دانلود کتاب Datta's Obstetric Anesthesia Handbook

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Preface to the Sixth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
1: Maternal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and the Postpartum Period
Changes in the Hematological System
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Cardiovascular System
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Respiratory System
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Gastrointestinal System
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Renal System
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Clinical Implications
Changes in the Endocrine System
Changes in the Musculoskeletal System
Changes in the Dermatological System
Changes in Mammary Tissue
Changes in the Ocular System
References
2: Local Anesthetic Pharmacology
Chemistry
Physicochemical Properties
Other Factors Affecting Local Anesthetic Activity
Volume and Concentration
Addition of Vasoconstrictor Agents
Site of Injection
Bicarbonate
Mixtures of Local Anesthetics: Chloroprocaine and Other Drugs
Pregnancy
Temperature
Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
Allergic Reactions
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST): CNS
LAST: Cardiovascular System
Peripheral Neurotoxicity
Adverse Effects on the Fetus
References
3: Perinatal Pharmacology
General Principles
The Mother
Site of Administration
Addition of Epinephrine
Maternal Volume of Distribution and Clearance
Uteroplacental Blood Flow
Maternal Protein Binding
Maternal pH and Drug pKa
The Placenta
Area of Transfer and Diffusion Distance
Molecular Weight and Spatial Configuration of Drugs
Protein Binding and Lipid Solubility of Drugs
Metabolism of Drugs
The Fetus
Uptake
Distribution
Fetal Liver
Progressive Dilution of Umbilical Vein in Blood Concentration
Extensive Right-to-Left Shunt of the Fetal Circulation
References
4: Drug Interactions and Obstetric Anesthesia
Drugs Used for Maternal Indications
Antibiotics
Antiepileptic Drugs
Enzyme Induction
Sympatholytic and Sympathomimetic Drugs
Sympatholytic Drugs
Sympathomimetic Drugs
Antiasthmatic Drugs
Xanthine Derivatives
Corticosteroids
Histamine H2 Receptor Blockers
Psychotropic Agents
Phenothiazine, Thioxanthenes, and Butyrophenones
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Lithium Carbonate
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Anti-fungal Drugs
Drugs Used During Labor and Delivery
Tocolytic Drugs
Magnesium Sulfate
β-Mimetic Drugs
Calcium Channel Blockers
Prostaglandin Inhibitors
Oxytocin Antagonist
Hypotensive Drugs
Hydralazine
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
Trimethaphan
Uterotonic Agents
Oxytocin
Ergot Alkaloids
Prostaglandins
Local Anesthetics
Narcotics
Drugs Used for Fetal Indications
Prescription Medicine and the Potential Risk of Herb-Drug Interactions
Potential Drug Interactions During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Intensive Care Unit
Drug Interactions at the Human Placenta
References
5: Uteroplacental Blood Flow
Measurement of Uteroplacental Blood Flow
Clinical Implications of the Uteroplacental Circulation: Gas Exchange Across the Placenta
Factors That Can Alter Uteroplacental Blood Flow
Uterine Contraction
Pain and Stress of Labor
Regional Anesthesia
Pathological Conditions
Pharmacological Agents
Intravenous Induction Agents
Inhalation Agents
Local Anesthetics
Epinephrine
Opioids
Vasopressors
Antihypertensive Agents
Tocolytic Drugs (Magnesium Sulfate, Beta Adrenergic Agonists, Indomethacin)
Summary
References
6: Pain of Labor and Delivery
Pathways of Labor Pain
Pain Score of Labor Pain
References
7: Non Pharmacological Methods for Relief of Labor Pain
Prepared Childbirth and Psychoanalgesia
Natural Childbirth
Psychoprophylaxis
Leboyer Technique
Biofeedback
Modern Relaxation Techniques
Hypnosis
Acupuncture
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Aromatherapy
Hydrotherapy
Touch and Massage
Maternal Movement and Positional Changes
References
8: Relief of Labor Pain by Systemic Medications and Inhalational Agents
Opioids
Morphine
Meperidine
Fentanyl
Remifentanil
Dexmedetomidine
Sedatives and/or Tranquilizers
Barbiturates
Propofol
Phenothiazines
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam
Midazolam
Dissociative Medications
Amnestic Agents
Neuroleptanalgesia
Agonist and Antagonist Agents
Inhalation Analgesia
Current status of systemic analgesics for labor
References
9: Relief of Labor Pain by Regional Analgesia/Anesthesia
Epidural Analgesia
Anatomy of the Epidural Space
Contents of the Epidural Space
Site of Action
Techniques
Epidural Analgesia Procedure
Multiorifice Versus Uniorifice Epidural Catheters
Changes in the Position of Epidural Catheters Associated with Patient Movement
Test Dose
Initial Bolus Administration
Maintenance of Labor Analgesia
Local Anesthetic and Opioid Infusion
Possible Block-Related Problems
Inadequate Perineal Analgesia
Asymmetric Sensory Block
Diminishing Analgesia
Dense Motor Block
Patchy Block
Miscellaneous
Spinal Anesthesia
Continuous Spinal Anesthesia
Combined Spinal/Epidural (CSE)
Monitoring Following Administration of Regional Analgesia
Contraindications
Complications of Regional Analgesia
Paresthesia
Accidental Dural Puncture
Treatment of Headache Following Accidental Dural Puncture
Conservative Management
Epidural Saline
Prophylactic Blood Patch
Therapeutic Blood Patch
Experimental and Alternative Techniques
Subdural Injection
Extensive (High) Epidural Analgesia
Accidental Intravascular Injection
Methemoglobinemia
Broken Epidural Catheter
Shivering
Horner’s Syndrome
Backache
Major Neurologic Injury
Obstetric Causesn
Anesthesia-Related Causes
Other Methods of Regional Anesthesia
Caudal Anesthesia
Paracervical Block
Lumbar Sympathetic Block
Pudendal Block
Summary
References
10: Effects of Epidural Analgesia on Labor and the Infant
Epidural Analgesia and Progress of Labor
Methodological Difficulties
Initiation of the Block
Duration of Labor
Instrumental Vaginal Delivery (Forceps, Vacuum)
Cesarean Delivery
Patient Satisfaction and Neonatal Outcome
Effect of Epidural Analgesia on Maternal Temperature and the Newborn
Epidural Analgesia and Breastfeeding
Epidural Analgesia and Perineal Injury
Epidural Analgesia and Postpartum Depression
Conclusions
References
11: Fetal Monitoring
Antepartum Monitoring
Biophysical Profile
Nonstress Test (NST)
Contraction Stress Test or Oxytocin Challenge Test
Doppler Velocimetry
Assessment of Fetal Lung Maturity
Uterine Contraction Monitoring
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring
Baseline Heart Rate
Baseline Variability
Fetal Heart Rate Pattern (Periodic Changes)
Early Decelerations
Variable Decelerations
Late Decelerations
Accelerations
Classification of FHR Patterns
Improvements to FHR Monitoring
Other Modalities
Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling
Fetal Pulse Oximetry
Implications for Anesthesia Care
References
12: Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Regional Anesthesia
Spinal Anesthesia (Subarachnoid Block)
Problems Associated with Spinal Anesthesia
Medications for Spinal Anesthesia
Summary of Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section
Contraindications for Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section
Epidural Anesthesia
Problems Associated with Epidural Anesthesia
Complications of Epidural Anesthesia
Contraindications for Epidural Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics for Epidural Anesthesia
Summary of Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Section
Cardiovascular Complications of Bupivacaine and Neurological Complications of 2-Chloroprocaine
Differences Between Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Combined Spinal Epidural (CSE) Technique
General Anesthesia
Complications of General Anesthesia
Maternal Aspiration
Airway Management
Choice Between Regional and General Anesthesia When Difficult Airway Is Anticipated
Regional Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
Effect of General Anesthesia on the Baby
Underlying Physiology
Pharmacological Effects
Effect of Induction-Delivery and Uterine Incision-Delivery Intervals
Maternal Awareness
Summary of General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Air Embolism During Cesarean Delivery
Postoperative Pain Relief
Intravenous Method
Neuraxial Narcotics
Transverse Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block
Summary
References
13: Neonatal Resuscitation
Physiologic Adaptation to Extrauterine Life
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Thermoregulation
General Principles of Neonatal Resuscitation
Evaluation of the Neonate: The Apgar Score
Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Drug Therapy
Indications for Volume Expander
Other Drugs
Unusual Specific Causes of Neonatal Respiratory Problems
Choanal Atresia
Upper Airway Obstruction
Anomalies of the Larynx
Anomalies of the Trachea
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Pneumothorax
Conclusion
References
14: High-Risk Pregnancy: Maternal Comorbidity
Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Pathophysiological Changes
Anesthetic Management
Hyperthyroidism
Anesthetic Management
Pheochromocytoma
Cardiac Disease
Anesthetic Management
Respiratory Problems
Bronchial Asthma
Cesarean Section
Regional Anesthesia
General Anesthesiam
Cystic Fibrosis
Neurological Problems
Paraplegias
Anesthetic Management
Cerebrovascular Accidents
Anesthetic Management
Multiple Sclerosis
Anesthetic Management
Space-Occupying Lesions (Brain Tumors)
Labor and Delivery
Cesarean Section
Epilepsy
Myasthenia Gravis
Labor and Delivery
Cesarean Delivery
Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis
Renal Disorders
Physiological Changes
Anesthetic Management
Labor and Delivery
Cesarean Section
Hematological Disorders
Sickle Cell Disease
Anesthetic Management
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia
Von Willebrand Disease
Hypercoaguable States
Protein C and Protein S Deficiency, Phospholipid and Cardiolipin Antibodies
Factor V Leiden Mutation
Autoimmune Disease
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Anesthetic Management
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Anesthetic Management
Maternal Addiction
Alcohol
Major Problems
Anesthetic Management
Amphetamines
Anesthetic Management
Cocaine
Anesthetic Management
Infectious Diseases
Genital Herpes
Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Anesthetic Technique
Risk to the Anesthesiologist
Psychiatric Disorders
Clinical Implications
Malignant Hyperthermia
Anesthetic Management
Regional Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
Obesity
Anesthetic Management
Labor and Delivery
Elective Cesarean Section
General Anesthesia
Summary
References
15: High-Risk Pregnancy: Pregnancy-Related Problems
Maternal-Related Issues
Antepartum Hemorrhage
Placenta Previa
Abruptio Placentae
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Lacerations
Retained Placenta
Uterine Inversion
Uterine Rupture
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean Delivery (VBAC) (Also Called Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery; TOLAC)
Anesthetic Management
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
Definition and Terminology
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Magnesium Therapy
Fluid Balance and Cardiovascular Function
Monitoring
Anesthetic Management
HELLP Syndrome
Eclampsia
Embolism in Pregnancy
Thromboembolism
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Venous Air Embolism
Fetal-Related Issues
Prematurity
Tocolytic Agent Therapy
Anesthetic Management of Prematurity
Postmaturity
Anesthetic Management of Postmaturity
Breech Presentation
Multiple Gestations
Twin
Triplets or Quadruplets
Anesthetic Management
Fetal Distress (Nonreassuring Fetal Status)
Maternal Causes
Placental Causes
Fetal Causes
Diagnosis
Anesthetic Management
Intrauterine Fetal Death
Transfusion-Related Issues (Newer Transfusion Protocols)
Tranexamic Acid
Obstetric Hemorrhage Bundle
Recombinant Factor VIIa
Summary
References
16: Non-delivery Obstetric Procedures
Cervical Cerclage
Description of the Procedure
Anesthetic Options
Regional Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
Cerclage Removal
External Cephalic Version
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E)
Description of the Procedure
Anesthetic Options
Postpartum Tubal Ligation
Timing of Tubal Ligation
Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy in the Postpartum Period
Anesthetic Techniques
Epidural Anesthesia
Spinal Anesthesia
General Anesthesia
Postoperative Pain Relief
References
17: Anesthesia for Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy
Maternal Safety
Fetal Well-Being
Acute Exposure to Anesthetics
Chronic Exposure to Anesthetics
Effect of Anesthetics on the Fetus
Sedative and Hypnotic Agents
Opioids
Muscle Relaxants
Local Anesthetics
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Inhalation Anesthetic
Effects on the Fetal Brain: Behavioral Teratogenicity
Where Do We Stand in the Year 2022
Continuation of the Pregnancy
Minimizing Chances of Abortion or Premature Labor
Intrauterine Surgery
References
18: Assisted Reproductive Technology
In Vitro Fertilization Process
Effect of Anesthetics on IVF Process
Propofol and Thiopentone
Nitrous Oxide
Inhalational Anesthetic Agents
Local Anesthetic Agents
Opioids, Benzodiazepines, and Ketamine
Antiemetic Agents
Anesthetic Techniques for Ultrasound-Guided Transvaginal Oocyte Retrieval
Complications of IVF Procedure
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
Other Complications
References
19: Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
References
20: COVID-19 in Pregnancy
References
Appendix A: Guidelines for Regional Anesthesia in Obstetrics
Guideline I
Guideline II
Guideline III
Guideline IV
Guideline V
Guideline VI
Guideline VII
Guideline VIII
Guideline IX
Guideline X
Appendix B: Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia
Methodology
Definition of Perioperative Obstetric Anesthesia
Purposes of the Guidelines
Focus
Application
Task Force Members and Consultants
Availability and Strength of Evidence
Guidelines
Methods and Analyses
Appendix C: Optimal Goals for Anesthesia Care in Obstetrics
References
Index