دانلود کتاب Emergence of Meaning

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Cover
THE EMERGENCE OF MEANING
Series
Title
Copyright
Contents
Figures
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Logic and human languages
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The disconnect between logic and language
1.3 Principles of logic and language
1.4 Downward entailment
1.5 Negative polarity items
1.6 Domain widening
1.7 Wh-words
1.8 Reversals of entailment
1.8.1 Universals with disjunction in the subject phrase
1.8.2 Negated universals with disjunction in the subject phrase
1.8.3 Negated universals with disjunction in the predicate phrase
1.9 Compositionality. 1.10 Information strength: weakening and strengthening1.11 Logical principles of Weakening
1.12 Logical truths
1.13 Contingent truths
1.14 Problems of scope
1.15 Pragmatic influences on logical inferences
1.16 The meaning of disjunction is contingent
1.17 The meaning of the universal quantifier is contingent
1.18 Conclusion
2 Competing approaches to language and logic
2.1 The experience-based approach
2.1.1 The constructivist theory
2.1.2 Conservative learning
2.1.3 Arguments against Universal Grammar
2.1.4 A hybrid model
2.2 The nativist approach
2.2.1 Core versus periphery. 2.3 Complex syntax2.3.1 Acquisition of passives
2.3.2 Acquisition of relative clauses
2.4 The Continuity Hypothesis
2.5 Evidence for continuity in child language
2.5.1 Medial wh-questions in child English
2.5.2 Why-questions in child English
2.6 Arguments against the experience-based approach
2.7 Linguistic universals
2.8 Empirical differences between the approaches
3 The case for logical nativism
PART I INNATE LINGUISTIC PRINCIPLES
3.1 Principle C
3.1.1 Wh-questions
3.1.2 Quantificational expressions
3.2 Extending core principles
3.3 Connectivity and Principle C. 3.4 Connectivity in pseudoclefts3.5 Connectionism in child language
3.6 A pragmatic alternative to Principle C
3.7 Syntax versus pragmatics
3.7.1 Crain and McKee (1985)
3.7.2 Kiguchi and Thornton (2004)
3.7.3 Crain and Thornton (1998)
3.7.4 Guasti and Chierchia (1999/2000)
3.8 Children's failures to make pragmatic inferences
3.9 Children's lack of sensitivity to stress
3.10 A theoretical problem with the pragmatic account
PART II INNATE PRINCIPLES AND PARAMETERS OF LOGIC
3.11 Downward entailment: a core logical principle
3.12 Cross-linguistic findings
3.13 Scope parameters. 3.14 The Semantic Subset Principle3.15 Negative evidence
3.16 Where child and adult languages cannot differ
3.17 Hidden units: focus operators
3.18 Canceling polarity: negated disjunctions
3.19 Canceling polarity: negated conjunctions
3.20 Where we are headed
4 Scope parameters
4.1 Negated disjunctions
4.1.1 A longitudinal study of 2-year-olds
4.1.2 Children's knowledge of scope in negated disjunctions
4.1.3 Children's knowledge of proximity in negated disjunctions
4.2 Negation and disjunction/conjunction
4.3 A parametric account of scope
4.3.1 The Conjunction Parameter.