دانلود کتاب Electronic circuit analysis

فهرست مطالب :

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
1.1.1 Characteristics of ‘Electron’ Treated Conceptually as a Particle......Page 20
1.1.3 Motion of Electrons in a Constant Electric Field (Initial Velocity along the Axis of the Field)......Page 21
1.1.4 Initial Velocity of the Electron Perpendicular to Electric Field......Page 23
1.1.5 Two-dimensional Motion of Electrons......Page 24
1.2 Electrostatic Deflection in a Cathode Ray Tube......Page 30
1.3 Motion of Electrons in Magnetic Fields (Magnetic Deflection)......Page 32
1.3.1 Process of Movement of an Electron in Magnetic Fields......Page 33
1.3.2 Motion of an Electron with a Velocity Component Each in Direction Parallel and Perpendicular to the Magnetic Fields (Motion of an Electron in Helical Paths)......Page 34
1.4 Magnetic Deflection in a Cathode Ray Tube......Page 35
1.4.1 Magnetic Deflection Sensitivity......Page 36
1.5.2 Electrostatic Deflection Sensitivity......Page 41
1.5.4 Magnetic Deflection Sensitivity......Page 42
1.6 Electrostatic Focussing......Page 43
1.7 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope......Page 44
Questions for Practice......Page 52
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 53
2.1.1 Electron Configurations of Silicon and Germanium Atoms......Page 56
2.1.2 Energy-band Concepts of Materials......Page 59
2.2.1 Classification of Materials......Page 61
2.2.2 Conduction (Inverse of Resistance) in Intrinsic Semiconductors......Page 62
2.2.3 Conduction in conductors and semiconductors......Page 63
2.2.4 Current Density in a Conducting Medium......Page 64
2.2.5 Conductivity and Resistivity of Semiconductor Materials......Page 65
2.2.7 Fermi Level in Energy-Band Diagrams......Page 67
2.3.2 N-type Semiconductor (Donor-type Doping)......Page 68
2.3.3 P-type Semiconductor......Page 70
2.4 Mass-Action Law......Page 76
2.5 Continuity Equation (Conservation of Charge)......Page 77
2.6 Hall Effect......Page 80
2.7.1 P–N Semiconductor Diode......Page 82
2.7.2 Open Circuited Junction of P–N Diode......Page 90
2.8.1 Forward-biased P–N (Junction) Diode......Page 92
2.9 The Law of Junction......Page 94
2.10 Diode Equation (Current Components in a P–N Semiconductor Diode)......Page 96
2.10.1 Current Components in a Reverse-Biased Diode (Reverse-Biased P–N Junction Diode)......Page 98
2.11.1 Forward-biased P–N Diode Working......Page 99
2.11.2 Reverse-biased Semiconductor Diode Working......Page 102
2.11.3 Diode Ratings or Specifications......Page 104
2.12 Temperature Dependence of V–I Characteristics (Diode Current)......Page 106
2.13 Transition and Diffusion Capacitances (Diode Junction Capacitances)......Page 110
2.13.1 Space Charge Capacitance or Transition Capacitance CT......Page 111
2.13.2 Diffusion or Storage Capacitance CD......Page 113
2.15 Breakdown Mechanisms of Semiconductor Diodes......Page 115
2.16 Zener Diode (Voltage-Regulating Diode) Characteristics......Page 117
Questions for Practice......Page 120
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 121
3.1 Introduction......Page 124
3.2 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit (HWR Circuit Working Principles)......Page 125
3.2.1 Semiconductor Diode Rectifier......Page 126
3.2.2 Effective or rms Value of Current (Irms)......Page 128
3.2.3 Efficiency of Rectification for Half-Wave Rectifier circuit......Page 129
3.2.5 Voltage Regulation......Page 130
3.2.6 Transformer Utilisation Factor for Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit......Page 132
3.2.7 Demerits of Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit......Page 133
3.3.1 Various Components of Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit (Fig. 3.8)......Page 136
3.3.3 Working of Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit......Page 137
3.3.4 Half-wave and Full-wave Rectifier Circuits (Practical Circuit for Measurements)......Page 144
3.4 Bridge Rectifier Circuit (Full-Wave Rectifier)......Page 145
3.5 Filter Circuits......Page 147
3.6 Half-Wave Rectifier with Inductor Filter (Choke Input Filter)......Page 148
3.6.1 Function of the ‘Inductor Filter’......Page 149
3.7 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Capacitor Filter......Page 150
3.8 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuit with Capacitor Filter......Page 151
3.9 L-Section Filter or Choke Input Filter or L-Filter......Page 153
3.9.1 Analysis of an LC Filter......Page 155
3.10 Multiple L-Section Filter......Page 158
3.11 p-Section Filter......Page 159
3.12 Analysis of p-Section Filter (Clc Filter, Capacitor Input Filter)......Page 160
3.13.1 Building Blocks of a Voltage-regulated Power Supply (Fig. 3.32)......Page 162
3.14 Simple Voltage Regulator Circuit Using Zener Diode......Page 166
3.15 Block Diagram of Series Voltage Regulator......Page 172
3.16.1 Series Transistor Voltage Regulator Circuit (Emitter follower regulator)......Page 173
3.16.2 O perational-amplifier as C omparator in ‘Series Voltage R egulator C ircuit’)......Page 174
3.16.3 Analysis of Series Voltage Regulator Circuit of Fig. 3.42:......Page 176
3.17.2 Basic Principle of Working of Shunt Regulator (Fig. 3.44)......Page 177
3.18.1 Shunt Transistor Voltage Regulator Circuit......Page 178
3.18.2 Operational Amplifier as Comarator in Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit......Page 179
3.19 Current Limiting Techniques......Page 181
3.20.1 Voltage Doublers......Page 186
3.21.1 Circuit Operation (Fig. 3.58)......Page 189
3.23 Adjustable Voltage Regulators......Page 190
Summary......Page 194
Questions for Practice......Page 195
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 196
4.1 Introduction......Page 198
4.2.2 NPN Transistor and Structure of Semiconductor Material......Page 199
4.3.2 Common Base (CB) Transistor Configuration (Fig. 4.4)......Page 201
4.3.3 Common Collector (CC) Transistor Configuration (Fig. 4.5)......Page 202
4.4 Principle of Working of Npn Transistor (Current Components Through Transistor)......Page 203
4.4.1 Movement of Majority Carriers from the Emitter into the Base Regions in the Transistor......Page 204
4.4.3 Movement of the Charge Carriers into ‘Collector Region’ of theTransistor......Page 205
4.5.1 Injection of Electrons from the Emitter Region into the Base Region......Page 206
4.5.3 Collection of Electrons into the Collector Region......Page 207
4.5.5 Components of Current Through Common Base Transistor......Page 208
4.7 V–I Characteristics of Common Emitter Transistors (Static Characteristics of Common Emitter Transistor)......Page 209
4.7.1 Input Characteristics of a Common Emitter Transistor......Page 210
4.7.3 Interpretation of Output Characteristics of Common Emitter Transistor......Page 211
4.8 Small Signal Low-Frequency Transistor Parameter Definitions (Transistor h-Parameters)......Page 213
4.9 h-Parameter Definitions for Common Emitter Transistor......Page 216
4.10 h-Parameter Definitions for Common Base Transistor......Page 217
4.11 h-Parameter Definitions for Common Collector Transistor......Page 219
4.13 Determination of h-Parameters from Transistor Characteristics......Page 222
4.14 Common Base Transistor Characteristics and Parameters......Page 225
4.14.1 Input Characteristics of Common Base Transistor......Page 226
4.14.2 Output Characteristics of Common Base Transistor......Page 227
4.15 Biasing Circuit for PNP Transistor in Common Emitter Configuration......Page 229
4.15.1 Input Characteristics of Common Emitter PNP Transistor......Page 230
4.16 Explanation of the need of Biasing Voltages for the Transistor Devices......Page 231
4.17 Transistor Specifications......Page 235
4.18 High-Frequency Linear Models for the Common Emitter Transistor......Page 236
4.18.1 Hybrid-p or Giacoletto Model......Page 237
4.19.2 Transistor as a Closed Switch......Page 241
4.20 Typical Structural Details of JFET......Page 242
4.21 Working of JFET......Page 243
4.21.1 Output (Drain) Characteristics of JFET Device......Page 244
4.22 Transfer (Mutual) Characteristics of JFET......Page 245
4.23.2 Nonlinear Region A to B on the Drain Characteristics......Page 246
4.23.4 Drain Saturation Current IDSS......Page 247
4.24 Definitions of FET Constants......Page 248
4.25 Comparison Between Field Effect Transistor and Transistor......Page 252
4.26 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor......Page 253
4.26.1 Some Basic Steps Involved in the Manufacturing Process of MOSFET......Page 254
4.28 Depletion Enhancement MOSFET (DE MOSFET) (MOSFET with Built-In Channel)......Page 259
4.29.2 Features of MOSFET......Page 261
4.29.3 Some MOSFET Family Device Symbols......Page 262
4.30 Unijunction Transistor......Page 263
4.31 Application of UJT Device as an Oscillator......Page 267
Questions for Practice......Page 269
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 270
5.1 Basic Concepts of an Amplifier......Page 274
5.2 Need for Biasing Transistor......Page 275
5.3 Transistor Biasing Circuits......Page 277
5.4 Fixed-Bias Circuit (Base Bias Circuit) for Common Emitter Transistor......Page 278
5.5 Stability Factor......Page 282
5.6 Collector-to-Base Bias Circuit to CE Transistor......Page 283
5.7 Potential (Voltage)-Divider-Bias to CE Transistor......Page 287
5.8 Design of Potential (Voltage)-Divider-Bias Circuit......Page 289
5.9 Bias Compensation Circuits Using Diodes and Thermistors......Page 294
5.10 Thermistor Compensation......Page 296
5.11.1 Thermal Runaway in T ransistors......Page 297
15.11.2 Thermal Runaway and T hermal Resistance q......Page 298
5.12 Condition for Thermal Stability......Page 299
5.13 Basic FET Amplifier Circuit......Page 301
5.14 Fet Bias Using Fixed-Bias Circuit......Page 303
5.15 Self-Biasing Circuit for FET......Page 304
5.16 Voltage-Divider-Bias Circuit for FET......Page 306
5.18 Drain Feedback Bias Circuit......Page 311
5.19 Potential-Divider-Biasing Circuit for EMOSFET......Page 313
Questions for Practice......Page 316
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 317
6.1 Introduction......Page 320
6.2.1 Applications of Amplifier Circuits......Page 322
6.3 Single-Stage Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier......Page 324
6.4.1 Selection of T ransistor and the T ype of the Amplifier......Page 327
6.5 Power Dissipation Curve and DC Load Line......Page 328
6.6 Design of Circuit Components of Biasing Circuit......Page 329
6.7 Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier with AC Signal Operations......Page 331
6.8.1 Small Signal Amplifier Analysis of Bipolar Junction Transistor at Low Frequencies......Page 335
6.8.3 h-parameters for CE/CB/CC configurations of the T ransistors......Page 337
6.9 Transistor Amplifier Analysis Using h-Parameter Equivalent Circuits......Page 341
6.10 Common Emitter Transistor Amplifier Analysis......Page 348
6.11 Common Base Transistor Amplifier Analysis......Page 353
6.12 Common Collector Transistor Amplifier Analysis......Page 357
6.13 Emitter Follower Transistor Amplifier Analysis......Page 360
6.14 Frequency Response of RC-Coupled CE Transistor Amplifier......Page 364
6.15 Resistance Capacitance Coupled Transistor Amplifier......Page 367
Questions for Practice......Page 372
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 374
7.1 Introduction......Page 378
7.2.1 C ommon Emitter T ransistor Amplifier (Fig. 7.1)......Page 379
7.3 Negative Feedback Amplifier......Page 380
7.3.1 Voltage Gain AF of a Negative Feedback Amplifier......Page 381
7.3.2 Concept of Positive Feedback......Page 382
7.4.1 Merits of Negative Feedback Amplifiers......Page 384
7.5.1 Block Diagram Configuration of Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier (Shunt-Series T ype Amplifier)......Page 395
7.5.2 Effects of Feedback on the Amplifier Characteristics......Page 396
7.5.3 Emitter Follower......Page 397
7.5.4 FET Source Follower Circuit......Page 398
7.5.5 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit Using a BJT......Page 400
7.6.1 Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Block Diagram (Shunt–Shunt Feedback Amplifier)......Page 402
7.6.2 Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier Circuit......Page 404
7.7.1 Current Series Feedback Amplifier Circuit(SERIES–SERIES T ype Amplifier)......Page 405
7.8 Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier Current (Series-Shunt) Amplifier......Page 408
7.8.1 Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier......Page 409
7.9 Voltage and Current Series Feedback Amplifiers (Practical Circuit)......Page 412
Questions for Practice......Page 414
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 415
8.1 Introduction......Page 418
8.2 Fundamental Concepts of Sinusoidal Oscillators......Page 419
8.2.1 Bharkhausen Conditions for Oscillations......Page 422
8.3 Transistor RC Phase-Shift Oscillator......Page 423
8.3.1 RC Phase-shift Oscillator Circuit Working......Page 424
8.4 FET–RC Phase-Shift Oscillator......Page 429
8.4.1 Transistor RC Phase-shift Oscillator Circuit to Verify the Design......Page 431
8.5 Wien Bridge Oscillator Circuit Using Operational Amplifier......Page 432
8.5.1 Wien Bridge Oscillator: Component Details......Page 433
8.5.2 Frequency of Oscillations of the Wien Bridge Circuit......Page 438
8.6 LC Oscillators (High-Frequency Oscillators)......Page 439
8.6.1 General Configuration of LC Oscillators......Page 441
8.6.2 Frequency of Oscillations ‘f’ for Hartley and Colpitts Oscillator Circuits......Page 443
8.7 Colpitts Oscillator Using FET......Page 444
8.8 Clapp Oscillator......Page 447
8.9 Hartley Oscillator Circuit......Page 448
8.9.1 Practical Working of Hartley Oscillator Circuit......Page 451
8.10 Tuned Collector Oscillator......Page 452
8.11 Tuned Drain Oscillator Circuit......Page 453
8.11.1 Tuned Gate and Tuned Base Oscillator circuits......Page 454
8.12.2 Nature of Cut of Crystal Slices (Fig. 8.36)......Page 455
8.12.3 Frequency Stability of Crystal Oscillators......Page 456
8.12.4 Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit using BJT (Fig. 8.41)......Page 459
8.12.5 Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit using FET (Fig. 8.42)......Page 460
8.12.6 Miller Crystal Controlled Oscillator......Page 461
8.12.7 Modified Colpitts Oscillator Circuit using Crystal......Page 462
8.13 UJT Oscillator Circuit......Page 463
Questions for Practice......Page 467
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 468
9.1 Amplifier Gain Using Decibels......Page 470
9.2 Basic Concepts of FET Amplifier......Page 472
9.3 Common Source FET Amplifier......Page 474
9.4 Resistance Capacitance Coupled FET Amplifier......Page 477
9.5 Common Gate FET Amplifier Analysis......Page 483
9.6 Common Drain FET Amplifier (Source Follower )......Page 485
9.7 Frequency Response of Single-Stage Amplifier......Page 491
9.8 Basic Concepts of MOSFET Amplifiers......Page 498
9.9.1 Common Source MOSFET Amplifier with Resistive Load......Page 499
9.10 Source Follower Using MOSFET......Page 502
9.11 Common Gate MOSFET Amplifier......Page 505
Questions for Practice......Page 508
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 509
10.1.1 Introduction......Page 512
10.1.2 Classification of Multistage Amplifiers......Page 513
10.2.1 Resistance Capacitance Coupled Amplifier (RCC Amplifier)......Page 514
10.2.2 Transformer-coupled Amplifier (Fig. 10.3)......Page 515
10.2.3 Direct-coupled Amplifier......Page 516
10.3 N-Stage Cascaded Amplifier......Page 517
10.4 Cascaded RC-Coupled BJT Amplifiers......Page 523
10.5 Cascaded RC-Coupled FET Amplifiers......Page 528
10.6 Frequency Response Characteristic of RC-Coupled Amplifier......Page 531
10.7 Equivalent Circuits of Cascaded RC-Coupled Transistor Amplifiers......Page 533
10.8 (CE + CC) Transistor Amplifier......Page 539
10.10 Cascode (Ce + CB) Amplifier......Page 540
10.12 (CC + CE) Transistor Amplifier......Page 543
10.14 Cascading in Operational Amplifiers......Page 545
10.15.1 Darlington (CC + CC) Pair......Page 546
10.16 High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits (Darlington Pair)......Page 550
10.16.1 Darlington Emitter Follower......Page 552
10.17 Difference Amplifiers......Page 556
10.17.1 Working Principles of Difference Amplifier (Fig. 10.49)......Page 557
10.17.2 JFET Difference Amplifier (Fig. 10.50)......Page 559
10.17.3 AC Signal Voltage Gain of Single-ended Difference Amplifier......Page 565
Summary......Page 567
Questions for Practice......Page 568
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 569
11.1 Class-A, Class-B and Class-C Amplifiers......Page 572
11.1.1 Class-A Amplifier......Page 573
11.1.2 Class-B Amplifier......Page 574
11.1.3 Class-C Amplifier......Page 576
11.2.1 Series-Fed Class-A Power Amplifier Circuit (Fig. 11.9)......Page 578
11.2.2 Power conversion efficiency of Class-A Amplifier......Page 580
11.3 Transformer-Coupled Audio Power Amplifier......Page 583
11.3.1 Merits of Using Transformer in the Amplifier in Place of RL......Page 584
11.4.1 Parallel Operation of Amplifiers......Page 589
11.4.2 Push-Pull Amplifier Circuit (Fig. 11.20)......Page 590
11.4.3 Circuit Operation of Push-Pull Amplifier......Page 591
11.5 Class-B Push-Pull Amplifiers......Page 598
11.6 Transformer-Less Push-Pull Amplifier......Page 601
11.6.1 Class-B Transformer-less Push-Pull Amplifier......Page 602
11.7 Crossover Distortion......Page 606
11.8 Class-AB Power Amplifier......Page 609
11.9 Class-C Power Amplifier......Page 613
11.9.1 Signal Bias for Class-C Operation of Amplifiers......Page 615
11.10 Thermal Modelling and Heat Sinks......Page 619
11.11.1 Class-D Amplifier......Page 622
11.11.2 Class-E Amplifier......Page 624
11.11.4 Class-G Amplifier......Page 625
11.12 Distortion in Amplifiers......Page 626
Summary......Page 627
Questions for Practice......Page 628
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 629
12.1 Transistor at High Frequency Input Signals......Page 630
12.2.1 Circuit Components of Hybrid-p Model of CE Amplifier (Fig. 12.1)......Page 631
12.3 Determination of Hybrid-p Circuit Parameters......Page 633
12.4 Current Gain of CE Amplifier with Resistive Load......Page 639
12.5 Short Circuit Current Gain AI and fB of CE Transistor Amplifier......Page 642
12.6 High Frequency Equivalent Circuit of JFET......Page 649
12.7 High Frequency Equivalent Circuit of MOSFET......Page 651
Questions for Practice......Page 654
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 655
13.1 Introduction......Page 658
13.2.1 Single-tuned Transistor Amplifier......Page 659
13.3 Performance of Parallel Resonant Circuits......Page 661
13.3.1 Skirt Selectivity of Tuned Amplifiers......Page 663
13.4 Single-Tuned Capacitance-Coupled (Direct-Coupled) Amplifier......Page 666
13.4.1 Analysis of Single-stage Capacitance-coupled Tuned JFET Amplifier......Page 667
13.4.2 Gain at ‘Half-Power Frequencies’ and the Bandwidth......Page 669
13.5 Single-Tuned Capacitance-Coupled CE Transistor Amplifier......Page 672
13.6 Single-Tuned (Transformer) Inductively Coupled Amplifier......Page 675
13.7 Tapped Single-Tuned Capacitance-Coupled Amplifier (Inductive Tap Between Amplifiers for Optimum Power Transfer)......Page 677
13.8 Amplifiers with Multiple Tuned Circuits......Page 680
13.9 Double-Tuned Amplifier......Page 683
13.10 Applications of Tuned Amplifiers......Page 689
13.11 Synchronously Tuned Amplifier......Page 690
13.11.1 MOSFET (Synchronously Tuned) Amplifier (Fig. 13.44)......Page 692
13.12 Stagger-Tuned Amplifier......Page 695
13.13 Stabilisation Techniques......Page 697
13.14 Radio Frequency Amplifiers (Tuned Amplifier)......Page 701
13.14.1 Tuned Class-B Amplifier......Page 702
13.14.2 Class-C Radio Frequency Power Amplifier......Page 703
13.15 Wideband Amplifiers......Page 704
13.16 Applications of Wideband Amplifiers......Page 709
Questions for Practice......Page 710
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 712
14.1.1 IC Voltage Regulators......Page 714
14.2 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators......Page 715
14.3 IC 723 Voltage Regulators......Page 726
14.3.1 Working Principle of Regulator IC 723 (Fig. 14.12)......Page 727
14.4 DC-to-DC Converters......Page 729
14.5.1 Charge-Pump Converter......Page 743
14.6 Switching Voltage Regulators......Page 745
14.7 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)......Page 750
14.7.1 Static UPS in Parallel Mode (Fig. 14.39)......Page 751
14.8.1 O peration of SMPS (Fig. 14.41)......Page 753
Questions for Practice......Page 757
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 758
15.1.1 Introduction......Page 760
15.1.2 Principle of Operation of Tunnel Diode......Page 761
15.1.3 Energy Band Diagram for Reverse-Biased Tunnel Diode (Fig. 15.3)......Page 762
15.1.4 Energy Band Diagrams for Forward-Biased Tunnel Diode......Page 763
15.1.5 Voltage–Current Characteristic of Tunnel Diode......Page 765
15.1.6 Schematic Symbol of Tunnel Diode and its Equivalent Circuit......Page 766
15.2.2 Principles of Working of Photo Diode......Page 767
15.3.1 Principle of Working of Varactor Diode and its Equivalent Circuit......Page 768
15.4.1 Schottky Barrier Diode Characteristics......Page 770
15.4.2 Principle of Operation of Schottky Barrier Diode......Page 771
15.5.2 Identification and Symbol of LED (Fig. 15.18)......Page 772
15.6.1 Principle of Working of Silicon Control Rectifier (Thyristor)......Page 776
15.6.2 Basic Circuit Diagram to Obtain SCR Characteristics......Page 778
15.6.3 Working of SCR using Transistor Equivalent Circuit......Page 779
15.6.4 Silicon-controlled Rectifier Characteristics (Fig. 15.31)......Page 780
Questions for Practice......Page 782
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 783
Index......Page 786