دانلود کتاب Echinoderm nutrition

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Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
Part One: Food and Feeding Mechanisms......Page 18
1. Chemoreception in echinoderms related to their structure and life style......Page 20
2. Physical perception of food and feeding......Page 22
3. Chemical perception of food and feeding......Page 25
4. Organs of chemoreception......Page 37
5. Variability of response to chemical stimuli......Page 39
6. Conclusions......Page 40
1. Trophic classification......Page 42
2.1 Tube-feet......Page 44
2.2 Feeding postures of pinnulate crinoids......Page 48
2.3 Functional morphology of feeding appendages in fossil crinoids......Page 52
2.4 Feeding in non-crinoid crinozoans......Page 56
3. Food composition......Page 57
4. Conclusions......Page 58
1. Deposit-feeding holothuroids......Page 60
2. Suspension-feeding holothuroids......Page 66
3. Discussion and conclusion......Page 70
1.1.1 Food of regular echinoids......Page 74
1.2.1 The Aristotle\'s lantern......Page 91
1.2.2 The tube-feet......Page 105
1.2.3 Capture of drift material......Page 106
1.2.5 Conclusions......Page 108
Feeding mechanisms......Page 109
Food......Page 121
2.2.1 Spatangoida......Page 122
Food......Page 124
Feeding mechanisms......Page 126
Feeding mechanisms......Page 131
2.3 Conclusion......Page 132
1.1 Food resources of asteroids......Page 134
1.2 Food of asteroids......Page 135
1.3 Trophic groups......Page 155
1.4 Breadth of diet and food preferences......Page 156
2.1 Intraoral feeders......Page 157
2.2 Extraoral feeders......Page 158
2.2.2 Capture of slow-moving, sedentary or attached unprotected prey......Page 160
2.2.3 Capture of slow-moving, sedentary or attached protected prey......Page 162
2.3 Ciliary-feeding and suspension-feeding......Page 165
3. Digestion time, feeding rate and feeding rhythm......Page 169
4. General conclusions......Page 175
Chapter 6 Food and feeding mechanisms: Ophiuroidea......Page 178
1. Carnivorous feeding......Page 182
2. Microphagous feeding......Page 191
4. Discussion......Page 200
5. Conclusions......Page 201
Part Two: Digestive Systems......Page 204
Chapter 7 Digestive systems: General considerations......Page 206
1.1 Recent crinoids......Page 208
3. Conclusion......Page 211
1. Anatomy of the gut......Page 212
2. Histology and cytology......Page 220
3. Digestive organs......Page 234
4. Mechanics of the gut......Page 237
5. Conclusions......Page 238
1.1 Regular echinoids......Page 240
1.2 Irregular echinoids......Page 248
2.1 Regular echinoids......Page 249
2.3 The hemal digestive system......Page 254
3.1 Buccal cavity and pharynx......Page 256
3.2 Esophagus......Page 257
3.3 Stomach......Page 258
3.5 Intestine......Page 259
4.1 Regular echinoids......Page 260
4.2 Irregular echinoids......Page 262
5. Conclusions......Page 263
1. General and comparative anatomy of the digestive system......Page 264
1.1 Survey of asteroid families......Page 265
1.2 The stomach retractor system......Page 291
1.3 General conclusions on anatomy......Page 293
2.1 The digestive epithelium......Page 295
2.2 The basi-epithelial (epineural) nerve plexus......Page 297
2.4 The tissues external to the connective tissue layer......Page 298
3.1 Stomach......Page 299
3.2 Brachial digestive organs......Page 301
3.3 Aboral digestive organs......Page 303
4.1 Asteriidae......Page 304
5. Conclusions......Page 306
1.1 Anatomy, histology and cytology of the digestive system......Page 308
3. Phrynophiurida......Page 313
4. Conclusions......Page 314
Part Three: Physiology and Biochemistry......Page 316
1.1 Intracellular digestion......Page 318
1.2 Extracellular digestion......Page 319
1.4 Digestive enzymes......Page 323
2. Larval echinoderms......Page 350
3. Conclusions......Page 351
1.1 The involvement of coelomocytes......Page 352
1.2 Absorption via epithelial cells......Page 354
1.3 Sugar absorption from the alimentary canal......Page 355
1.4 Alimentary absorption of amino acids......Page 357
2.1 General evidence for a parenteral route of nutrient absorption......Page 360
2.2 Mechanisms of absorption of monosaccharides......Page 361
2.3 Mechanisms of absorption of amino acids......Page 362
3. General considerations......Page 363
1. Respiration......Page 366
2. Somatic growth......Page 383
3. Gonadal growth......Page 396
4. Bioenergetics......Page 403
5. Conclusions......Page 406
Chapter 16 Nutrient translocation......Page 408
1.1 The hemal system......Page 409
1.2 Coelomocytic transport......Page 418
1.3 Perivisceral coelomic transport......Page 422
1.4 The perihemal coelomic system......Page 426
1.6 Integumental translocation......Page 427
2.1 The model......Page 428
1.1 Carbohydrate degradation......Page 432
1.2 Mitochondrial oxidations......Page 438
1.3 Nitrogen catabolism......Page 442
2.1 Glycogen synthesis......Page 444
2.2 Amino acid biosynthesis......Page 445
2.4 Lipid biosynthesis......Page 447
3.1 Control of phosphorylase activity in echinoid eggs......Page 449
3.3 Feedback inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis in echinoid embryos......Page 450
4. Conclusions......Page 451
Chapter 18 Steroid metabolism......Page 454
1. Sterols in echinoderms......Page 455
2. The origin of sterols in echinoderms......Page 458
3. The effect of dietary sterols on the sterol composition of echinoderms......Page 464
4. Elimination of sterols......Page 466
5. Conclusions......Page 473
1. Nitrogenous wastes of echinoderms......Page 474
3. Excretion and the coelomocytes......Page 480
4. The supposed renal organs of echinoderms......Page 482
5. Excretion in embryos and larvae......Page 483
6. Conclusions......Page 484
Part Four: Nutrition During Development......Page 486
Chapter 20 Nutrition of gametes......Page 488
1.1 Somatic structure of gonads in the Echinodermata......Page 490
1.2.1 Outer sac (found only in Asteroidea, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea)......Page 491
1.2.2 Genital coelomic (perihemal) sinus......Page 492
2.1 Predictable generation of functional subdivisions of the germinal epithelium during gametogenesis......Page 495
2.2 Nutrient input to the gametogenic microenvironment and utilization by germinal cells......Page 507
2.2.1 Asteroidea......Page 508
2.2.2 Echinoidea......Page 511
3. Conclusions......Page 513
1.1 General considerations......Page 516
1.2 The yolk......Page 517
1.3 Formation of the yolk platelets......Page 518
1.4 Utilization of stored macromolecules......Page 520
2. Other echinoderms......Page 522
3. Conclusions......Page 523
1. Trophic categories in echinoderm larvae......Page 526
2. Morphology of the gut in planktotrophic larvae......Page 528
3.1 Planktotrophic larvae......Page 532
3.3 Incubated embryos......Page 534
5. Larval energy budget......Page 535
Part Five: Effects of Feeding on The Environment......Page 540
1. Deposit feeders......Page 542
3. Conclusions......Page 545
1. The physical effect of feeding on the substratum......Page 548
2.1 The effects on plants......Page 554
2.2 The effects on epibenthic animals......Page 560
2.3 Effects of limitations on echinoid distribution, abundance and mobility......Page 564
2.4 Stability in echinoid populations......Page 566
2.5 Conclusion......Page 568
1. Definitions and biases......Page 570
2.1 Temperate shores: Pacific coast of North America......Page 572
2.2 Temperate shores: Atlantic coast of North America......Page 576
2.3 Temperate shores: Atlantic coast of Europe......Page 577
2.4 Temperate shores: Pacific coast of Asia (Japan)......Page 578
2.5 Temperate south Pacific shores......Page 579
3. Role of asteroids in rocky subtidal regions......Page 580
3.1 Polar subtidal habitats: Antarctica......Page 581
3.2 Temperate subtidal habitats......Page 582
3.3 Temperate southern hemisphere......Page 586
3.4 Tropical subtidal habitats......Page 588
4.1 Asteroids and the organization of benthic marine communities......Page 592
4.2 Why are asteroids so important?......Page 597
4.3 Comparison to other communities......Page 599
4.4 Conclusions and future directions......Page 600
Bibliography......Page 602
List of contributors......Page 686
Species index......Page 688
Subject index......Page 698