دانلود کتاب Dariali: The 'Caspian Gates' in the Caucasus From Antiquity to the Age of the Huns and the Middle Ages: The Joint Georgian-British Dariali Gorge Excavations and Surveys of 2013–2016

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Cover Book title Copyright Contents Dedication Acknowledgements Section A: Preliminaries Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Summary 1.2. Geography 1.3. Site chronology 1.4. Ethnic/political terms 1.5. Technical notes Section B: Excavations and survey Chapter 2. Late antique buildings occupied to the Late Middle Ages: life over one millennium on Dariali Fort (Trench F) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) 2.3. Mid-seventh/early eighth-century power vacuum (Phase 4) 2.4. The early medieval zenith of activity (eighth to tenth/eleventh centuries AD/Phase 5) 2.5. The late medieval Georgian castle and renewed activity between the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD (Phase 6b) 2.6. Gunmen’s backyard: modern activity in the west of the fort (Phase 7b) Chapter 3. Towering over the northern approaches: late antique buildings, medieval food storage and modern military (Trench Q) 3.1. Introduction 3.2. The late antique fort walls and intramural life (late fourth to mid-seventh centuries AD/Phase 3) 3.3. The seventh to early eighth century: plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose: political upheaval and archaeological continuity (Phase 4) 3.4. Resurgence: dry-stone building boom and life from the eighth to the tenth/eleventh centuries (Phase 5) 3.5. A derelict backyard in the medieval castle (Phases 5b–6b) 3.6. Attempting to halt Soviet aggression (Phase 7b) Chapter 4. Barrier, bastion and aqueduct: sondages and surveys on and around Dariali Fort (Trenches L, X and O) 4.1. A tower at the southern approaches to the Dariali Fort: Trench L (Phases 3–5) 4.2. Buried beyond reach: in search of the earliest occupation debris at the base of Dariali Fort’s steep western cliffs: Trench X (Phases 5–7) 4.3. A modern military shelter: Trench O (Phase 7b) 4.4. A gated road-blocking wall west of the fort (Phases 3a–5b/c?) 4.5. Vital water supply: piped water from the mountains above and staircase to the river below (Phase 3a–d?) Chapter 5. Extramural areas south of the fort: two-and-a-half millennia of traffic and two millennia of food production in the shadow of the rock (Trenches P and M) 5.1. Trench P: 2,500-year-old campfires to medieval gardening and modern shelters at the base of the tower-crowned rock (Phases 2a–7b) 5.2. Extramural food production throughout the first millennium: Trench M (Phases 2b–5) Chapter 6. Dariali early medieval cemetery (Trenches E, G and AB): Eberhard W. Sauer, Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Annamaria Diana, Elena Kranioti and Konstantin Pitskhelauri 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Garden plots or arable fields? Pre-cemetery activity in the area of Trenches E, G and AB (Phases 2/3–5) 6.3. Trench E: collective graves of the first phase (5a–b) of the cemetery 6.4. Trench G: individual adult, adolescent and child graves of the cemetery’s later phase (5b–c) 6.5. Trench AB: individual child graves of the cemetery’s later phase (5c) 6.6. Burials beyond our trenches (Phase 5b–c) 6.7. The chronology of the cemetery (Phase 5) 6.8. The early medieval cemetery and the religion of the garrison (Phase 5) 6.9. The early medieval cemetery, the ethnicity of the garrison and its connections to the outside world (Phase 5) Chapter 7. The Caspian Gates? Bakht’ari fortified ridge: first line of defence and northernmost barrier (Trench Y/Phase 3) Chapter 8. Medieval Gveleti Fort: valley-blocking cliff-top bastion and royal refuge from the Mongols (Trenches C, D, N, U, V and W) 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Living on top of the cliff-edge in early modern times: Trench C (Phase 7a) 8.3. Trench D: early medieval to early modern occupation of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5–7a) 8.4. Trench N: early modern housing next to the lower fort’s stone tower (Phase 7a) 8.5. Trench U: activity at the approaches to the upper fort in the era of royal residency (Phase 6b) 8.6. Trench V: medieval occupation south-west of the church (Phase 6a) 8.7. Trench W: a late medieval stone house (Phase 6b)? 8.8. The history of Gveleti Fort (Phases 5–7) Chapter 9. Elusive migration-era burials and enigmatic stone cairns: fieldwork near Gveleti Cemetery and in the Amali Valley (Trenches A, B, H, I, J, K, R, S, T, Z and AA) 9.1. In search of Gveleti Cemetery (Phases 3–7) 9.2. The enigmatic Amali Cairns and the power of nature: Trenches Z and AA Chapter 10. Landscape investigations in the Dariali Pass: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Lisa Snape, Lana Chologauri, Seth M.N. Priestman, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Landscape investigations in Khevi 10.3. The landscape survey in Khevi 10.4. Archaeological and historical landscapes of Khevi 10.5. Terrace field systems 10.6. Discussion 10.7. Dariali Pass Survey Site Gazetteer 10.8. Sedimentary descriptions from terrace field investigations Section C: Specialist contributions: finds, building materials, biological and environmental evidence and scientific dating Chapter 11. Provisioning and supply across an ancient frontier: the late antique and medieval ceramic sequence from the Dariali Gorge in the High Caucasus: Seth M.N. Priestman 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Phase distribution and changing assemblage composition 11.3. Chronological development of the assemblage 11.4. Other changes in assemblage composition 11.5. Other assemblages 11.6. Discussion 11.7. Class catalogue 11.8. Vessel types 11.9. Petrographic analysis and raw material provenance: Enrica Bonato and Seth M.N. Priestman 11.10. Residue analysis of cooking pots by GCMS: Ben Stern and Seth M.N. Priestman 11.11. Context dating from ceramic finds Chapter 12. Fragment of a ceramic vessel with an ancient Georgian inscription discovered at Dariali Fort: George Gagoshidze Chapter 13. Vessel glass from the Dariali Fort: Fiona Anne Mowat 13.1. The assemblage from Dariali 13.2. Methodology 13.3. Fabric classes 13.4. Chemical analysis 13.5. Site phasing and vessel circulation 13.6. Glass recycling, cullet and trade at Dariali 13.7. Descriptive catalogue by fabric type 13.8. Conclusion Chapter 14. Report of chemical compositional characterisation of glass fragments excavated from Dariali Fort (Georgia) by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis: Yoshinari Abe and Ryuji Shikaku 14.1. Materials and methods 14.2. Results and discussion 14.3. Conclusion Chapter 15. The small objects and other finds: Lana Chologauri, Ana Gabunia, Fiona Anne Mowat, Seth M.N. Priestman, Eberhard W. Sauer and St John Simpson, with an appendix by Scott Stetkiewicz 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Finds from the Dariali and Gveleti Forts and extramural areas 15.3. Finds from the cemetery 15.4. Conclusion 15.5. Appendix: Slag from the Dariali Fort: Scott Stetkiewicz Chapter 16. The sword from Grave G9 in the cemetery south of Dariali Fort: analytical and technological study and assessment: Brian Gilmour 16.1. Introduction and preliminary description 16.2. Analysis and technology of the sword blade 16.3. Discussion and conclusion Chapter 17. Ceramic building materials from Dariali Fort: Seth M.N. Priestman Chapter 18. Mortars from Dariali Fort and nearby fortifications: J. Riley Snyder and Martina Astolfi 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Materials and methods 18.3. Results 18.4. Discussion 18.5. Conclusion Chapter 19. Human skeletal remains: Anthi Tiliakou, Catherine Shupe, Elena Kranioti and Annamaria Diana 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Methodology 19.3. Taphonomy and state of preservation 19.4. Biological sex, age, ancestry and stature 19.5. Non-metric traits 19.6. Dentition 19.7. Dental attrition 19.8. Palaeopathology 19.9. Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH) 19.10. Caries, Dental calculus, Periodontitis, Periapical cavities and Ante-mortem Tooth loss 19.11. Osteoarthritis (OA) 19.12. Periostitis/Chronic Periostitis 19.13. Entheseal changes 19.14. Trauma 19.15. Conclusion Chapter 20. Dariali Cemetery stable isotope analysis: Catriona Pickard 20.1. Isotope analysis 20.2. Materials and methods 20.3. Results and discussion 20.4. Conclusion Chapter 21. Herding and hunting in the highlands from the Sasanian to late medieval periods 21.1. The archaeozoology of the Dariali Gorge: Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri, Homa Fathi, Roya Khazaeli, Karyne Debue, Delphine Decruyenaere, Sanaz Beizaee Doost, Benoît Clavel, Safoora Kamjan, Rusudan Jajanidze and Eberhard W. Sauer 21.2. Fish remains: Valentin Radu and Eberhard W. Sauer 21.3. Microvertebrates: Emmanuelle Stoetzel, Lyudmila Shumilovskikh, Karyne Debue, Michel Lemoine and Marjan Mashkour Chapter 22. Plant remains: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh and Imogen Poole 22.1. Charcoal: Imogen Poole and Lyudmila Shumilovskikh 22.2. Archaeobotany: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh 22.3. Vegetation history: Lyudmila Shumilovskikh Chapter 23. Archaeomagnetic studies of features excavated in Dariali Gorge: Cathy M. Batt, David P. Greenwood and Tehreem Kainaat 23.1. Abstract 23.2. Introduction 23.3. Background 23.4. Archaeomagnetic sampling in the field 23.5. Archaeomagnetic measurements 23.6. Results 23.7. Interpretation of the archaeomagnetic results and comparison with the global geomagnetic field model 23.8. Previous archaeomagnetic studies in the region 23.9. Summary and conclusion 23.10. Further work Chapter 24. Luminescence dating and micromorphological assessment: Lisa Snape and Ian Bailiff 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Field observations 24.3. Discussion Section D: History Chapter 25. The history of the Dariali Gorge 25.1. Prehistoric colonisation, Cimmerian invasion and the earliest visits to Dariali Rock (third millennium to third century BC/up to Phase 2a) 25.2. From obscurity to world-fame: Iberians, Iranians and Romans in the Dariali Gorge (Phase 2b: second century BC to fourth century AD) 25.3. The late antique fort (Phase 3) 25.4. Power vacuum: mid-seventh century collapse of Sasanian rule to eighth-century Islamic conquest (Phase 4) 25.5. The gates and their garrison in the Early Middle Ages (Phase 5) 25.6. Abandonment and resurgence: Dariali and Gveleti Forts in the High and Late Middle Ages (Phase 6a–b: eleventh to late fourteenth or fifteenth centuries) 25.7. End of the Middle Ages to Soviet Invasion: Dariali Gorge in the second half of the First Millennium (Phase 7) Section E: Appendices and Conclusion: Appendices. Landslides, the location of the gates and imperial landscapes: notes on historical geography I. A hostile environment: landslides and their effect on settlement patterns in the gorge II. Where were the gates? A French eyewitness to the narrowness of the gorge III. Investigations of ancient canal systems in Central and Eastern Georgia: Kristen Hopper, Dan Lawrence, Konstantin Pitskhelauri and Graham Philip Conclusion Acknowledgements & the history of the Dariali Gorge (in Georgian)/წინასიტყვაობა და დარიალის ხეობის ისტორია ანტიკურ ხანაში Abridged and translated by Davit Naskidashvili/დავით ნასყიდაშვილი დარიალის ხეობის ისტორია ანტიკურ ხანაში: ახალი ტერიტორიების ათვისება პრეისტორიულ ხანაში, სკვითების შემოსევა და დარიალის უღელტეხილის უძველესი სტუმრები Bibliography Back cover