دانلود کتاب Electoral Engineering

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Half-title Title Copyright Contents List of Tables and Figures Preface PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Do Rules Matter?: Structure versus Culture Rational-choice Institutionalism and the Calculus of Rewards Electoral Incentives Vote-Maximizing Political Actors Party Bridging or Bonding Strategies Particularistic or Programmatic Benefits The Diversity of Parliamentary Representatives The Direct and Indirect Impact of Rules upon Citizens Reforming the Formal Electoral Rules Cultural Modernization Theory and Habits of the Heart The Process of Societal Modernization The Impact of Modernization on Political Culture The Acquisition of Enduring Cultural Values and the Socialization Process The Limits of Electoral Engineering Comparing Electoral Rules Comparing Electoral Behavior Time-Series Trends Case Studies of Reform The Research Design and Comparative Framework Data Sources Comparative Framework The Plan of the Book The Consequences for Voting Behavior The Consequences for Political Representation 2 Classifying Electoral Systems The Classification of Electoral Systems Majoritarian Formulae Plurality Elections The Single Non-Transferable Vote, the Cumulative Vote, the Limited Vote, and the Bloc Vote Second Ballot Elections Alternative Vote Proportional Representation Formulae Party Lists Systems Single Transferable Vote Combined Systems Combined-Dependent Systems Combined-Independent Systems Presidential Electoral Systems Conclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Systems 3 Evaluating Electoral Systems The Arguments For and Against Adversarial Democracy Democratic Accountability Strong Voter-Member Accountability Governability Decisive Elections Responsiveness to the Electorate Critiques Arguments For and Against Consensual Democracy Facilitate Deliberative and Collaborative Governance Reduce the Barriers to Minor Parties Maximize Electoral Participation Ensure Parliamentary Diversity Critiques PART II THE CONSEQUENCES FOR VOTING BEHAVIOR 4 Party Systems The Mechanical Effects of Electoral Systems on Party Competition Party competition The Proportionality of Votes to Seats Conclusions 5 Social Cleavages Theories of Social Cleavages and Voting Behavior Rational-Choice Institutionalism and Campaign Strategies Cultural Values and Modernization Theory The Strength of Cleavage Politics Socioeconomic Status Household Income Occupational Class Trade Union Membership Education Religion Demographic Factors: Generation and Gender Linguistic Cleavages Left–Right Ideology The Effects of Electoral Systems on Cleavage Politics 6 Party Loyalties Theories of Partisan Identification Cultural Modernization and Partisan Identification Rational-Choice Institutionalism The Strength of Partisan Identification National Context Presidential vs. Parliamentary Executives Party Systems Social Structure and Partisanship Political Attitudes and Partisanship Partisan Identities and Voting Choice 7 Turnout Rational-Choice and Cultural Modernization Theories of Voting Participation The Costs and Benefits of Participation Cultural Modernization, Civic Skills, and Motivational Attitudes Analyzing Turnout Cultural Modernization The Impact of Political Institutions Electoral Systems Electoral Districts Presidential versus Parliamentary Executives Frequency of Contests Political Parties Electoral Laws Compulsory Voting Eligibility for the Franchise Electoral Administration Registration Processes Polling Facilities Cultural Attitudes and Individual Resources Conclusions: Culture, Incentives, and Voting Participation PART III THE CONSEQUENCES FOR POLITICAL REPRESENTATION 8 Women’s Representation Analyzing Women’s Representation Rational-Choice Institutionalism Cultural Modernization Evidence Electoral Laws Electoral Laws and Positive Action Reserved Seats Legal Gender Quotas Voluntary Gender Quotas in Party Rules Cultural Modernization Conclusions 9 Ethnic Minorities The Theoretical Framework Proportionality The Inclusion of Smaller Parties The Inclusion of Ethnic Minority Parties The Impact on Specific and Diffuse Support for the Political System Testing Consociational Theory Measuring Political Support and Core Hypotheses Measuring the Primary Ethnic Cleavage System Support Conclusions and Discussion 10 Constituency Service Candidate-Ballots Preference-Ballots Dual-Ballots Party-Ballots Review of the Literature Indicators of Personal Voting The Impact of Electoral Systems Citizens’ Knowledge of Politicians Voter Contact with MPs Conclusions and Implications PART IV CONCLUSIONS 11 The Impact of Electoral Engineering Do Rules Matter? The Consequences for Voting Behavior Social Cleavages Partisan Identification Turnout The Consequences for Political Representation Gender Equality in Legislative Office Ethnic Minorities Constituency Service The Lessons for Electoral Engineering Bibliography Notes Chapter 1: Do Rules Matter? Structure versus Culture Chapter 2: Classifying Electoral Systems Chapter 3: Evaluating Electoral Systems Chapter 4: Party Systems Chapter 5: Social Cleavages Chapter 6: Party Loyalties Chapter 7: Turnout Chapter 8: Women’s Representation Chapter 9: Ethnic Minorities Chapter 10: Constituency Service Chapter 11: The Impact of Electoral Engineering Index