دانلود کتاب COVID-19 and Sleep: A Global Outlook

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Foreword Preface References Acknowledgements About This Volume Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: The Effect of Sleep Disruption and Circadian Misalignment on the Immune System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Immune Regulation by Sleep 1.3 Sleep Disruption and Immune Consequences 1.4 Circadian Clock Regulation of the Immune System 1.5 Immune Responses Under Circadian Misalignment 1.6 Conclusion and Perspectives References Chapter 2: Changes in the Sleep and Circadian Pattern of Sleep During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pandemic Effects on Sleep Quality and Sleep Problems 2.2.1 Insomnia Symptoms During the Pandemic 2.2.2 Dreams and Nightmares During the Pandemic 2.2.3 Sleep Quality During the Pandemic 2.2.4 Parasomnias During the Pandemic 2.2.5 Sleep Apnea Symptoms During the Pandemic 2.2.6 Fatigue and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness During the Pandemic 2.3 Pandemic Effects on Sleep-Wake Behavior and Sleep Duration in General Population 2.3.1 Sleep Duration During the Pandemic 2.3.2 Sleep Schedules During the Pandemic 2.4 Pandemic Effects on Sleep and Mental Well-Being Among Different Circadian Types 2.4.1 Sleep-Wake Behavior During the Pandemic by Circadian Type 2.4.2 Sleep Quality and Sleep Problems During the Pandemic by Circadian Type 2.4.3 Mental Well-Being During the Pandemic by Circadian Type 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Anxiety and Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Impact on Sleep 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Overview of Anxiety 3.3 Relationship Between Sleep Disorders and Anxiety 3.4 Prior to the Pandemic 3.5 During the Pandemic 3.6 Management of Anxiety 3.7 Overview of Depression 3.8 Relationship Between Sleep Disorders and Depression 3.9 Prior to the Pandemic 3.10 During the Pandemic 3.11 Management of Depression 3.12 Non-pharmacological Interventions 3.13 Pharmacological Interventions 3.14 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Sleep Problems During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Children and Adolescents 4.1 Importance of Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in the Maintenance of Well-Being and Its Effect on Cognition 4.2 Sleep Architecture and Development in the Pediatric Population 4.3 Common Sleep Issues in Children and Adolescents During the Pre-pandemic Era 4.3.1 Typically Developing Children and Adolescents 4.3.2 Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) 4.4 The Spectrum of Sleep Problems in Children and Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.4.1 Typically Developing Younger Children (Toddlers, Preschoolers) 4.4.1.1 Sleep-Wake Schedule, Sleep Quality, and Duration 4.4.2 Healthy School-Goers and Adolescents 4.4.2.1 Sleep-Wake Schedule 4.4.2.2 Sleep Duration and Quality 4.4.2.3 Insomnia 4.4.3 Children and Adolescents with Neurodevelopmental Disorders 4.4.3.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 4.4.3.2 Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 4.4.3.3 Cerebral Palsy (CP) 4.4.4 Metrics for Sleep Evaluation in Children and Adolescents 4.5 Prevalence of Primary Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.6 Impact of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Long-COVID on Sleep in Children and Adolescents 4.7 Epidemiological Characteristics of Sleep Difficulties in Children and Adolescents 4.8 Risk Factors and Predictors for Sleep Issues Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Psychopathological Basis in Children and... 4.8.1 Environmental Factors 4.8.2 Parent Factors 4.8.3 Child Factors and Psychopathological Basis of Sleep Issues 4.9 Diagnostic Approach and Recommendations for Pediatric Sleep Issues During the COVID-19 Pandemic 4.10 Role of Telehealth in Sleep Medicine Practice 4.11 Consequences of Altered Sleep Patterns Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Neurodevelopmental Trajectory 4.12 Transition to the Post-pandemic Era References Chapter 5: Sleep Disturbances Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Epidemiology 5.2.1 Prevalence During the COVID-19 Pandemic 5.2.2 Prevalence After the COVID-19 Pandemic 5.2.3 Prevalence by Population 5.2.4 Prevalence by Country 5.2.5 Prevalence by Mental Health Condition 5.2.6 Prevalence by Outcome Measure Used 5.2.7 Prevalence by HCW Characteristics 5.3 Etiology (Risk Factors) 5.3.1 Importance of Risk Factors 5.3.2 General Risk Factors for Sleep Disturbance 5.3.3 Risk Factors Identified During COVID-19 5.3.4 Strength of Risk Factors 5.3.5 Personal (Sociodemographic) Factors 5.3.6 Societal (Social) Factors 5.3.7 Organizational (Occupational) Factors 5.4 Etiology (Mechanisms Involved) 5.4.1 Why Sleep Disturbance Occurs 5.4.2 High Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection 5.4.3 Changes in Sleep-Related Factors 5.4.4 Comorbid Psychological Distress 5.5 Impact of Sleep Dysfunction 5.5.1 The Personal Impact of Sleeplessness 5.5.2 Socioeconomic Impact of Sleeplessness 5.5.3 Organizational Impact of Sleeplessness 5.6 Management 5.6.1 Preventing the Development of Sleep Problems 5.6.2 Managing the Development of Sleep Problems 5.6.3 Managing the Development of Psychological Distress 5.6.4 Sleep in a Post-COVID World References Chapter 6: Sleep Disturbances Among Patients with COVID-19 Infection 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.3 Insomnias 6.4 Sleep Duration 6.5 Sleep Quality 6.6 Other Sleep Disorders in COVID-19 6.6.1 Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) 6.6.2 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) 6.6.3 Somnolence 6.7 Narcolepsy 6.8 Management Considerations References Chapter 7: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Disturbances During the Lockdown Periods 7.1 Lockdown and Sleep: The Perfect Storm 7.2 Sleep Disturbances During the Lockdown 7.3 The Sleep Duration Paradox 7.4 Changes in Sleep Schedule and Social Jet lag 7.5 The Chronotype Matter 7.6 The Impact of Working/Schooling Adjustments 7.7 The Role of Daylight Exposure 7.8 The Screen Time Effect References Chapter 8: Impact of COVID-19 Mobility Restrictions on Sleep and Well-Being 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mobility Restrictions Resulted in Later and Longer Sleep in Adults 8.2.1 Evidence from Surveys 8.2.2 Evidence from Consumer Sleep Technology 8.3 Mobility Restrictions Were Often Associated with Poorer Quality Sleep 8.4 Pandemic Effects on Sleep in Older Adults 8.5 Pandemic Effects on the Sleep of Children and Adolescents 8.6 Sleep-Related Characteristics 8.6.1 Preexisting Insomnia 8.6.2 Chronotype 8.7 Lessons for Post-pandemic Sleep Health 8.7.1 Hybrid Work 8.7.2 School Arrangements 8.7.3 Setting Time Cues 8.8 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Sleep Disturbances and COVID-19 Vaccines 9.1 Sleep and the Immune System 9.2 Sleep and Vaccination 9.3 COVID-19 Pandemic and Sleep References Chapter 10: Structural Inequity and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic 10.1 Overview of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep Health Before the COVID-19 Pandemic 10.1.1 Documented Early Life Sleep Disparities Before the COVID-19 Pandemic 10.2 Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Sleep During the COVID-19 Pandemic 10.3 Sleep Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Socioecological Perspective 10.3.1 Individual Level 10.3.1.1 Sex/Gender and Sexual Orientation 10.3.1.2 Socioeconomic Status (SES) 10.3.1.3 Health Conditions 10.3.2 Household Structure and Family 10.3.2.1 Caregivers 10.3.3 Community 10.3.4 Society 10.3.4.1 Racism and COVID-19-Related Discrimination 10.3.4.2 Labor and Employment Healthcare Workers 10.3.4.3 Neighborhood Built Environment 10.3.4.4 Education Access and Quality 10.4 Gaps in the Literature on Sleep Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic 10.5 Future Research Directions 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11: The Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Coping Strategies on Sleep Disturbances During the COVID-19 Pandemic 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Epidemiological Data on Sleep and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic 11.3 Circadian Rhythms Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic 11.4 Parasomnias 11.5 Insomnia, Anxiety, and Depression in Health Staff 11.6 Long COVID-19 and Sleep 11.7 Sleep-Disordered Breathing 11.8 Movement Disorders Related to Sleep 11.9 Insomnia 11.10 Stress: General Considerations 11.11 Stress and Repercussions on Health 11.12 Stress Coping Strategies 11.13 Psychological Treatment of Sleep Disorders 11.14 Sleep Disorders and Coping Strategies During the Pandemic 11.15 Discussion 11.16 Research Agenda 11.17 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Sleep and Circadian Rhythm in Post-COVID-19 Patients 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders 12.3 Post COVID-19 Condition 12.4 Post-COVID-19 condition and Sleep-Circadian Rhythm Disorders 12.4.1 Epidemiology 12.4.2 Risk Factors for the Development of Sleep-Wake Cycle Disorder 12.4.3 Comorbid Conditions 12.4.4 The Pattern of Sleep Cycle Disturbance in the Post-COVID State 12.4.5 Pathophysiology of Post-COVID-19 Circadian Rhythms Disturbances 12.4.6 The Primary Mechanism of Circadian Sleep Disturbances in Post-COVID Conditions 12.4.7 Possible Health Consequences of the Post-COVID Sleep Cycle Disturbances 12.4.8 Diagnosis of Circadian Rhythms in Post-COVID Patients 12.4.9 Investigations to Diagnose Circadian Rhythm Disorders 12.4.10 Countermeasures Against the Development of Rhythm Disturbances 12.5 Chronobiology 12.5.1 Melatonin 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: COVID-19 and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection 13.3 Inflammation in OSA and COVID-19 13.4 OSA as a Risk Factor for Poor Outcomes in COVID-19 13.5 Does Treating OSA Reduce the Risk of Severe COVID-19? 13.6 Cardiovascular Interactions Between COVID-19 and OSA 13.7 Access to OSA Services and CPAP Usage During the Pandemic 13.8 Impact of COVID-19 on Established OSA Therapy 13.9 OSA and Post-COVID Complications 13.10 OSA and Vaccine Response 13.11 Conclusion References Chapter 14: The Correlation Between COVID-19 Infection and Restless Legs Syndrome 14.1 Introduction 14.2 RLS and COVID-19 References Chapter 15: What Happened to Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence During the COVID-19 Pandemic? 15.1 Pitfalls in the Management of Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence During the COVID-19 Pandemic 15.2 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Narcolepsy: Challenges or Opportunity? 15.2.1 A Focus on the Self-Reported Sleep Schedule, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, and Medication Intake 15.2.2 A Focus on Objective Sleep Parameters 15.3 Idiopathic Hypersomnia and the COVID-19 Pandemic 15.4 Overall Conclusion 15.5 Perspective on Telemedicine During (and After) COVID-19 References Chapter 16: Sleep, Physical Activity, and Dietary Patterns During COVID-19 Pandemic 16.1 Sleep 16.2 Physical Activity 16.3 Dietary Pattern 16.4 Interaction Between Sleep, Physical Activity, and Dietary Pattern References Chapter 17: Impact of Screen Time During the Pandemic of COVID-19 on Sleep Habits 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Increasing Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic 17.3 Impact of Increased Screen Time on Overall Health 17.4 Impact of Increased Screen Time on Sleep Parameters 17.4.1 Children and Adolescents 17.4.2 Adults 17.4.2.1 Relationship Between Sleep Latency and Screen Time 17.4.2.2 Relationship Between Delayed Bedtime and Screen Time 17.4.2.3 Relationship Between Sleep Duration and Screen Time 17.4.2.4 Relationship Between Wake Time and Screen Time 17.4.2.5 Relationship Between Sleep Quality and Screen Time 17.5 Practical Recommendations 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18: Dreams and Nightmares During the COVID-19 Pandemic 18.1 Method 18.1.1 Participants 18.1.2 Materials 18.2 Study 1: A Qualitative Close Read for Content Categories 18.2.1 Procedure 18.2.1.1 Results 18.3 Study 2: Computer Text Analysis Comparison with Pre-pandemic Dreams 18.3.1 Procedure 18.3.2 Results 18.4 Study 3: Comparison of COVID-19 Pandemic Dreams with Tweets About the COVID-19 Pandemic 18.4.1 Procedure 18.4.2 Results 18.5 Discussion References Chapter 19: The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep Medicine Services 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Alterations in Healthcare Resources in Sleep Medicine 19.3 Clinic Services 19.4 Sleep Laboratory Services 19.5 Positive Airway Pressure 19.6 Durable Medical Equipment (DME) Companies 19.7 Disparity, Sleep Medicine, and Overall Impact of the Pandemic 19.8 Summary and Future Directions References Chapter 20: Protocols for Sleep Medicine Services During COVID-19 and Pandemics 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Center Preparedness 20.2.1 Staff Training, Logistics, and Infection Control 20.2.1.1 Staff Training, Mitigation, and Welfare 20.2.1.2 Logistics: Supply, Monitoring, and Optimal Use 20.2.1.3 Infection Control: From Equipment Handling to Screening 20.2.1.4 Sleep Center Screening and Hygiene Protocols 20.3 Epidemiological Inputs and Sleep Medicine Inpatient Services 20.3.1 Home Sleep Apnea Testing 20.3.2 Outpatient Consultation and Follow-Up Services 20.4 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Management of Hospital and Home Positive Airway Pressure Machines During Pandemics 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Aerosols 21.2.1 At Home 21.2.2 In Hospitals 21.2.3 Environmental Control in Hospitals (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) 21.3 A Summary of Management Strategies According to Various Organizations 21.4 Practical Key Messages References Chapter 22: Telemedicine and Telemonitoring of Sleep Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic 22.1 Introduction 22.2 COVID-19 Pandemic and Sleep Services 22.2.1 Sleep Services at the Beginning and During the Pandemic Phase 22.2.2 Reopening of Sleep Services 22.3 Telemedicine: Concept and Definitions 22.4 Requirements of Telehealth 22.5 Applications of Telemedicine in Sleep 22.5.1 Telehealth and Sleep-Disordered Breathing 22.6 Telehealth and Insomnia 22.7 Summary References Chapter 23: Changes in Positive Airway Pressure Application and Practices in Individuals with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder... 23.1 COVID-19 Transmission Risk Associated with Positive Airway Pressure Use 23.2 Importance of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment 23.3 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Diagnosis and Management of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorder 23.4 Positive Airway Pressure Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic 23.5 Positive Airway Pressure Use During Active COVID-19 Infection 23.6 Risk Factors Associated with Reduced Use of Positive Airway Pressure During the Pandemic 23.7 Conclusion References Chapter 24: Melatonin´s Benefits as a Treatment for COVID-19 Pandemic and Long COVID 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Mechanism of Action of Melatonin in Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection 24.2.1 Virus Entrance and Replication 24.2.2 Cytokine Storm 24.3 Melatonin in the ICU 24.4 Clinical Trials Using Melatonin in Acute COVID-19 Disease 24.5 Melatonin and Long COVID 24.6 Conclusions References Chapter 25: Overview and Trends on Sleep and COVID-19 Publication Output 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Sleep Medicine Publication Through the Pandemic 25.2.1 First Era: Sleep Medicine Publication in the First Months of the Pandemic 25.2.2 Second Era: Infodemic and Preprints in Sleep Medicine 25.2.3 Third Era: Consolidation of the Relations Between Sleep and COVID-19 25.3 How Authors Dealt with Research During the Pandemic 25.3.1 Motivations to Publish 25.3.2 Speculative Research 25.3.3 Research Methods 25.3.3.1 Research on Medical Personnel 25.3.3.2 Online Surveys 25.3.3.3 Database Research 25.3.3.4 Real-World Evidence 25.3.3.5 Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses 25.4 Journals 25.5 Publication Output Analysis 25.5.1 Number of Articles Published 25.5.2 Research Quality 25.6 Conclusion References