توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب :
سیاست لایک در قلب دموکراسی نهفته است. دفاتر سیاسی تنها دفاتری هستند که برای آنها هیچ مدرک رسمی لازم نیست. رویه های سیاسی معاصر کاملاً مخالف این آرمان قانون اساسی است. بیشتر دموکراسیها در اروپای غربی، دموکراسیهای دیپلمه هستند – که توسط کسانی اداره میشوند که دارای بالاترین شرایط رسمی هستند. شهروندانی که صلاحیتهای تحصیلی پایین یا متوسط دارند در حال حاضر حدود 70 درصد از رایدهندگان را تشکیل میدهند، اما تقریباً در تمام عرصههای سیاسی غایب شدهاند. فارغالتحصیلان دانشگاه بر همه نهادها و مکانهای سیاسی، از احزاب سیاسی، پارلمانها و کابینهها گرفته تا علایق سازمانیافته، محیطهای مشورتی و مشاورههای اینترنتی تسلط پیدا کردهاند. این افزایش یک شایسته سالاری سیاسی بخشی از روند بزرگتر است. در جامعه اطلاعاتی، پیشینه تحصیلی، مانند طبقه یا مذهب، منبع مهمی از شکاف های اجتماعی و سیاسی است. آنهایی که تحصیلات خوبی دارند معمولاً جهان وطن هستند، در حالی که شهروندان کم سوادتر به احتمال زیاد ملی گرا هستند.
این کتاب زمینه، خطوط و پیامدهای این ظهور یک شایسته سالاری سیاسی را مستند می کند. این کتاب به بررسی تسلط شهروندان با تحصیلات عالی در مشارکت سیاسی، جامعه مدنی و مناصب سیاسی در اروپای غربی میپردازد. عواقب این افزایش یک شایسته سالاری سیاسی، مانند کسری های توصیفی، ناسازگاری سیاست ها، استانداردهای مغرضانه، و بدبینی و بی اعتمادی را مورد بحث قرار می دهد. همچنین، به راههایی برای اصلاح یا حداقل کاهش برخی از اثرات منفی دموکراسی دیپلم میپردازد.
فهرست مطالب :
Content: Cover
Diploma Democracy: The Rise of Political Meritocracy
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Diploma Democracy
The Rise of Political Meritocracy
Platoś Dream Come True
Diploma Democracy
Exploring the Rise of Political Meritocracy
Outline: Concepts, Contours, and Consequences of Diploma Democracy
Note
Part I: Concepts and Contexts
2: Diplomas
Meritocracy: From Science Fiction to Factual Description
Meritocracy and Diplomas
The Elements of Meritocracy
Diplomas and Educational Stratification
The Expansion of the Educational System The Increase in Educational AttainmentThe Massification of Higher Education
The Increasing Diversification of `Higher ́Education
The Educational Revolution as a Critical Juncture
New Openings and Emerging Social Opportunities
Education as the Engine of Social Mobility
New Closures and Diminishing Returns
Diplomas as Screening Devices
New Privileges and Elites
The Persistence of Tertiary Education across Generations
The Rise of the Well-Educated in Society
Notes
3: Democracy
Government by or for the People?
Principal Elements of Democracy Representation: Who Are to Be Made Present and How?Responsiveness: Matching Policy Preferences and Policy Outcomes
Accountability: Ex Post Control
Legitimacy: Confidence and Support
The Participatory Revolution
New Openings and Emerging Political Opportunities
New Opportunities for Preference Formation
New Opportunities for the Mobilization of Preferences
New Opportunities for the Aggregation of Preferences
New Closures and Diminishing Democratization
New Closures for Political Preference Formation
New Closures for Political Mobilization and Organization New Closures for Political AggregationThe Rise of the Well-Educated in Democratic Politics
Notes
4: Education as a Cleavage
An Educational Cleavage?
Cleavage as a Social and Political Concept
A Restructuration of Cleavages
Cleavages: Three Elements and Three Levels
Different Stages of Cleavage Formation
Social Differences: Educational Groups as Social Groups
Attitudinal Differences: Cosmopolitans versus Nationalists
Institutional Differences: Social-Liberal versus Nationalist Parties
Different Stages of Cleavage Formation across Europe Cleavage Formation and the Rise of Political MeritocracyCountry Selection
Notes
Part II: Contours
5: The Education Gap in Political Participation
The Hamburger Bildungskampf
The Participation Pyramid
Education Gaps in Participation
Spectator Politics: Watching, Reading, and Talking Politics
Voting
Conventional Participation Outside Elections
Protest Participation Outside Elections
Internet Activism
Participation in Deliberative Settings
Political Party Membership
The Concentration of Activity
Participatory Inequalities
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب به زبان اصلی :
Lay politics lies at the heart of democracy. Political offices are the only offices for which no formal qualifications are required. Contemporary political practices are diametrically opposed to this constitutional ideal. Most democracies in Western Europe are diploma democracies - ruled by those with the highest formal qualifications. Citizens with low or medium educational qualifications currently make up about 70 percent of the electorates, yet they have become virtually absent from almost all political arenas. University graduates have come to dominate all political institutions and venues, from political parties, parliaments and cabinets, to organised interests, deliberative settings, and Internet consultations. This rise of a political meritocracy is part of larger trend. In the information society, educational background, like class or religion, is an important source of social and political divides. Those who are well educated tend to be cosmopolitans, whereas the lesser educated citizens are more likely to be nationalists.
This book documents the context, contours, and consequences of this rise of a political meritocracy. It explores the domination of higher educated citizens in political participation, civil society, and political office in Western Europe. It discusses the consequences of this rise of a political meritocracy, such as descriptive deficits, policy incongruences, biased standards, and cynicism and distrust. Also, it looks at ways to remedy, or at least mitigate, some of the negative effects of diploma democracy.