensive Properties´ Studies
40.6 Conductive Textiles
40.7 Microwave Smoke
40.8 Microwave Welding
40.9 Problems and Exercises
41. Electro-Optic and Optical Devices
41.1 Device Types and Motivations for Development
41.2 Waveguides
41.3 Other Second-Order NLO Applications
41.4 Semiconductor/CP (SC/CP) Interfaces
41.5 CP-Based Lasers
41.6 Other Optical Devices
41.7 Practical Implementation
41.8 Problems and Exercises
42. Electrochemomechanical, Chemomechanical, and Related Devices
42.1 Introduction, History, and Principles
42.2 Artificial Muscles
42.3 Other Electrochemomechanical Actuation
42.4 Chemomechanical Actuators and Sensors
42.5 Problems and Exercises
43. Miscellaneous Applications
43.1 Corrosion Protection Applications
43.1.1 Principles of Anti-corrosion Methods
43.1.2 Driving Forces Behind Development
43.1.3 Principles of CP-Based Anti-corrosion Coatings
43.1.4 Brief Historical Development
43.1.5 Advantages of CP Coatings
43.1.6 Most-Studied Candidates and Coating Methodology
43.1.7 Testing Methodology
43.1.8 Results with P(ANi)-Based Coatings
43.1.9 Other Poly(Aromatic Amines)
43.1.10 Other CPs
43.1.11 Anti-corrosion Coatings Based on CPs:Looking Ahead
43.2 Biomedical Applications, Including Drug Delivery
43.3 Miscellaneous Applications
43.4 Problems and Exercises
Literature Cited
Index