دانلود کتاب Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Technological Challenges and Solutions

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Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
1 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Theory of Strain Technology
1.2.1 Stress and Strain
1.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress
1.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters
1.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology
1.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology
1.5 Summary and Future Scope
Future Scope
Acknowledgement
References
2 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamental of Device Physics
2.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET
2.2.2 Kane’s Model
2.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters
2.4 Switching Behavior of TFET
2.5 Results and Discussion
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
3 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors
3.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte
3.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types
3.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes
3.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques
3.3 Latest Developments
3.4 Summary
References
4 Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS
Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters
4.3 Proposed Work
4.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter
4.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS
4.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS
4.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
5 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for RF and High-Power Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 HEMT Structures
5.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs
5.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs
5.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs
5.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT
5.3.1 Polarization Effect
5.3.2 Formation of 2DEG
5.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors
5.4.1 Surface Passivation
5.4.2 Parasitic Effects
5.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique
5.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based on Memristive Properties
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.2.1 Principle of a Memristor
6.2.2 Bio-Memristors
6.2.3 Applications of Memristors
6.3 Motivation
6.4 Experimental Set-Up
6.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation
6.5.1 Experimental Methodology
6.5.2 Preliminary Validation
6.6 Sensitivity Parameters
6.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (Sr)
6.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (Sm)
6.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity
6.7 Results and Discussion
6.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk
6.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend
6.8 Conclusions and Prospects
References
7 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures
7.1 Introduction
7.2 1T-DRAM (MOS)
7.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET)
7.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET)
7.5 1-T DRAM (TFET)
7.6 Conclusion
References
8 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing of Agricultural Products
8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products
8.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating
8.1.2 Moisture Sensing
8.1.3 Promoting Germination
8.1.4 Food Processing
8.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control
8.1.6 Product Conditioning
8.1.7 Microwave Drying
8.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables
8.2 Measurement Techniques
8.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique
8.2.2 Network Analyzer
8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures
8.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Solar Cell
Introduction
9.1 History of Solar Cell
9.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell [2]
9.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell
9.4 Types of Solar Cells [5]
9.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing [2]
9.6 Glass
9.7 Cell Combinations
9.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells [4]
9.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells [4]
9.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells [4]
9.8 Solar Panels
9.9 Working of Solar Cell [3]
9.10 Solar Cell Efficiency
9.11 Uses/Applications of Solar Cells
Conclusion
References
10 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) Thin Film Solar Cell
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell
10.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell
10.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Operation of CIGS Solar Cell
10.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS/CdS Hetero-Junction
10.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell
10.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Problem Statement
11.2.1 SDM
11.2.2 DDM
11.3 Methodology
11.4 Results and Discussions
11.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model
11.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model
11.5 Conclusions
References
12 An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring Scheme for Solar PV Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Solar PV Systems
12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
12.2.2 Concentrates Solar Power (CSP)
12.2.3 Solar Water Heater Systems
12.2.4 Passive Solar Design
12.2.5 Solar Microgrid System
12.2.6 Battery
12.2.7 MPPT
12.2.8 Inverters & Other Electronic Equipment
12.2.9 Charge Controller
12.2.10 Additional Systems Equipment
12.3 IoT
12.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
12.3.2 Big Data and Cloud Computing
12.3.3 Smart Sensors
12.3.4 Additional Devices for Control and Communication
12.3.5 Renewable Energy and IoT in Energy Sector
12.3.6 Application of IoT
12.4 Remote Monitoring Methods of Solar PV System
12.4.1 Wireless Monitoring
12.4.2 Physical/Wired Monitoring
12.4.3 SCADA Monitoring
12.4.4 Monitoring Using Cloud Computing
12.4.5 Monitoring Using IOT
12.5 Challenges and Issues of Implementation of IoT on Renewable Energy Resources
12.5.1 Challenges
12.5.2 Solutions
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Design of Low-Power Energy Harvesting System for Biomedical Devices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Investigation on Topologies of DC-DC Converter
13.2.1 Hybrid Source Architecture Based on Synchronous Boost Converter
13.2.2 Hybrid Source Architecture Using Single-Inductor Dual-Input Single-Output Converter
13.2.3 Hybrid Source Architecture Employing a Multi-Input DC Chopper
13.3 Hardware Results
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Performance Analysis of Some New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for HighDimensional Optimization Problems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 An Overview of Proposed Hybrid Methodologies
14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
14.4 Conclusions
References
15 Investigation of Structural, Optical and Wettability Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Synthesized by Environment Friendly SILAR Technique
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Experimental Details
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Film Formation Mechanism
15.3.2 Thickness Measurement
15.3.3 Structural Studies
15.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy
15.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
15.3.6 Optical Studies
15.3.7 Wettability Studies
15.4 Conclusion
15.5 Acknowledgement
References
Part II: DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION ANDAPPLICATIONS
16 Solar Photovoltaic Cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Need for Solar Cells
16.3 Structure of Solar Cell
16.4 Solar Cell Classification
16.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
16.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
16.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
16.5 Solar PV Cells
16.6 Solar Cell Working
16.7 Mathematical Modelling of Solar Cell
16.8 Solar Cell Connection Methods
16.9 Types of Solar PV System
16.10 Conclusion
References
17 An Intelligent Computing Technique for Parameter Extraction of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Models
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Problem Formulation
17.2.1 Single-Diode Model
17.2.2 Double-Diode Model
17.2.3 Three-Diode Model
17.3 Proposed Optimization Technique
17.3.1 Various Phases of Optimization of Harris Hawks
17.4 Results and Discussions
17.5 Conclusions
References
18 Experimental Investigation on Wi-Fi Signal Loss by Scattering Property of Duranta Plant Leaves
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Duranta Golden Plant
18.1.2 Foliage Loss
18.2 Measurement and Calculation
18.2.1 Scattering Feasibility
18.2.2 Comparison with Tree Shadowing Effect
18.3 Result and Discussion
18.4 Conclusions
References
19 Multi-Quantum Well-Based Solar Cell
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theoretical Aspects of Solar Cell
19.3 Device Design and Simulation Setup
19.4 Results and Discussion
19.4.1 GaSb/GaAs MQWs Solar Cell
19.4.2 InGaP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
19.4.3 InP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
19.4.4 AlGaAs/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
19.4.5 Optimization
19.5 Comparative Analysis
19.6 Conclusion
References
20 Mitigation Techniques for Removal of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic System
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Influencing Factors for Deposition of Dust
20.2.1 Ecological Factors
20.2.2 Factors Influencing Installation
20.2.3 Installed Location and Exposure Time
20.3 Effects of Deposition of Dust on the Solar Panels
20.3.1 Influence of Electrical Characteristics
20.3.2 Influence of the Optical Characteristics
20.3.3 Influence of the Thermal Characteristic
20.4 Methods of Cleaning System
20.4.1 Natural Cleaning Method
20.4.2 Manual Cleaning Method
20.4.3 Self-Cleaning Method
20.5 Conclusion
References
21 Solid-State Air-Conditioning System Using Photovoltaic Module
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC)
21.2 Fabrication of the Solid State Air-Conditioning System
21.2.1 Description of the Proposed Model
21.2.2 Peltier Effect
21.2.3 Comparison Between the Existing Framework and Proposed System
21.3 Hardware Implementation
21.3.1 8051 Architecture
21.3.2 Microcontroller PCB
21.3.3 Photovoltaic Module
21.3.4 Solar Radiation
21.3.5 Battery
21.3.6 Relay
21.3.7 5×1 Keypad
21.3.8 Peltier Sensor
21.3.9 Solenoid Valve
21.4 Software Analysis
21.4.1 KEIL Compiler
21.4.2 Gathering with Cx51
21.4.3 Running Cx51 from the Command Prompt
21.4.4 Program for AT89S52
21.5 Conclusion
References
22 Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell: Fabrication and Characterization
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Solar Photovoltaics: A Key to Energy Elucidation
22.1.2 Thin Film Solar Cells
22.1.3 CZTS Solar Cells
22.2 Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell
22.2.1 Glass Cleaning
22.2.2 Molybdenum Deposition
22.2.3 CZTS Thin Film Coating
22.2.4 CdS Deposition
22.2.5 ZnO and Al-ZnO Coating
22.2.6 Chromium/Silver Front Contact Grid
22.2.7 CZTS Solar Cell Device
22.3 Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell
22.3.1 Typical Solar Cell Characterizations
22.3.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement
22.3.3 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
22.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
23 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cell Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Modelling of Photovoltaic Unit
23.2.1 Two-Diode Structure
23.3 Formation of Function
23.4 Gravitational Search Algorithm
23.4.1 The Gravitational Search Algorithm is Shown in Steps as Follows
23.5 Review of GSA
23.6 Application of GSA
23.7 Summary and Future Scope of Work
23.8 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
23.8.1 Steps Involved for Particle Swarm Optimization
23.9 Results and Discussion
23.10 Conclusion
References
24 Study of the Most Commonly Utilized Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) Schemes for SPV Systems
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Problem Overview in SPV Power Extraction
24.3 Modeling of SPV System
24.4 MPPT Schemes
24.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
24.4.2 Incremental Conductance
24.4.3 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Based
24.4.4 Hybrid
24.5 Conclusion
References
25 An Investigation and Design of Symmetric and Asymmetric Inverter for Various Applications
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Evaluation of Multilevel Inverters and Its Application in Recent Times
25.3 Design of 15-Level Inverter With Symmetric Voltage Source
25.4 Experimentation of 27-Level Symmetric Inverter
25.5 Design of 31-Level Inverter Using Asymmetric Voltage Sources
25.5.1 Mathematical Model of 31-Level Inverter
25.6 Development of 53-Level Inverter Using Packed Structures
25.7 Summary
References
26 A Demand Side Management Controller Configuration for Interleaved DC-DC Converters Applicable for Renewable Energy Sources
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Control Method and Proposed Controller Investigation
26.2.1 Power Sharing and Demand Side Management
26.3 Simulation Results
26.4 Experimental Results
26.5 Conclusion
References
27 Applications of Hybrid Wind Solar Battery Based Microgrid for Small-Scale Stand-Alone Systems and Grid Integration for Multi-Feeder Systems
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Stand-Alone HRES System
27.2.1 System Description
27.2.2 Results and Discussion
27.2.3 Conclusion
27.3 Grid-Connected HRES System
27.3.1 System Description
27.3.2 Results and Discussion
27.3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
28 Challenging Issues and Solutions on Battery Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Principle and Working of Battery
28.3 Types of Batteries
28.3.1 Primary or Non-Rechargeable Batteries
28.3.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries
28.3.3 Selection of Batteries
28.4 Thermal Behavior of Batteries
28.5 Battery Thermal Management Systems
28.6 Methods of Battery Thermal Management Systems
28.6.1 Air Cooling BTMS
28.6.2 Liquid Cooling BTMS
28.6.3 Refrigerant Direct Cooling System BTMS
28.6.4 Phase Change Material-Based BTMS
28.6.5 Heat Pipe-Based BTMS
28.6.6 Thermoelectric Cooling
28.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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