دانلود کتاب Direct-Fed Microbials and Prebiotics for Animals: Science and Mechanisms of Action

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Preface
Definitions
References
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: The Gastrointestinal Tract of Food Animals and Impact of Feed Additives
Chapter 1: Commensal Gastrointestinal Microbiota as a Complex Interactive Consortia
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Diversity of Microbial Communities in the Gastrointestinal Tract
1.3 Temporal Colonization of the Intestinal Tract
1.3.1 Postnatal Programming
1.4 Upsetting the Balance: The Effect of Stressors on the Intestinal Microbiota
1.5 Upsetting the Balance: Lactic Acidosis and Rumen Microbiota
1.6 Upsetting the Balance: Feed Withdrawal and Intestinal Microbiota
1.7 Development of Intestinal Microbiota in the Early Life of the Host
1.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: The Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract: An Overview of Microbial Ecology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract: Anatomy and Physiology
2.3 Poultry Gastrointestinal Microbiota
2.4 Bacterial Ecology in the Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract
2.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 3: Current Understanding of the Crosstalk Between Direct-Fed Microbials and Indigenous Microbiome in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Applications and Challenges in Food-Producing Animals
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Recent Advances in Researching the GIT Microbiome of Food-Producing Animals
3.2.1 Core Microbiota
3.2.1.1 Taxonomic Core Microbiota in the GIT of Food-Producing Animals
3.2.1.2 Functional Core Microbiota in the GIT of Food-Producing Animals
3.2.2 Mucosa-Associated Versus Digesta-Associated Microbiomes
3.3 Challenges for the Application of DFMs in Food-Producing Animals
3.3.1 Lack of In-Depth Understanding of the GIT Microbiome
3.3.2 Lack of Understanding of the Interaction Between DFMs and the GIT Microbiome
3.3.3 Individualized Microbiomes Pose Challenges for Application of DFMs
3.4 Future Directions for Effective Use of DFMs in Food-Producing Animals
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Advancements in Poultry Nutrition and Genetics, the Role of Antibiotic Growth Promoters, and the Introduction of Feed Additive Alternatives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Broiler Performance and Genetics
4.3 Nutritional Advancements in the Poultry Industry
4.4 Feed Additives
4.5 Antibiotic Growth Promoters
4.6 Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promotors
4.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 5: Prebiotics with Plant and Microbial Origins
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nondigestible Oligosaccharides and Fermentation
5.3 Health Benefits and Industrial Use of Prebiotics
5.4 Methods of Manufacture
5.5 Established Prebiotics
5.5.1 Fructans
5.5.2 Galactooligosaccharides
5.5.3 Lactulose
5.6 Candidate Prebiotics
5.6.1 Lactosucrose
5.6.2 Isomaltooligosaccharides
5.6.3 Xylooligosaccharides
5.6.4 Polydextrose
5.6.5 Bovine- and Human-Milk Oligosaccharides
5.7 Prospective Carbohydrate-Based Prebiotics
5.7.1 Resistant Starches and Dextrins
5.7.2 β-Glucans and Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides
5.7.3 Mannanoligosaccharides
5.8 Prospective Noncarbohydrate Prebiotics
5.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Prospects for Prebiotic and Postbiotic Applications in Poultry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Prebiotics: General Concepts
6.3 Fructooligosaccharides
6.4 Galactooligosaccharides
6.5 Xylooligosaccharides
6.6 Yeast Cell Wall Components: Prebiotics/Microbiota
6.6.1 Chitins
6.6.2 β-glucans
6.6.3 Mannans
6.7 Yeast Fermentation Products as Postbiotics
6.8 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Part II: Probiotics: Current Status and Future Challenges of Practical Applications
Chapter 7: Probiotics in Poultry Preharvest Food Safety: Historical Developments and Current Prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Foodborne Pathogens Associated with Poultry
7.3 Preharvest Control Strategies
7.4 Chicken GIT Microbiota
7.4.1 Microbiota Changes in Adult Chickens
7.5 Probiotics
7.5.1 Historical Background
7.5.2 Regulatory Considerations of Probiotics
7.5.3 Selection Criteria of Probiotic Strains
7.6 Potential Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics in Poultry
7.6.1 Immune System Stimulation
7.6.2 Competitive Exclusion (CE)
7.6.3 Alter the Intestinal pH
7.6.4 Colonizing Ability
7.6.5 Maintenance of Epithelial Barrier Integrity
7.7 Applications of Probiotics in Poultry Preharvest Food Safety
7.7.1 Introduction
7.7.2 Bacteria
7.7.3 Yeasts
7.7.4 Probiotics and Poultry Management
7.7.5 Role of Probiotics: Beneficial Effects
7.7.6 Commercial Probiotic Supplements
7.7.7 Probiotics’ Inconsistent Responses
7.8 Future Directions
7.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Probiotics and Prebiotics: Application to Pets
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Probiotics
8.2.1 Application of Probiotics in the Pet Industry
8.2.2 Probiotic Evaluation In Vitro
8.2.3 Probiotic Use in Dogs and Cats
8.3 Prebiotics
8.3.1 Prebiotic Evaluation In Vitro
8.3.2 Prebiotic Use by Dogs and Cats
8.4 Synbiotics
8.4.1 Synbiotic Evaluation In Vitro
8.4.2 Synbiotics in Dogs and Cats
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation and the Swine Gastrointestinal Tract Microbial Population: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Influence of Swine Management Practices on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota
9.3 Host–Microbe Interactions
9.4 Nutritional Impacts on Swine Gut Microbial Populations
9.5 Direct-Fed Microbials and Swine Response
9.6 Probiotics as Protection Against Gastrointestinal Pathogens in Swine
9.7 The Future of Direct-Fed Microbial Use in Swine Production
References
Chapter 10: Finfish Microbiota and Direct-Fed Microbial Applications in Aquaculture
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Understanding of the Homeostatic Microbiota of Fishes
10.2.1 Physiological Function of Fish Microbiota
10.2.2 Factors Influencing the Fish Microbiota
10.2.2.1 Host-Associated Factors
Host Phylogeny
Host Ontogeny
Host Body Site
Host Immunity
Host Trophic Level
10.2.2.2 Environmental Factors
Diet and Feeding Pattern
Environmental Microbiota
Physiochemical Properties
Interindividual Variations
10.3 Manipulating Fish Microbiota: Current Status of DFMs in Aquaculture
10.3.1 Bibliometric Analysis of Aquaculture Finfish Probiotic Literature
10.3.2 Probiotics Used in Aquaculture
10.3.2.1 Gram-Positive Bacteria
10.3.2.2 Gram-Negative Bacteria
10.3.2.3 Synbiotics
10.3.2.4 Yeast
10.3.3 Known Effects of Probiotics on Fish Performance
10.3.4 Important Considerations for the Future Selection of Probiotics for Aquaculture
10.3.4.1 Safety of the Host and the Environment
10.3.4.2 Route of Delivery
10.3.4.3 Host Colonization and Persistence
10.4 Future Directions for DFM Strategies in Aquaculture
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Practical Applications of Probiotics in Beef Cattle Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Challenges Facing Beef Production
11.3 Direct-Fed Microbials/Probiotic-Type Approaches: Definitions
11.4 Pathogen Reduction
11.5 Other Pathogen Issues
11.6 Focusing on Carcass Quality
11.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Current Status of Practical Applications: Probiotics in Dairy Cattle
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Why Are DFMs Used in Cattle?
12.3 Which DFMs Are Used in Dairy Cattle?
12.4 How Does DFM Feeding Benefit Dairy Cattle?
12.5 Effects of DFMs on Dairy Cattle Production and Performance
12.6 Health Benefits of DFMs
12.7 Food Safety Benefits of DFMs
12.8 DFM Modes of Action
12.9 Conclusions
References
Index