دانلود کتاب Effect of Infection Timing on Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Open- and Closed-Flowering Barley

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PHYTOPATHOLOGY Vol. 97, No. 9, 2007, Р. 1054-1062
Megumi Yoshida, Naoyuki Kawada, and Takashi Nakajima
ABSTRACT
Barley has two flowering types, chasmogamous (open-flowering) and
cleistogamous (closed-flowering). We examined the effect of the timing
of Fusarium graminearum infection on Fusarium head blight (FHB) and
mycotoxin accumulation in barley cultivars with different flowering types
using greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment, 13 cultivars were
spray inoculated at two different developmental stages, and the severity of
FHB was evaluated. The effect of the timing of infection differed among
cultivars. Cleistogamous cultivars were resistant at anthesis but suscep-
tible at 10 days after anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars were
already susceptible at anthesis. In the second experiment, five cultivars
were inoculated at three different developmental stages and the concen-
trations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in mature grain
were analyzed. Cleistogamous cultivars accumulated more mycotoxins
(DON and NIV) when inoculated 10 or 20 days after anthesis than when
inoculated at anthesis, whereas chasmogamous cultivars accumulated
more mycotoxins when inoculated at anthesis. Thus, the most critical
time for F. graminearum infection and mycotoxin accumulation in barley
differs with cultivar, and likely is associated with the flowering type. Late
infection, even without accompanied FHB symptoms, was also signifi-
cant in terms of the risk of mycotoxin contamination.
Additional keywords: anther, cleistogamy, Gibberella zeae, Hordeum
vulgare, scab, trichothecene.