دانلود کتاب Dynamics of Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection

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Dynamics of Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection
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Contributors
Preface
Introduction to Dynamics of Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection
References
The Physics and Origin of Plate Tectonics From Grains to Global Scales
Introduction
In the beginning
Ok, but seriously
Grain-damage physics
Grain damage in monominerallic materials
Grain damage in polymineralic materials
Grain mixing and hysteresis
Some applications to plate tectonic origins
Generation and onset of plate tectonics
Collapse of passive margins
Slab detachment
Plates, climate, and planetary evolution
Future directions: Intragranular defects in grain-damage models
Dislocation dynamics
A dislocation and a grain boundary walk into a bar
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Energetics of the Solid Earth: Implications for the Structure of Mantle Convection
Introduction
Seismic observations on the structure of global mantle flow
Mantle energetics: Roles of gravitational energy release and viscous dissipation
Current gravitational energy release and viscous dissipation in the Earth\'s mantle
Non-hydrostatic internal deflections store relatively minor amounts of gravitational energy
If upward mantle flow occurs within a low-viscosity D+plume+asthenosphere circuit, then viscous dissipation will be co ...
Mantle heat loss through the surface
Radioactive heat production in the Earth\'s interior
The Earth\'s Urey ratio and the mantle\'s ``missing´´ energy supply
Secular cooling of the mantle can supply 6.3 TW of long-term power
The core supplies >15 TW across the core-mantle boundary
K and U in the core do not provide the core\'s >15 TW missing source of energy
Does secular cooling of the core supply >15 TW across the core-mantle boundary?
Freezing of the inner core may occur over an 815K temperature interval
Core segregation is probably associated with significant core heating with respect to the mantle
Implications of seismic and energetics constraints on the structure of mantle convection
Lower mantle flow: Pattern and speeds
Upward return flow circuit: Lower mantle plumes
Upward return flow circuit: Strong lateral flow within the base of the D layer
Upward return flow circuit: Strong lateral flow in a shallow plume-fed asthenosphere
Implications of a plume-fed asthenosphere beneath the surface tectonic plates
Speculations for the Earth\'s continents and core
References
Influence of Mantle Rheology on the Formation of Plate Tectonic Style of Mantle Convection
Introduction
Model description
Parameterization of the strength of rocks
The strength of the deep mantle
The strength of the lithosphere
Geodynamic modeling
Mantle convection simulations
Simulation set-up
Flow law parameter setting and the diagnostics of style of mantle convection
Results
Viscosity and stress structures
Details of 1-D stress profiles
Regime diagram
Discussion and summary
Choice of activation volume in the upper mantle
Summary
Implications and model limitations
Acknowledgment
References
Tectonic Strain Rates, Diffuse Oceanic Plate Boundaries, and the Plate Tectonic Approximation
Introduction
The plate tectonic approximation
What are diffuse oceanic plate boundaries?
What distinguishes narrow oceanic plate boundaries from diffuse oceanic plate boundaries?
What distinguishes intra-oceanic-plate deformation from diffuse oceanic plate boundaries?
What early evidence and analysis supported the existence of diffuse oceanic plate boundaries?
Are plates rigid? Is the lithosphere rigid?
Horizontal thermal contraction of the oceanic lithosphere
Do transform faults parallel plate motion?
States of the lithosphere and the boundaries in strain rate and force per unit length that separate them
Location of poles of relative rotation between plates separated by a diffuse oceanic plate boundary
The torque that one plate applies to another (and vice versa) across a diffuse oceanic plate boundary
The vertically averaged rheology of deforming oceanic lithosphere in diffuse oceanic plate boundaries
An outstanding problem: Non-closure of the Pacific-Cocos-Nazca plate circuit
Concluding remarks
References
Tectonics is a Hologram
Introduction
The program of plate-like tectonic emergence in convection models: Pseudo-plasticity
Context
Without and with pseudo-plasticity
On temperature-dependent viscosity
The whole is bigger than the sum of the parts. The whole is smaller than the sum of the parts
Continental drift
Seafloor spreading
Transform zones
Subduction
Downwellings or subduction?
Onset of subduction
Outlook
Final thoughts
Acknowledgments
References
Internal Planetary Feedbacks, Mantle Dynamics, and Plate Tectonics
Introduction
Thermal cycles, thermal-hydrocycles, and internal Earth cooling feedbacks
Mantle dynamics and mantle viscosity structure feedbacks
Boundary-layer interactions and plate-plume feedbacks
Plate tectonics-mantle dynamics feedbacks and bootstrap hypotheses
Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Tectono-Convective Modes on Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies
Historical introduction
Tectono-convective modes
Iso-chemical modes
Magmatism-induced modes
Influence of compositional variations on tectonic modes
Successes and problems of yielding-induced plate tectonics
Successes
Problems
Physical mechanisms for strain weakening and memory
Tectono-convective evolution of terrestrial bodies
Earth
Venus
Io
Mars
Exoplanets
Discussion
References
The Past and the Future of Plate Tectonics and Other Tectonic Regimes
The past of plate tectonics
The present of plate tectonics
Beyond the Earth: Tectonics of other rocky planets and moons
Stagnant lid
Heat pipe
Episodic lid
Plutonic-squishy lid
Ridge only
Future of plate tectonics and other tectonic regimes
Earth\'s tectonic evolution
What was/were the tectonic regime(s) active on the Earth?
When did plate tectonics start?
Will we find plate tectonics in another planets?
Notes on how to evolve our understanding of planets evolution
Physics and numerical modeling
Paradigm shift
Acknowledgments
References
How Mantle Convection Drives the Supercontinent Cycle: Mechanism, Driving Force, and Substantivity
Introduction
Numerical simulation of mantle convection
Dynamic interaction between mantle convection and continental drift
Driving force of plate motion
Mechanism and driving force of supercontinental breakup
Mechanism and driving force of supercontinental formation
Prediction of future continental drift
Analyses of the driving force
Basal drag under continental plates
Stability of the cratonic lithosphere
Substantivity of the supercontinent cycle in the future
Summary
Acknowledgments
Appendix A. Descriptions of numerical simulation models
Appendix B. Supplementary material
References
Observations and Models of Dynamic Topography: Current Status and Future Directions
Introduction
Present-day dynamic topography
Observational estimates
Oceanic residual topography dataset
Spot measurements
Shiptrack-derived measurements
Global representation of observational dataset
Predictions from simulations of mantle flow
Modeling approach and end-member cases
Physical properties: Density and viscosity
Synthetic predictions of dynamic topography
Comparisons with the observed geoid
Summary of present-day dynamic topography
Dynamic topography into the geological past
Observational constraints
Computational approaches for dynamic topography reconstructions
Time-dependent global predictions of dynamic topography
Outlook: Improving dynamic topography reconstructions into the geological past
Data availability
Acknowledgments
References
Feedbacks Between Internal and External Earth Dynamics
The ground up
The ground down
Merging concepts toward an integrative understanding of the Earth system
A long way to go
Feedbacks between internal and external dynamics in extensional settings
The geological carbon cycle
Feedbacks between internal and external dynamics and effects on the evolution of life
Closing remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Co-Evolution of Life and Plate Tectonics: The Biogeodynamic Perspective on the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic ...
Introduction
Biogeodynamics
Modern plate tectonics and biodiversity evolution
Biological evolution in Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic time
Mesoproterozoic single lid and the Neoproterozoic transition to plate tectonics
How the Neoproterozoic transition from single-lid to plate tectonics stimulated biological evolution
Conclusions and suggestions for future research
Acknowledgments
References
Subduction Zones: A Short Review
Introduction
History of subduction zone science
Subduction zone geology and geometry
Subduction zone kinematics
Subduction zone migration
Subduction zone velocity components
Subduction zone velocities and reference frames
General observations of subduction zone kinematics
Subduction zone dynamics
Main driver of subduction
Subduction parameters and their potential influence
Age of the subducting oceanic lithosphere at the trench
Slab width (trench-parallel subduction zone size)
Geodynamic modeling of subduction
Purpose of geodynamic modeling of subduction
Buoyancy-driven subduction models
Subduction modeling in three-dimensional space
Temporal evolution of subduction models
End-member subduction zones: South America and Scotia
Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
An Evolutionary Perspective on Subduction Initiation
Introduction
The Cenozoic offshore record
Puysegur-Fiordland
Vanuatu and Hunter-Matthews
Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM)
Tonga-Kermadec
The onshore record
The mechanics of subduction initiation
Synthesis and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Lithosphere-Mantle Interactions in Subduction Zones
Introduction
Boundary conditions
Material properties
Rheology
Stress dependence
Low-temperature plasticity
Composite viscosity
Viscoelasticity
Phase transitions
Clever use of observations and model design
Slab width
Slab breakoff
Double subduction
Large-scale mantle flow
Long-term, time-dependent slab dynamics
Perspectives
References
Mantle Plumes and Their Interactions
The larger context
Wilson, Morgan, and how the concept of mantle plumes came about
The role of mantle plumes in global geodynamics, and how I got into that game
Hotspots fixed or moving, tilted or vertical?
Mantle plumes and their role in defining reference frames for plate motions
Where and how do plumes form?
Plumes, plates and their interactions
Distribution of plume-derived volcanism
Plumes and continental breakup
Plumes and the initiation of subduction
Plumes and lithospheric uplift
Do plumes exist? The hunt for evidence
Challenges for the future: What we still dont understand about plumes (actually, a lot ) and what new tools we might h ...
Appendix: Supplementary material
Acknowledgments
References
Evolution of Mantle Plumes and Lower Mantle Structure in Numerical Models Using Tectonic Reconstructions as B ...
Introduction
Methods
Numerical convection model parameters
Modeled plume characteristics
Identification and evaluation of thermochemically distinct regions
Observations and analysis of geodynamic models
Model plume locations, timings, and physical properties
Comparison of model plume motion with hotspot motion inferred from paleomagnetic analyses from volcanic tracks
Insights and remaining problems concerning plume motion
Modeled deep mantle structure and evolution
Evolution of the Modeled Anomalously Dense Structures (MADS)
Evolution of the African MADS
Evolution of the Pacific MADS
Migration rates of MADS boundaries
Insights regarding LLSVPs evolution from the behavior of MADS
Influence of the tectonic reconstruction
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Rifting Continents
Introduction
Continental rifting
Geological features of rifts
The rifting process and its structural variability
Force balance of rifting
From rift to mid-ocean ridge to form a rifted margin
The continent-ocean boundary/transition
Faulting and mantle exhumation
Breakup and post-rift evolution
Rifting and society
Summary and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Geodynamics Written in the Seafloor
Introduction
Mid-ocean ridge systematics
A bit of history
Large-scale ridge morphologies
Ridge axis morphologies
From decompression melting to oceanic crust emplacement
Magma generation
Magma ascent and focusing
Building the crust
Cooling and building the oceanic lithosphere
Shaping the seafloor through tectono-magmatic interactions
Lithospheric thickness and the lifespan of normal faults
Magma-rich mid-ocean ridges
Detachment-dominated and quasi-amagmatic seafloor spreading
A seafloor record of interior dynamics
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Roles of Serpentinization in Plate Tectonics and the Evolution of Earth\'s Mantle
Characteristics of the mantle peridotite+water serpentinite reaction
Serpentinization at Mid-Ocean Ridges
Serpentinization at transform faults and fracture zones
Serpentinization during plate bending at trenches
The paradigm shift
Geochemical and biological consequences of bend-fault serpentinization
Serpentinization, deserpentinization, and global tectonics
Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Numerical Modeling of Subduction
Introduction
Governing equations
Deformation
Boundary conditions
Nullspaces
Boundary evolution
Thermal transport
Constitutive laws and coefficients
Material domains and history variables
Classes of subduction models
Model components and their challenges
Spatial discretization
Flow
Material regions
Compatible flow and transport
Solvers
Linear flow solvers
Exact factorizations
Iterative methods
Nonlinear flow solvers
Free-surface evolution
Software
Geodynamic software
PDE libraries
Automated finite elements
Discretization libraries
Linear algebra libraries
Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Literate, Reusable, Geodynamic Modeling
Introduction
A very brief history of computational geodynamics
From reproducibility to reusability
Reproducible computations
Replication of computational research
What more does reuse require?
Mathematical choices
An example: Underworld models
Discussion
References
Perspectives on Planetary Tectonics
Index