دانلود کتاب Convective motions in a free atmosphere

فهرست مطالب :

PREFACE . vii
INTRODUCTION . 1

Chapter I. A METHOD FOR STUDYING CONVECTIVE MOTIONS IN
A FREE ATMOSPHERE. .
1. The physical foundations of the method.
2. Airplane thermometric equipment 12
3. Measurement errors 22
4. Verification of the method . 25
5. The technique of the flight and the primary processing
of the measurements 30
6. Measurements in clouds 32
7. A method for studying descending currents around
developing cumulus clouds 38

Chapter II. STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE MEASUREMENT
RESULTS . 45
1. Formulation of the problem . . 45
2 Distribution of convective currents according to their real
dimensions and concentrations of convective currents . 46
3. The relative area and relative volume of ascending
currents . . . 50
4. Case of wind varying with height 53
5. Distribution of convective currents according to their dimen-
sions and temperatures at their centers 54
6. Generalization of the solutions to the case of n
independent variables . 57
7. Average temperatures at the centers of convective
currents . 58
8. Equilibrium cases 60
9. The method and accuracy of the calculations 61

Chapter III. CONVECTIVE MOTIONS IN A FREE ATMOSPHERE 67
1. Atmospheric conditions during the measurements 67
2. Temperature profile of convective currents . 70
3. Preparation of the experimental data for calculations 71
4. General regularities of convective motions 73
5. Vertical variation of the convection parameters. 80
6. The daily variation of convective motions 92
7. The dependence of convection parameters on the degree of
atmospheric instability . 102
8. Dependence of the convection parameters on the nature of
the underlying surface 108
9, The clearing-up mechanism of instability in a free
atmosphere . 121
10. Temperature and velocity of ascending currents. 126
11, A hydrodynamical model of convective motions in an
unstable atmospheric layer. 129
12. The form of ascending currents in the atmosphere 133

Chapter IV. CONVECTIVE MOTIONS IN CUMULUS CLOUDS 136
1. Conditions of measurements and character of flights 136
2. The temperature profile of convective currents in clouds 140
3. General regularities of convective motions in thick
cumulus clouds . 141
4. Vertical variation of the convection parameters in clouds . 145
3. Dimensions, temperature and velocity of ascending
currents in thick cumulus clouds 153
6. Descending currents caused by developing cumulus clouds . 155
7. The relation between convective motions in the atmosphere
and the formation and development of cumulus clouds . 161

APPENDIX . . 172
A. The humidity of ascending convective currents . 172
B. Nonuniformities in the atmospheric refractive index in the
range of radiofrequencies due to convective motions 174

TABLES . 179
BIBLIOGRAPHY 182