دانلود کتاب Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease

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Cover
Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease
©
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction
2 General Principles in the Diagnosis of Infection
Sampling
Diagnosing Infection In Situ
Potential Limits of Biopsy Interpretation
Classification of Patterns of Infection
Histochemical Stains
Hematoxylin and Eosin
Gram Stain
Silver Impregnation
Fungal Stains
Acid-Fast Bacteria Stains
Connective Tissue Stains
Giemsa Stains
Mucicarmine
Melanin Stains
Viral Inclusion Body Stains
Immunohistochemical Methods
Molecular Diagnostics
In Situ Hybridization
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Branch Chain In Situ Hybridization
References
3 Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Infection
Overview: Biopsy
Assessing the Benefit of Invasive Testing
Contraindications to Biopsy
Approach to the Patient: General Concepts
Biopsy in the Immunocompromised Host
Timetable of Infection
Summary
References
4 Cytopathology of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Introduction
Processing of Cytologic Samples for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Culturing of Fine-Needle Aspirations for Microorganisms
Inflammatory Patterns and Associated Pathogens
Purulent Inflammatory Response
Eosinophils and Allergic Mucin
Granulomatous Inflammation
Granulomatous Inflammation Admixed With Neutrophils
Unusual Host Reactions to Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient
Patients With Neutropenia or Defective Neutrophils
Severely Impaired Cell-Mediated Immunity and Diffuse Macrophage Infiltration
Organisms That Elicit Scanty to No Inflammation in Patients With Impaired Cell-Mediated Immunity
Cytodiagnosis of Viral Infections
Parasitic Disease in Cytology
Conclusion
Appendix: Further Information
Sample Preparation and Staining for Diagnosis of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Including Pneumocystis
Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Induced Sputum Evaluation for Pneumocystis
Preparation of Sputum Samples
Procedure
Reagents
Technique
Staining.
Microwave Modification of Grocott-Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain for Fungi Including Pneumocystis
Types of Samples
Procedure
Reagents
General Comments.
Technique
Results.
Problems.
References
5 Ultrastructural Diagnosis of Infection
Introduction
Electron Microscopy Technique
Prions
Viral Infections
Herpesvirus
Varicella Virus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Paramyxovirus
Smallpox
Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis A Virus
Hepatitis B Virus
Parvovirus B19
Enterovirus
Viral Gastroenteritis
Polyomaviruses
Rabies Virus
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Ebola Virus
Zika Virus
Bacterial Infections
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Mycobacteria
Other Important Bacteria
Tropheryma whippeli
Chlamydia trachomatis
Helicobacter pylori
Legionella pneumophila
Fungal Infections
Histoplasma capsulatum
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Parasitic Infections
Acanthamoeba
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium parvum
Giardia lamblia
Cystoisospora belli
Microsporidia
Trypanosoma cruzi
References
6 New Technologies for the Diagnosis of Infection
Protein-Based Identification
Nucleic Acid–Based Techniques
Probe-Based Assays
Singleplex or Limited Target Assays
Multiplexed Systems
Platforms and Technologies
FilmArray (BioFire/BioMérieux)
BD Max (BD Diagnostics)
Luminex
Verigene
xTAG
Sequencing of Ribosomal RNA for Pathogen Identification
Next-Generation Sequencing
Conclusion
References
7 Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections
Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
Otitis Media
Tonsillitis
Peritonsillar Abscess
Rhinoscleroma
Actinomycosis
Botryomycosis
Syphilis
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Oral Candidosis
Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Sporotrichosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Rhinosporidiosis
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Epstein-Barr Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Mumps
References
8 Pathology of Pulmonary Infection
Introduction
Approach to Sampling for Infection
Transbronchial Biopsy
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Video-Assisted and Open Thoracoscopic Biopsy
Handling Lung Biopsies
Pulmonary Injury in Infection
Pulmonary Host Response
Anatomy of Pulmonary Defense
Pulmonary Defenses
Patterns of Lung Injury Due to Infection
Tracheobronchitis/Bronchiolitis and Miliary Infection
Diffuse Alveolar Damage
RNA Viruses
Influenza
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Parainfluenza
Measles
DNA Viruses
Adenovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpesvirus
Varicella Zoster
Hantavirus
Other Atypical Pneumonias
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Epstein-Barr Virus
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Bronchiectasis
Acute Bronchopneumonia
Bacterial Infections
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Group A Streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Klebsiella.
Lung Abscess Due to Oropharyngeal Aspiration
Actinomycosis
Nocardia
Legionella
Rhodococcus equi
Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple Disease)
Granulomatous Pneumonia
Mycobacterial Infection
Spectrum of Pulmonary Tuberculous Infection
Reactivation Tuberculosis
Atypical Mycobacteria
Melioidosis
Fungal Infection Due to Yeasts
Histoplasmosis
Blastomyces
Cryptococcus
Coccidioides immitis
Paracoccidioides
Candida Spp.
Hyphate Fungi
Aspergillus Spp.
Immune Disorders Due to Aspergillus Infection.
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis.
Bronchocentric Granulomatosis.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.
Aspergillus Bronchitis and Chronic Necrotizing Aspergillosis.
Fungus Balls.
Angioinvasive Aspergillosis.
Other Aspergillus Species.
Other Hyphate Fungi
Pseudeallescheria (Scedosporium).
Fusarium.
Differential Diagnosis
Dematiaceous (Pigmented) Fungi
Penicillium marneffei
Parasites
Protozoa
Ameba.
Toxoplasma.
Cryptosporidium.
Microsporidia.
Nematodes (Round Worms)
Dirofilaria.
Trematodes (Flukes)
Paragonimiasis.
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Microbes Associated With Bioterrorism
Anthrax
Yersinia pestis (Plague Pneumonia)
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia Pneumonia)
Pleural Infection
References
9 Cardiac Infections
Introduction
Pathology of Infective Endocarditis
Cardiac Valves
Infective Endocarditis
Pathogenesis of Infective Endocarditis
Hemodynamic Factors That Predispose to Development of Infectious Endocarditis
The Microbiology of Infective Endocarditis
Gross Pathology of Infective Endocarditis
Microscopic Pathology of Infective Endocarditis
Demonstrating Microorganisms In Situ.
Complications of Infective Endocarditis
Embolic Complications.
Immune Complex Disease.
Lesions That Mimic Infective Endocarditis
Infectious Aneurysms
Pathology of Myocarditis
Etiology of Myocarditis
Diagnosis of Myocarditis
Viral Myocarditis
Pathogenesis of Viral Myocarditis
Bacterial Myocarditis
Parasitic Infections
Fungal Myocarditis
Noninfectious Causes of Myocarditis
Giant Cell Myocarditis
Necrotizing Eosinophilic Myocarditis
Drug-Induced Myocarditis
Hypersensitivity Myocarditis.
Toxic Myocarditis.
Other Inflammatory Forms of Drug-Related Myocarditis.
Myocarditis Associated With Systemic Disorders
Sarcoidosis
Other Systemic Disorders
Complications and Natural History of Myocarditis
Pathology of Pericarditis
Normal Pericardium
Etiology of Pericarditis
Constrictive Chronic Pericarditis
References
10 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Infections of the Esophagus
Bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fungi
Candidiasis
Aspergillosis
Other Fungal Infections
Viruses
Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2
Cytomegalovirus
Other Viral Infections
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infections of the Stomach
Viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Bacteria
Acute Suppurative Gastritis and Emphysematous Gastritis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Actinomycosis
Syphilis
Fungi
Parasites
Helicobacter pylori—Associated Chronic Gastritis
Infections of the Small Bowel
Bacteria
Escherichia coli
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
Salmonella
Vibrio
Clostridium
Yersinia
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Whipple Disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
Tropical Sprue
Fungi
Candida
Emmonsia spp.
Viruses
Enteric Virus Infections
Norovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Related Enteropathy
Protozoa
Flagellates
Coccidians
Helminths
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ancylostomiasis (Hookworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Capillaria philippinensis (Intestinal Capillariasis)
Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski (Intestinal Fluke)
Cestodes
Infectious Colitis
Bacteria
Common Histologic Features of Bacterial (Invasive) Colitis
Histologic Features Associated With Bacterial Infection
Escherichia coli.
Aeromonas.
Campylobacter.
Shigella.
Salmonella.
Clostridium difficile.
Yersinia.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Intestinal Spirochetosis.
Viruses
Protozoa
Amebiasis
Coccidia
Other Protozoan Infections
Helminths
Fungi
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
References
11 Liver and Bile Duct Infections
Viral Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Virology of Hepatitis B Virus
Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Virus
Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus
Histopathology of Hepatitis B Virus
Immunohistochemistry of Hepatitis B Virus
Management of Hepatitis B Virus
Viral Mutants of Hepatitis B Virus
Precore and Core Gene Mutations.
Surface Gene Mutations.
Polymerase Gene Mutations.
Posttransplantation Hepatitis B
Coinfection With Hepatitis B Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis C
Virology of Hepatitis C Virus
Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus
Histopathology of Hepatitis C Virus
Management of Hepatitis C Virus
Posttransplantation Hepatitis C
Coinfection With Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
George Barker Virus Type C (Hepatitis G)
Epstein-Barr Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Varicella Zoster Virus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus B19
Rubella (German Measles)
Rubeola (Measles)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Yellow Fever
Dengue
Rift Valley Fever
Lassa Fever
Ebola Virus
Marburg Virus
Mycobacterial Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Leprosy
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Other Bacterial Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Acute Cholangitis
Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis (Oriental Cholangiohepatitis)
Brucellosis
Bartonella Infection (Cat-Scratch Disease)
Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever)
Tularemia
Melioidosis
Listeriosis
Spirochetes
Syphilis
Leptospirosis
Lyme Disease
Rickettsia
Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
Ehrlichiosis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Boutonneuse Fever/Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Fungal Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Histoplasma
Candida
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Aspergillus
Mucormycetes/Zygomycetes
Penicilliosis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American Blastomycosis)
Microsporidiosis
Helminth Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Schistosomiasis
Strongyloides
Enterobiasis (Pinworm)
Echinococcosis
Toxocara
Capillariasis
Fascioliasis
Clonorchiasis
Ascariasis
Protozoal Infections of the Liver and Bile Duct
Amebiasis
Malaria
Leishmania
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis
References
12 Infectious Lymphadenitis
Lymphadenitis of Viral or Possible Viral Etiology
Epstein-Barr Virus/Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Cytomegaloviral Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Herpes Simplex Viral Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Lymphadenopathy
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Measles Lymphadenitis
Human Herpesvirus 6–Associated Lymphadenitis
Kawasaki Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Kikuchi Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Bacterial Lymphadenitis
Pyogenic Bacterial Lymphadenitis
Cat-Scratch Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Syphilitic Lymphadenitis
Brucellosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Immunocompromised Patients
Differential Diagnosis
Bacille Calmette-Guérin Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features.
Pathologic Features.
Whipple Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Fungal Lymphadenitis
Protozoal Lymphadenitis
Toxoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Leishmania Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Pneumocystis jiroveci Lymphadenitis
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Filarial Infections
Clinical Features
Pathologic Features
Castleman Disease
Multicentric Castleman Disease
Plasmablastic Castleman Disease (Human Herpesvirus 8–Positive Multicentric Castleman Disease)
Differential Diagnosis
References
13 Infectious Diseases of the Bone Marrow and Spleen
Patterns of Bone Marrow Response to Infections
Hyperplasia
Hypoplasia
Serous Atrophy (Gelatinous Transformation)
Morphologic Dysplasia
Lymphoid Aggregates
Granulomas
Plasmacytosis
Hemophagocytosis
Bone Marrow Features of Specific Infections
Parvovirus B19 Infection
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Brucellosis
Rickettsial Infections
Leishmaniasis
Pneumocystis
Fungal Infections
Infections Involving the Spleen
Diffuse Red Pulp Reactions to Infection
White Pulp Reactions to Infection
Mass-Forming and Cystic Splenic Infections
References
14 Infection of Bone
Pathophysiology
Bacterial Osteomyelitis
Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Hematogenous Spread
Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Contiguous Spread
Bacterial Osteomyelitis From Direct Inoculation
Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Osteomyelitis
Lepromatous Osteomyelitis
Treponemal Osteomyelitis
Skeletal Syphilis
Yaws Bone Infection
Fungal Osteomyelitis
Candida Osteomyelitis
Aspergillus Osteomyelitis
Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis
Sporotrichosis Osteomyelitis
Coccidiomycosis Osteomyelitis
Paracoccidioidomycosis Osteomyelitis
Histoplasmosis Osteomyelitis
Blastomycosis Osteomyelitis
Mycetoma
Helminth Osteomyelitis
Echinococcal Osteomyelitis
Viral Osteomyelitis
Variola Osteomyelitis
Rubella Osteomyelitis
Other Types of Viral Bone Infection
Differential Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis
References
15 Infections of Joints, Synovium-Lined Structures, and Soft Tissue
Bacterial Arthritis
Gonococcal Arthritis
Meningococcal Arthritis
Lyme Arthritis (Borreliosis)
Tuberculous Mycobacterial Arthritis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Arthritis
Fungal Arthritis
Candidiasis
Cryptococcosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Sporotrichosis
Aspergillosis
Mycetoma
Viral Arthritis
Parvovirus B19
Rubella
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis B
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Alphavirus
Reactive Arthritis
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis
Soft Tissue Infections
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Gas Gangrene
Nonnecrotizing Cellulitis
Myositis
Pyomyositis
Psoas Abscess
Bacterial Myositis
Fungal Myositis
Parasitic Soft Tissue Infection
Viral Myositis
Other Unusual Soft Tissue Infections
Mycetoma
Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis
Protothecosis
Emerging Nosocomial Fungal Infections
Surgical Site Infections
Soft Tissue Infection After Military Trauma
References
16 Genitourinary Infectious Disease Pathology
Genitourinary Cutaneous Infections
Bacterial Infections
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Fournier Gangrene
Pseudomonal Cellulitis (Ecthyma Gangrenosum)
Mycobacterial Disease
Syphilis
Chancroid
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
Fungal Infections
Dermatophytosis
Pityriasis Versicolor (Tinea Versicolor)
Candidiasis
Viral Infections
Molluscum Contagiosum
Herpetic Infections
Human Papillomavirus
Parasitic Infections
Schistosomiasis
Scabies and Lice
Kidney Infections
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute Pyelonephritis
Focal Bacterial Nephritis (Lobar Nephronia)
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Malakoplakia
Megalocytic Interstitial Nephritis
Transplant-Related Renal Infections
BK Nephropathy
Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Other Infections
Mycobacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Syphilis
Filamentous Bacteria: Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis
Rickettsia
Leptospirosis
Parasitic Infections
Malaria.
Schistosomiasis.
Hydatidosis.
Renal Glomerular Disease Caused by Infection
Postinfectious (Poststreptococcal) Glomerulonephritis.
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis.
Bladder Infections
Bacterial Cystitis
Fungal Cystitis
Viral Infections
Herpes Simplex Virus
Cytomegalovirus
BK Polyomavirus
Human Papillomavirus
Parasitic Infections
Schistosomiasis
Trichomoniasis
Special Bladder Conditions With an Infectious Association
Malakoplakia
Encrusted Cystitis
Emphysematous Cystitis
Infections of the Urethra
Infections of the Male Genitourinary System
Prostate
Epididymis
Testis
Bacterial
Mycobacterial
Fungal
Viral
Mumps.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Other Diseases
Penis and Scrotum
Bacterial Infection
Fungal Infection
Parasitic Infection
Viral Infection
References
17 Gynecologic Infections
Lower Genital Tract
Vulva and Vagina
Viral Infections
Bacterial Infections
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Infections
Larval Infestations
Noninfectious Lesions in the Differential Diagnosis of Vulvar and Vaginal Infections
Cervix and Vagina
Normal Cervical and Vaginal Flora
Cervicitis and Vaginitis
Common Causes of Symptomatic Cervicitis and Vaginitis.
Uncommon Causes of Cervicitis and Vaginitis.
Cervical and Vaginal Infections Causing Scant Inflammation
Noninfectious Lesions Mimicking Infections
Upper Genital Tract
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Endometrium
Endometritis
Granulomatous Endometritis
Fallopian Tube and Ovary
Acute Salpingitis
Chronic Salpingitis
Granulomatous Salpingitis and Oophoritis
Tubo-ovarian Abscess
References
18 Perinatal Infections
Ascending Infections
Hematogenously Spread Infections
Specific Infectious Organisms
Bacterial Infections
Group B Streptococci/Streptococcus agalactiae
Fusobacterium
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Fungal Infections
Candida
Parasitic Infections
Plasmodium falciparum
Schistosomiasis
Toxoplasma gondii
Trypanosoma cruzi
Mycoplasmal and Ureaplasmal Infections
Syphilis
Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Parvovirus
Rubella
Rubeola
Varicella
Zika Virus
Pregnancy-Associated Uterine Infections
Fetal and Congenital Infections
References
19 Infections of the Nervous System
Introduction
Acute Inflammatory Response
Infectious
Bacterial
Meningitis.
Abscess.
Viral
Herpes Simplex Virus.
Varicella Zoster Virus.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus.
Protozoal
Toxoplasmosis.
Fungal
Aspergillus.
Mucor.
Amebic
Noninfectious
Infarct
Chronic Inflammatory Response
Infectious
Bacterial
Syphilis.
Viral
West Nile Virus.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Cytomegalovirus.
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.
Fungal
Candida.
Helminthic
Cysticercosis.
Rickettsial
Noninfectious
Vasculitis
Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis
Lymphoma
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Germinoma
Granulomatous or Predominantly Histiocytic Inflammatory Pattern
Infectious Etiologies
Bacteria
Tuberculosis.
Whipple Disease.
Cerebral Syphilitic Gummas.
Fungal
Dimorphic Fungi.
Parasitic
Schistosomiasis.
Noninfectious Etiologies
Demyelination
Rosai-Dorfman Disease
Meningiomas With Dense Lymphoplasmacytic Response
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Sarcoidosis
Rheumatoid Meningitis
Granulomatous Hypophysitis
Foreign Body
Minimal or No Inflammatory Response
Fungi
Cryptococcus
Hyphal Organisms in the Immunocompromised Host
Viruses
Zika Virus
Rabies
Prions
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
References
20 Skin Infections
Diagnostic Approach to Cutaneous Infections
Bacterial Infections of the Skin
Reaction Patterns
Infections Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria
Impetigo
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Ecthyma
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Ecthyma Gangrenosum
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Erysipelas
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Erysipeloid
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Cellulitis, Including Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Pyoderma Vegetans (Blastomycosis-like Pyoderma)
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Anthrax
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Corynebacterial Infections
Diphtheria
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Erythrasma
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Trichobacteriosis (Trichomycosis)
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Pitted Keratolysis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Cutaneous Nocardiosis and Actinomycosis
Nocardiosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Actinomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Neisserial Infections
Meningococcal Infection
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Gonococcal Infection
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Miscellaneous Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Brucellosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Yersiniosis and Plague
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Tularemia
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Granuloma Inguinale
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Rhinoscleroma
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Chancroid
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Malacoplakia
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Botryomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mycobacterial Infections
Tuberculosis
Primary Inoculation, Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis, and Milliary Tuberculosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Cutis Orificialis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Lupus Vulgaris, Scrofuloderma, and Tuberculous Gumma
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis.
Atypical Mycobacterial Infections
Mycobacterium kansasii
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mycobacterium marinum
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonei
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Leprosy or Hansen Disease
Clinical Features.
Types of Reactional Leprosy.
Clinical Pathologic Correlation
Early Indeterminate Leprosy.
Lepromatous Leprosy.
Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy.
Mid-Borderline Leprosy.
Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy.
Tuberculoid Leprosy.
Reactions in Leprosy.
Treponemal Diseases
Venereal Syphilis
Primary and Secondary Syphilis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Yaws
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Pinta
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Endemic Syphilis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Borrelioses
Lyme Disease
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Infections Caused by Organisms From the Bartonella Genus
Cat-Scratch Disease
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Carrión Disease
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Rickettsia and Rickettsia-Like Organisms
Spotted Fever Group
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Other Rickettsia Species From the Spotted Fever Group.
Typhus Group
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Rickettsia-Like Organisms
Scrub Typhus.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Q Fever.
Chlamydial Infections
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Viral Infections of the Skin
Papillomaviridae
Verruca Vulgaris and Palmoplantar Warts
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Verruca Plana
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Condyloma Acuminatum and Giant Condyloma Acuminatum of Buschke-Löwenstein
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Bowenoid Papulosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Herpesviridae
Herpes Simplex
Clinical Features.
Eczema Herpeticum.
Herpetic Folliculitis.
Herpetic Whitlow.
Hyperplastic (Verrucous) Herpes.
Congenital Herpes Simplex Infection.
Disseminated Herpes Simplex Virus Infection of the Immunocompromised.
Histopathology.
Varicella and Herpes Zoster
Varicella.
Clinical Features.
Herpes Zoster.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Cytomegalovirus
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7
Human Herpesvirus 6.
Human Herpesvirus 7.
Epstein-Barr Virus
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Other EBV-Related Dermatoses.
EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disorders Affecting the Skin.
Human Herpesviruses 8, Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpes Virus
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Variola (Smallpox).
Clinical Features.
Vaccinia Virus.
Clinical Features.
Cowpox Virus.
Clinical Features.
Monkeypox Virus.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology of Cutaneous Orthopoxvirus Infections.
Parapoxvirus
Paravaccinia (Milker’s Nodule).
Clinical Features.
Orf (Ecthyma Contagiosum).
Clinical Features.
Histopathology of Cutaneous Parapoxvirus Infections.
Molluscipoxvirus
Molluscum Contagiosum.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Parvoviridae
Parvovirus B19
Clinical Features.
The Gloves-and-Socks Syndrome.
Erythema Infectiosum of Infancy.
Histopathology.
Polyomaviridae
Merkel Cell Carcinoma–Associated Polyomavirus
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Trichodysplasia Spinulosa
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Infection With Human Polyomavirus 7
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Picornaviridae
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Paramyxoviridae
Measles Virus
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Retroviridae
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HIV-Related Dermatoses.
HIV Seroconversion-Related Rash.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.
Pruritic Papular Eruption of HIV.
Eosinophilic Folliculitis.
Seborrheic Dermatitis.
Fungal Skin Infections
Superficial Mycoses
Pityriasis Versicolor
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Pityrosporum Folliculitis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Tinea Nigra
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
White Piedra and Trichosporonosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Black Piedra
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Dermatophytoses
Clinical Types
Tinea Barbae.
Tinea Capitis (Scalp Ringworm).
Kerion Celsi.
Tinea Favosa.
Tinea Corporis.
Tinea Cruris.
Tinea Imbricata (Tokelau).
Tinea Manuum.
Tinea Pedis (Foot Ringworm, Athlete’s Foot).
Tinea Unguium.
Majocchi Granuloma.
Immunology.
Histopathology.
Candidosis
Clinical Types
Oral Infections.
Genital Infections.
Cutaneous Infections.
Candida Onychomycosis.
Congenital Cutaneous Candidiasis.
Neonatal Candidiasis.
Infantile Gluteal Granuloma.
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis.
Disseminated or Systemic Candidiasis.
Histopathology.
Etiology and Pathogenesis.
Deep or Systemic Mycoses
Blastomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Other Diagnostic Techniques.
Coccidioidomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
African Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Cryptococcosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Penicilliosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Sporotrichosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Other Diagnostic Techniques.
Lobomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Phaeohyphomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Chromoblastomycosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Eumycetoma
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Hyalohyphomycoses
Aspergillus.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Fusarium.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Zygomycosis.
Mucormycosis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Entomophthoramycosis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Infections Caused by Algae
Protothecosis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Protozoal Infections
Rhinosporidiosis
Clinical Features
Histopathology
Amebic Infections
Cutaneous Amebiasis
Entamoeba histiolytica.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Acanthamoeba spp.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Infections Caused by Flagellates
The Trypanosomiases
African Trypanosomiasis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
American Trypanosomiasis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Visceral Leishmaniasis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Helminth Infestations
Trematodes
Schistosomiasis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Cestodes
Cysticercosis
Sparganosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Echinococcosis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Nematodes
Onchocerciasis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Dirofilariasis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans and Larva Currens
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Arthropod-Induced Diseases
Arachnids
Scorpions
Clinical and Histopathologic Features.
Spiders
Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus).
Brown Recluse (Loxosceles).
Other Important Spider Species.
Histopathology.
Ticks
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Mites
Demodicosis.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Scabies.
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Insects
Human Lice
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Bed Bugs
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Myiasis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
Tungiasis
Clinical Features.
Histopathology.
References
21 Infections of the Eye and Its Adnexa
Masquerade Syndromes
Chalazion
Sebaceous Carcinoma
Intraocular Lymphoma, Leukemia, and Behçet Disease With Hypopyon
Necrotic Intraocular Tumors Simulating Panophthalmitis and Orbital Cellulitis
Conjunctival Infections
Bacterial Infections
Common Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Cat-Scratch Disease and Granulomatous Conjunctivitis
Viral Infections
Adenoviral Conjunctivitis
Herpesvirus Conjunctivitis
Human Papillomavirus
Fungal Infections
Rhinosporidiosis
Other Rare Fungal Conjunctivitis
Parasitic Infections
Loiasis and Onchocerciasis
Corneal Infections
Bacterial Infections
Classic Bacterial Keratitis With Corneal Ulcer
Infectious Crystalline Keratopathy
Mycobacterial Keratitis
Viral Infections
Herpetic Keratitis
Fungal Infections
Classic Fungal Keratitis With Corneal Ulcer
Microsporidial Keratitis
Parasitic Keratitis
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Intraocular Infections (Including Endophthalmitis and Infectious Retinitis and Choroiditis)
Bacterial Infections
Acute Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Chronic Postoperative Endophthalmitis
Whipple Disease
Viral Chorioretinitis
Herpes Family Chorioretinitis
Fungal Infections
Classic Fungal Endophthalmitis
Cryptococcal Endophthalmitis and Other Unusual Causes of Fungal Endophthalmitis
Ocular Histoplasmosis
Pneumocystitis Choroiditis
Parasitic Infections
Toxoplasma gondii
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis and Other Nematode Infections
Eyelid and Orbital (Skin and Soft Tissue) Infections
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial Orbital Cellulitis
Subperiosteal Abscess
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Bacterial Dacryocystitis, Canaliculitis, and Dacryoadenitis
Mycobacterial Infections and Other Unusual Bacterial Infections of the Eyelids and Orbit
Viral Infections
Eyelid Molluscum Contagiosum
Herpesvirus Family
Fungal Infections
Parasitic Infections
Trichinosis
Dirofilaria
Echinococcosis
Myiasis
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z