دانلود کتاب Democracy in America

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EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION......Page 14
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 72
A NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION......Page 74
Volume One......Page 77
INTRODUCTION......Page 79
PART ONE......Page 90
1 External Configuration of North America......Page 91
2 On the Point of Departure and Its Importance for the Future of the Anglo-Americans......Page 97
Reasons for Some Singularities That the Laws and Customs of the Anglo-Americans Present......Page 108
That the Salient Point of the Social State of the Anglo-Americans Is Its Being Essentially Democratic......Page 111
Political Consequences of the Social State of the Anglo-Americans......Page 116
4 On the Principle of the Sovereignty of the People in America......Page 118
On the Township System in America......Page 121
Powers of the Township in New England......Page 123
On Township Existence......Page 125
On the Spirit of the Township in New England......Page 126
On the County in New England......Page 128
On Administration in New England......Page 129
General Ideas about Administration in the United States......Page 135
Legislative Power of the State......Page 138
On the Executive Power of the State......Page 139
On the Political Effects of Administrative Decentralization in the United States......Page 140
6 On Judicial Power in the United States and Its Action on Political Society......Page 150
Other Powers Granted to American Judges......Page 154
7 On Political Judgment in the United States......Page 156
History of the Federal Constitution......Page 160
Summary Picture of the Federal Constitution......Page 161
Prerogatives of the Federal Government......Page 162
Legislative Powers......Page 163
Another Difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives......Page 165
On the Executive Power......Page 166
How the Position of the President of the United States Differs from That of a Constitutional King in France......Page 167
Why the President of the United States Does Not Need to Have a Majority in the Houses in Order to Direct Affairs......Page 170
On the Election of the President......Page 171
Mode of Election......Page 174
Crisis of the Election......Page 177
On the Reelection of the President......Page 178
On the Federal Courts......Page 180
Manner of Settling the Competence of the Federal Courts......Page 182
Different Cases of Jurisdiction......Page 183
Manner of Proceeding of Federal Courts......Page 186
Elevated Rank Held by the Supreme Court among the Great Powers of the State......Page 187
How the Federal Constitution Is Superior to the Constitutions of the States......Page 189
What Distinguishes the Federal Constitution of the United States of America from All Other Federal Constitutions......Page 192
On the Advantages of the Federal System Generally, and Its Special Utility for America......Page 194
What Keeps the Federal System from Being within Reach of All Peoples, and What Has Permitted the Anglo-Americans to Adopt It......Page 198
PART TWO......Page 205
1 How One Can Say Strictly That in the United States the People Govern......Page 206
2 On Parties in the United States......Page 207
On the Remains of the Aristocratic Party in the United States......Page 210
3 On Freedom of the Press in the United States......Page 213
4 On Political Association in the United States......Page 220
On the Choices of the People and the Instincts of American Democracy in Its Choices......Page 226
On the Causes That Can in Part Correct These Instincts of Democracy......Page 228
Influence That American Democracy Exerts on Electoral Laws......Page 230
On Public Officials under the Empire of American Democracy......Page 231
On the Arbitrariness of Magistrates under the Empire of American Democracy......Page 233
Administrative Instability in the United States......Page 235
On Public Costs under the Empire of American Democracy......Page 236
On the Instincts of American Democracy in Fixing the Salaries of Officials......Page 239
Difficulty of Discerning the Causes That Incline the American Government to Economy......Page 240
Can the Public Expenditures of the United States Be Compared to Those of France?......Page 241
On the Corruption and Vices of Those Who Govern in Democracy; On the Effects on Public Morality That Result......Page 244
Of What Efforts Democracy Is Capable......Page 245
On the Power That American Democracy Generally Exercises over Itself......Page 247
The Manner in Which American Democracy Conducts External Affairs of State......Page 249
On the General Tendency of the Laws under the Empire of American Democracy, and on the Instinct of Those Who Apply Them......Page 252
On Public Spirit in the United States......Page 255
On the Idea of Rights in the United States......Page 257
On Respect for the Law in the United States......Page 259
Activity Reigning in All Parts of the Body Politic of the United States; Influence That It Exerts on Society......Page 261
7 On the Omnipotence of the Majority in the United States and Its Effects......Page 265
How the Omnipotence of the Majority in America Increases the Legislative and Administrative Instability That Is Natural to Democracies......Page 267
Tyranny of the Majority......Page 268
On the Power That the Majority in America Exercises over Thought......Page 270
Effects of the Tyranny of the Majority on the National Character of the Americans; On the Spirit of a Court in the United States......Page 273
That the Greatest Danger of the American Republics Comes from the Omnipotence of the Majority......Page 275
Absence of Administrative Centralization......Page 277
On the Spirit of the Lawyer in the United States and How It Serves as a Counterweight to Democracy......Page 278
On the Jury in the United States Considered as a Political Institution......Page 284
On the Accidental or Providential Causes Contributing to the Maintenance of a Democratic Republic in the United States......Page 289
On the Influence of the Laws on the Maintenance of a Democratic Republic in the United States......Page 296
On Religion Considered as a Political Institution; How It Serves Powerfully the Maintenance of a Democratic Republic among the Americans......Page 297
Indirect Influence That Religious Beliefs Exert on Political Society in the United States......Page 299
On the Principal Causes That Make Religion Powerful in America......Page 303
How the Enlightenment, the Habits, and the Practical Experience of the Americans Contribute to the Success of Democratic Institutions......Page 308
That the Laws Serve to Maintain a Democratic Republic in the United States More than Physical Causes, and Mores More than Laws......Page 311
Would Laws and Mores Suffice to Maintain Democratic Institutions Elsewhere than in America?......Page 314
Importance of What Precedes in Relation to Europe......Page 317
10 Some Considerations on the Present State and the Probable Future of the Three Races That Inhabit the Territory of the United States......Page 321
Present State and Probable Future of the Indian Tribes That Inhabit the Territory Possessed by the Union......Page 324
Position That the Black Race Occupies in the United States; Dangers Incurred by Whites from Its Presence......Page 335
What Are the Chances That the American Union Will Last? What Dangers Threaten It?......Page 352
On Republican Institutions in the United States; What Are Their Chances of Longevity?......Page 376
Some Considerations on the Causes of the Commercial Greatness of the United States......Page 380
Conclusion......Page 386
Volume Two......Page 391
NOTICE......Page 394
INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 396
1 On the Philosophic Method of the Americans......Page 398
2 On the Principal Source of Beliefs among Democratic Peoples......Page 402
3 Why the Americans Show More Aptitude and Taste for General Ideas than Their English Fathers......Page 406
4 Why the Americans Have Never Been as Passionate as the French for General Ideas in Political Matters......Page 410
5 How, in the United States, Religion Knows How to Make Use of Democratic Instincts......Page 412
6 On the Progress of Catholicism in the United States......Page 419
7 What Makes the Mind of Democratic Peoples Lean toward Pantheism......Page 420
8 How Equality Suggests to the Americans the Idea of the Indefinite Perfectibility of Man......Page 421
9 How the Example of the Americans Does Not Prove That a Democratic People Can Have No Aptitude and Taste for the Sciences, Literature, and the Arts......Page 423
10 Why the Americans Apply Themselves to the Practice of the Sciences Rather than to the Theory......Page 428
11 In What Spirit the Americans Cultivate the Arts......Page 434
12 Why the Americans at the Same Time Raise Such Little and Such Great Monuments......Page 438
13 The Literary Face of Democratic Centuries......Page 440
14 On the Literary Industry......Page 445
15 Why the Study of Greek and Latin Literature Is Particularly Useful in Democratic Societies......Page 446
16 How American Democracy Has Modified the English Language......Page 448
17 On Some Sources of Poetry in Democratic Nations......Page 453
18 Why American Writers and Orators Are Often Bombastic......Page 458
19 Some Observations on the Theater of Democratic Peoples......Page 460
20 On Some Tendencies Particular to Historians in Democratic Centuries......Page 464
21 On Parliamentary Eloquence in the United States......Page 467
INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON THE SENTIMENTS OF THE AMERICANS......Page 471
1 Why Democratic Peoples Show a More Ardent and More Lasting Love for Equality than for Freedom......Page 473
2 On Individualism in Democratic Countries......Page 477
3 How Individualism Is Greater at the End of a Democratic Revolution than in Any Other Period......Page 479
4 How the Americans Combat Individualism with Free Institutions......Page 480
5 On the Use That the Americans Make of Association in Civil Life......Page 484
6 On the Relation between Associations and Newspapers......Page 488
7 Relations between Civil Associations and Political Associations......Page 491
8 How the Americans Combat Individualism by the Doctrine of Self-Interest Well Understood......Page 495
9 How the Americans Apply the Doctrine of Self-Interest Well Understood in the Matter of Religion......Page 498
10 On the Taste for Material Well-Being in America......Page 500
11 On the Particular Effects That the Love of Material Enjoyments Produces in Democratic Centuries......Page 502
12 Why Certain Americans Display Such an Exalted Spiritualism......Page 504
13 Why the Americans Show Themselves So Restive in the Midst of Their Well-Being......Page 506
14 How the Taste for Material Enjoyments among Americans Is United with Love of Freedom and with Care for Public Affairs......Page 509
15 How Religious Beliefs at Times Turn the Souls of the Americans toward Immaterial Enjoyments......Page 512
16 How the Excessive Love of Well-Being Can Be Harmful to Well-Being......Page 516
17 How in Times of Equality and Doubt It Is Important to Move Back the Object of Human Actions......Page 517
18 Why among the Americans All Honest Professions Are Reputed Honorable......Page 520
19 What Makes Almost All Americans Incline toward Industrial Professions......Page 522
20 How Aristocracy Could Issue from Industry......Page 525
INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON MORES PROPERLY SO-CALLED......Page 528
1 How Mores Become Milder as Conditions Are Equalized......Page 530
2 How Democracy Renders the Habitual Relations of the Americans Simpler and Easier......Page 534
3 Why the Americans Have So Little Oversensitivity in Their Country and Show Themselves to Be So Oversensitive in Ours......Page 536
4 Consequences of the Preceding Three Chapters......Page 539
5 How Democracy Modifies the Relations of Servant and Master......Page 541
6 How Democratic Institutions and Mores Tend to Raise the Price and Shorten the Duration of Leases......Page 548
7 Influence of Democracy on Wages......Page 551
8 Influence of Democracy on the Family......Page 553
9 Education of Girls in the United States......Page 558
10 How the Girl Is Found beneath the Features of the Wife......Page 560
11 How Equality of Conditions Contributes to Maintaining Good Mores in America......Page 562
12 How the Americans Understand the Equality of Man and Woman......Page 567
13 How Equality Naturally Divides the Americans into a Multitude of Particular Little Societies......Page 570
14 Some Reflections on American Manners......Page 572
15 On the Gravity of the Americans and Why It Does Not Prevent Their Often Doing Ill-Considered Things......Page 575
16 Why the National Vanity of the Americans Is More Restive and More Quarrelsome than That of the English......Page 578
17 How the Aspect of Society in the United States Is at Once Agitated and Monotonous......Page 580
18 On Honor in the United States and in Democratic Societies......Page 582
19 Why One Finds So Many Ambitious Men in the United States and So Few Great Ambitions......Page 592
20 On the Industry in Place-Hunting in Certain Democratic Nations......Page 597
21 Why Great Revolutions Will Become Rare......Page 599
22 Why Democratic Peoples Naturally Desire Peace and Democratic Armies Naturally [Desire] War......Page 609
23 Which Is the Most Warlike and the Most Revolutionary Class in Democratic Armies......Page 614
24 What Makes Democratic Armies Weaker than Other Armies When Entering into a Campaign and More Formidable When War Is Prolonged......Page 617
25 On Discipline in Democratic Armies......Page 621
26 Some Considerations on War in Democratic Societies......Page 623
ON THE INFLUENCE THAT DEMOCRATIC IDEAS AND SENTIMENTS EXERT ON POLITICAL SOCIETY......Page 627
1 Equality Naturally Gives Men the Taste for Free Institutions......Page 629
2 That the Ideas of Democratic Peoples in the Matter of Government Are Naturally Favorable to the Concentration of Powers......Page 630
3 That the Sentiments of Democratic Peoples Are in Accord with Their Ideas to Bring Them to Concentrate Power......Page 633
4 On Some Particular and Accidental Causes That Serve to Bring a Democratic People to Centralize Power or Turn It Away from That......Page 636
5 That among European Nations of Our Day Sovereign Power Increases Although Sovereigns Are Less Stable......Page 641
6 What Kind of Despotism Democratic Nations Have to Fear......Page 650
7 Continuation of the Preceding Chapters......Page 655
8 General View of the Subject......Page 662
AT’s NOTES......Page 665
END NOTES......Page 691
FOOTNOTES TO AT’s NOTES......Page 736
SOURCES CITED BY TOCQUEVILLE......Page 739
INDEX......Page 742