دانلود کتاب Contested Heritage: Relations between contemporary Pagan groups and the archaeological and heritage professions in Britain in the early 21st century

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Of Related Interest
Contents
List of figures
List of Abbreviations
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Foreword
1.2. Defining Terms
Subcultures and Counter-Cultures
1.2.1. Contemporary Pagans
Unifying Characteristics in Contemporary Paganism:-
Branches or Traditions of Contemporary Paganism
Misconceptions Regarding Pagans
Oppression and Discrimination
Pagan Ethics
Origins of Contemporary Paganism
Pagan Community Leaders
1.2.2. Defining Heritage Professionals
Defining the Heritage Sector
Origins of Heritage Attractions
Heritage Aims and Ethics
Who Shapes Policy in the Heritage Sector?
1.2.3. Defining Archaeologists
Types of Archaeologist
Archaeological Ethics and Codes of Practice
Contesting Archaeology
1.2.4. Pagan Archaeologists and Heritage Professionals
1.3. Situating the Researcher
1.4. The Structure of the Book
2. Research Design and Implementation
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Planning
2.3. Choosing a Methodology
2.3.1. Aims and Objectives
2.3.2. Situation
2.3.3. Methodological Courses
2.3.4. Factors Affecting Choice of Methodology
2.3.5. The Methodological Plan
2.4. Ethical Standards and Considerations
2.4.1. Ethical Sources
2.4.2. Ethical Concerns with the Research
2.4.3. Ethical Research Implementation
2.5. Reflexivity
2.6. Research Method Selection
2.6.1. Research Method Courses
2.6.2. Research Method Factors
2.6.3. Research plan
2.6.4. Execution – Data Collection
2.6.5. Execution – Data Analysis and Interpretation
2.6.6. Execution – Dissemination of Results
2.7. Lessons from the Field
2.7.1. Hostility and Hospitality at Stonehenge
2.7.2. Complaint at Nevern
2.7.3. Museum Refusal
2.8. Trust
2.8.1. Challenging Ideas
2.9. Insiders, Outsiders and ‘Going Native’
2.10. Conclusions
3. Sites – Access
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Defining Access
3.1.2. Which Sites Have Been Contested for Access?
3.1.3. What Were Contested Sites in the Past?
3.1.4. How Did They Become Significant to Contemporary Pagans?
3.2. Differing Aims and Requirements
3.2.1. Pagan Expectations
3.2.2. Archaeologists’ Agendas
3.2.3. Policies and Agendas of Heritage Organisations
3.3. Case Study 1: Stonehenge and the Free Festival
3.3.1. Stonehenge on the Ground
3.3.2. Stonehenge Explanations
3.3.3. The Protection and Management of Stonehenge
3.3.4. Stonehenge as a Sacred Site
3.3.5. Stonehenge as a Contested Site
Early Contestation (Before 1970)
The Stonehenge Free Festival
How Pagan was the Festival?
Problems with the Festival
Suppression of the Festival and Exclusion at the Solstice
Reaction and Justification
The Stonehenge Exclusion Zone and its Challengers
Modes of contestation
A Solution: Managed Open Access
Other Issues at Stonehenge
Consequences of Stonehenge
3.4. Case Study 2: Avebury
3.4.1. The Significance of Avebury
3.4.2. Protecting and Managing Avebury
3.4.3. Pagan Use of the Site
3.4.4. Contesting the Site
Locals Versus Visitors
Pagans Versus Pagans
The Role of Heritage Managers in Contesting Avebury
3.4.5. Avebury Solutions
3.5. Theorising Contestation of Access
3.5.1. Why Demand Access
Spiritual Reasons
Political Reasons
3.5.2. Why Oppose Access?
3.5.3. Why Are Other Sites Not Contested In This Way?
3.5.4. Assessing the Claims
3.5.5. Options for the Future
3.6. Conclusions
4. Sites – Preservation and Protection
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Defining Protection and Preservation
4.1.2. State Protection and Preservation of Ancient Sites in the UK
4.2. Protection from Development
4.2.1. Case Study 1: Nine Ladies Stone Circle
Threats to Nine Ladies
Protection Campaign
Outcome
4.2.2 Case Study 2: Thornborough Henges
Threats to Thornborough
Campaign to Protect Thornborough
The Outcome of the Protests
4.2.3 Case Study 3: Crossbones Graveyard
Campaign to Preserve Crossbones
Understanding Contestation at Crossbones
4.2.4 Understanding Pagan Protection of Sites from Development
4.3 Protecting Sites from Archaeological Excavation
4.3.1 Case Study 4: Seahenge or Holme-next-the-Sea Timber Circle
Initial Analysis
Preservation In-Situ or Excavation and Removal?
Community Involvement
Protest
Detailed Analysis, Storage and Preservation
Display at King’s Lynn
The Legacy of Seahenge
4.3.2. Case Study 5: Nevern Castle
Excavation
Brithdir Mawr and Tir Ysprydol
Protest at Nevern
Engaging with the Protests
Theorising Nevern
4.4. Theorising Preservation and Protection
4.5 Options for the Future
5. Sites – Representation and Ownership
5.1. Introduction
5.1.1. Ownership, Stakeholdership and Representation
5.1.2. Defining Earth Mysteries
5.1.3. Earth Mysteries in Contemporary Paganism
5.1.4. Community
5.1.5. Public Archaeology and Heritage
Paying for heritage
5.1.6. Public Driven Archaeology and Heritage
5.1.7. Outreach in Archaeology and Heritage
5.2. Case Studies
5.2.1. Case Study 1: Glastonbury
Landscape and Character
Cultural History
Archaeology
Glastonbury Earth Mysteries
Christian Glastonbury
Pagan Glastonbury
Contested Glastonbury
Archaeologists and Earth Mysteries
5.2.2. Case Study 2: The Rollright Stones
Archaeology of the Rollright Stones
Folklore of the Rollright Stones
Ownership
Pagan Activity at the Rollright Stones
Vandalism at the Rollright Stones
5.2.3 Case Study 3: Interpreting Stonehenge
5.3. Contesting Interpretations and Ownership
5.4. Theorising Contestation of Ownership and Interpretation
5.4.1. Why demand Ownership/Stakeholdership
Spiritual Reasons
Political Reasons
5.4.2. Theorising Community Involvement and Stakeholdership
5.4.3. Suggested Solutions
5.5. Conclusions
6. Archaeologists, Museum professionals and
Human Remains
6.1. Introduction
6.2. The Importance of Human Remains in Archaeology and Heritage
6.2.1. What Human Remains Reveal About the Past
6.2.2. Displaying Human Remains
6.2.3. Why Are Remains Not on Display Retained in Storage?
6.3. How Are Remains Treated?
6.3.1. Law, Ethical Guidelines and Organisation Policies
Legal Requirements
Ethical Guidelines and Professional Codes of Conduct
Organisational Policies on Human Remains
Implications of Laws, Codes and Policies
6.3.2. How Human Remains Are Treated in Practice
Excavating Human Remains
Analysis of Human Remains
Storage
Display
De-accessioning, Disposal and Reburial
6.4. Conclusion
7. Contemporary Pagans and Ancestors
7.1. Introduction
7.2. British Pagans and the Concept of Ancestors
7.2.1. Who Are the Ancestors?
7.2.2. Origins of Ancestor Veneration in Contemporary Paganism
7.2.3. Why Are They the Ancestors?
7.2.4. Implications of Pagan Ancestor ‘Worship’
7.3. Contestation Overseas
7.3.1. Australian Aboriginal Contestation
Truganini and William Lanne
Legal Changes
7.3.2. American Indians and NAGPRA
Kennewick Man
7.3.3. Critiques of Repatriation and Reburial Claims for Remains from Abroad
Identity Based Reasons
Spiritual Reasons
Political Reasons
7.4. Contesting Human Remains in the UK
7.4.1. Origins of Contestation in the UK
7.5. Case Studies
7.5.1. Case Study 1: Charlie at Avebury
7.5.2. Case Study 2: Stonehenge Human Remains
7.5.3. Case Study 3: The Red Lady of Paviland
7.5.4 Case Study 4: Lindow Man
7.6. Modes of Contestation by Pagans
7.6.1. CoBDO West
7.6.2. HAD
7.6.3. LAW, Stonehenge Druids and CoBDO
7.6.4. Dead to Rights
7.6.5. Pagans for Archaeology
7.7. Reasons and Arguments For and Against Reburial
7.7.1. Spiritual Arguments
Affecting a Dualist Afterlife
Disturbing the Monist Soul
Sacred Sites and the Dead
Pagan Values and Aspirations
Spiritual Authority
7.7.2. Identity Based Reasons
7.7.3. Ethical
Equality with Other Religions
Respect and Honour, Dignity and Decency
Ownership
Exclusive and Inclusive Rights
7.8. Non-Reburial Challenges
7.8.1. Objectification Versus Personhood
7.8.2. Case Studies
Case Study 1: Dublin Museum
Case Study 2: Bristol Museum
7.8.3. Access to remains for ritual
7.8.4. Respectful Storage
7.9. Conclusions
8. Understanding and Addressing Contestion
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Explaining Contestation
8.2.1. Pagan Assumptions, Attitudes and Agendas
Underlying Motivations for Pagan Contestation of Remains
Archaeological Complicity in Suppression
Asserting Equal Rights
Anti-Intellectualism and Conflicting Worldviews
Control of Identity
A Pagan Absolutism?
8.2.2. Archaeological and Heritage Assumptions, Attitudes and Agendas
Underlying Attitudes of Archaeologists and Heritage Professionals
Low Value Attribution to Contemporary Paganism
Archaeological and Heritage Agendas
8.2.3. Common Ground
Preservation and Stewardship
Increasing Understanding and Valuing the Past
8.2.4. Consequences of Assumptions, Attitudes and Agendas
Complicating Factors
Different Epistemologies
Divergent Aims, Divergent Priorities
8.3. Addressing Contestation
8.3.1. Ignoring Campaigners
8.3.2. Challenging Assumptions and Respecting Identity
8.3.3. Addressing Contestation of Sites
Stakeholdership
Polyvocality in Archaeological interpretations
8.3.4. Addressing Contestation of Human Remains
What Archaeologists and Museum Professionals Can Do
What Pagans Can Do
8.3.5. Finding a Balance
8.3.6. Negotiation, Truth and Reconciliation
8.3.7. Opposition to Contestation Within the Pagan Community
Divergent Druidries
Addressing Religious Extremism
8.3.8. Continuous Negotiation
8.4. Conclusions
8.5. Final Words
Bibliography
Personal Communications
Back Cover